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LEXICON BORROWINGS FROM ARABIC IN SUNDANESE SPEECH LEVEL SYSTEM
Corresponding Author(s) : Wahya
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 3 (2020): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This article examines a lexicon of Arabic borrowings used in the Sundanese speech level system. A lexicon of borrowed words refers to a lexicon of Arabic loanwords that are used across different speech level codes. A lexicon of borrowings consists of words from a donor language that have been adopted into a recipient language for certain purposes.
Methodology: In this descriptive and qualitative research, the data were collected utilizing the observation method and recording technique. The data for this descriptive-qualitative research were collected using observing the use of words prescribed in a Sundanese dictionary namely Kamus Undak Usuk Basa Sunda (Dictionary of Sundanese Speech Level) by Tamsyah, published in 2015 and Kamus Etimologi Basa Sunda (Dictionary of Sundanese Etymology) also by Tamsyah, published in 2017. The data were analyzed by using an identical method and a lexico-semantic approach. The sources of the data were chosen as data source samples by taking into account the availability of the data required in them.
Main Findings: The findings of the research study reveals that a lexicon of nineteen words borrowed from Arabic commonly used in coarse, middle, and refined codes, with coarse usage predominating. While some of these words retain a similar form to that of the original Arabic, others have transformed. The nineteen words are as follows: asal, makam, berekah, Abdi, alim, udur, hed, Kabar, hawatir, maksud, maot, mayit, lahir, saum, sabab, salat, sunatan, surat, and umur.
Applications of the study: Introduction of Arabic lexicon to the Sundanese speech system occurred through a process of the loan. While some of these words retain a similar form to that of the original Arabic, others have transformed. It is a transformation that causes the words to be used in different codes in the Sundanese speech level system.
Novelty/Originality of the study: In Sundanese, speech level is considered a sociolinguistic innovation. Both the written and spoken forms of the language, together with all their variations and functions, are vital amidst the daily dynamics of the Sundanese people’s life. Hence, this article discusses the use of the lexicon of Arabic borrowings across different codes of the Sundanese speech level system. The current study is novel as it’s the first study that compares the Arabic and Sundanese language and found out the words that are originated from Arabic.
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- Anderson, E. A. (1993). Speech levels: the case of Sundanese. Pragmatics, 3(2), 107-136. https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.3.2.01and DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.3.2.01and
- Anderson, E. A. (1997). The Use of Speech Levels in Sundanese. Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics, (16), 1-45.
- Coolsma, S. (1985). Sundanese speech art(H.Widjajakusumah & Y. Rusyana, Trans.). Jakarta, Indonesia: Djambatan.
- Hadi, A. (1991). Peperenian: Kandaga, miscellaneous, secret language. Bandung, Indonesia: Geger Sunten, 1991.
- Hassan, Y. F. (1963). The penetration of Islam in eastern Sudan. Sudan Notes and Records, 44, 1-8.
- Hatoss, A., & Sheely, T. (2009). Language maintenance and identity among Sudanese-Australian refugee-background youth. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 30(2), 127-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434630802510113
- Hatoss, A., & Sheely, T. (2009). Language maintenance and identity among Sudanese-Australian refugee-background youth. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 30(2), 127-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434630802510113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01434630802510113
- Horton, D., & Richard Wohl, R. (1956). Mass communication and para-social interaction: Observations on intimacy at a distance. Psychiatry, 19(3), 215-229. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1956.11023049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1956.11023049
- Indrayani, L. M. (2011). Language vitality: A case on Sundanese language as a surviving indigenous language. In International Seminar Language Maintenance and Shift, Pandanaran Semarang, Indonesia.
- Kats, J. K. &Soeriadiradja, M. (1982).Sundanese grammar and phrases.Jakarta, Indonesia: Djambatan.
- Mochtar, M. (2018). Language education policy at schools in the era of Southeast Asian economic community integration. Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(3), 95-101. https://doi.org/10.26500/JARSSH-03-2018-0302 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26500/JARSSH-03-2018-0302
- Musgrave, S., & Bradshaw, J. (2014). Language and social inclusion: Unexplored aspects of intercultural communication. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, 37(3), 198-212. https://doi.org/10.1075/aral.37.3.01mus DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/aral.37.3.01mus
- Nababan, P.W.J. (1986).Sociolinguistics: An introduction. Jakarta, Indonesia: Gramedia.
- Naniya, T. M. (2000). Arab settlers in sub-Saharan Africa: A survey of their Influence on some central Sudanese states. Kano Studies, 1(1), 1-12.
- Permadi, (2019). The Sundanese language fatis in a Sundanese-language fabricated story as an emotion revealer. Bandung, Indonesia: Unpad Press.
- Perry, K. (2007). Sharing stories, linking lives: Literacy practices among Sudanese refugees. Cultural practices of literacy: Case studies of language, literacy, social practice, and power, 57-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003064374-4
- Rahardi, R. K. (2010).About the study Lexis code and error code. Bogor, Indonesia: Ghalia Indonesia. 2010.
- Rana, M., Qin, D. B., Bates, L., Luster, T. O. M., & Saltarelli, A. (2011). Factors related to educational resilience among Sudanese unaccompanied minors. Teachers College Record, 113(9), 2080-2114.
- Richards, R., Platt, J., &Weber, H. (1987). Longman dictionary of applied linguistics. Harlow: Longman.
- Rosidi, A.(1987). Polemic youngest pallet language. Bandung, Indonesia: Mangle Panglipur.
- Rosidi, A. (2011).Sunda rhino & Sunda tiger language learning failure. Jakarta, Indonesia: Pustaka Jaya.
- Ruskhan, A. G. (2007).Arabic language in Indonesian studies on voting. Jakarta, Indonesia: Grasindo.
- Schumann, J. H. (1976). Social distance as a factor in second language acquisition. Language Learning, 26(1), 135-143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1976.tb00265.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1976.tb00265.x
- Shamir, B. (1995). Social distance and charisma: Theoretical notes and an exploratory study. The Leadership Quarterly, 6(1), 19-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(95)90003-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(95)90003-9
- Sharkey, H. J. (2008). Arab identity and ideology in Sudan: The politics of language, ethnicity, and race. African Affairs, 107(426), 21-43. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adm068 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adm068
- Sudaryat, Y. (2015). The Mindset of Sundanese People in Their Language Expressions. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 5(1), 126-133. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v5i1.839 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v5i1.839
- Sudaryat, Y., Prawirasumantri, A.,& Yudibrata, K. (2013).The language today, Bandung, Indonesia: Yrama Widya.
- Tamsyah, B. R. (2015).Dictionary youngest Pallet language.Bandung, Indonesia: Geger Sunten.
- Xiaoyun, P. & Siqi, M. (2018). The number of the virtual learning environment and their effective using impact on students’ information literacy. Journal of Advances in Humanities and Social Sciences 4(2), 93-103. https://doi.org/10.20474/jahss-4.2.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20474/jahss-4.2.4
- Yang, S. C., & Chang, C. M. (2017). Transnational marriage in Taiwan: Challenges faced and adaptation strategies adopted in experiencing a different culture. International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 3(4), 142-147. https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.3.20001-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.3.20001-4
References
Anderson, E. A. (1993). Speech levels: the case of Sundanese. Pragmatics, 3(2), 107-136. https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.3.2.01and DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.3.2.01and
Anderson, E. A. (1997). The Use of Speech Levels in Sundanese. Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics, (16), 1-45.
Coolsma, S. (1985). Sundanese speech art(H.Widjajakusumah & Y. Rusyana, Trans.). Jakarta, Indonesia: Djambatan.
Hadi, A. (1991). Peperenian: Kandaga, miscellaneous, secret language. Bandung, Indonesia: Geger Sunten, 1991.
Hassan, Y. F. (1963). The penetration of Islam in eastern Sudan. Sudan Notes and Records, 44, 1-8.
Hatoss, A., & Sheely, T. (2009). Language maintenance and identity among Sudanese-Australian refugee-background youth. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 30(2), 127-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434630802510113
Hatoss, A., & Sheely, T. (2009). Language maintenance and identity among Sudanese-Australian refugee-background youth. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 30(2), 127-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434630802510113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01434630802510113
Horton, D., & Richard Wohl, R. (1956). Mass communication and para-social interaction: Observations on intimacy at a distance. Psychiatry, 19(3), 215-229. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1956.11023049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1956.11023049
Indrayani, L. M. (2011). Language vitality: A case on Sundanese language as a surviving indigenous language. In International Seminar Language Maintenance and Shift, Pandanaran Semarang, Indonesia.
Kats, J. K. &Soeriadiradja, M. (1982).Sundanese grammar and phrases.Jakarta, Indonesia: Djambatan.
Mochtar, M. (2018). Language education policy at schools in the era of Southeast Asian economic community integration. Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(3), 95-101. https://doi.org/10.26500/JARSSH-03-2018-0302 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26500/JARSSH-03-2018-0302
Musgrave, S., & Bradshaw, J. (2014). Language and social inclusion: Unexplored aspects of intercultural communication. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, 37(3), 198-212. https://doi.org/10.1075/aral.37.3.01mus DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/aral.37.3.01mus
Nababan, P.W.J. (1986).Sociolinguistics: An introduction. Jakarta, Indonesia: Gramedia.
Naniya, T. M. (2000). Arab settlers in sub-Saharan Africa: A survey of their Influence on some central Sudanese states. Kano Studies, 1(1), 1-12.
Permadi, (2019). The Sundanese language fatis in a Sundanese-language fabricated story as an emotion revealer. Bandung, Indonesia: Unpad Press.
Perry, K. (2007). Sharing stories, linking lives: Literacy practices among Sudanese refugees. Cultural practices of literacy: Case studies of language, literacy, social practice, and power, 57-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003064374-4
Rahardi, R. K. (2010).About the study Lexis code and error code. Bogor, Indonesia: Ghalia Indonesia. 2010.
Rana, M., Qin, D. B., Bates, L., Luster, T. O. M., & Saltarelli, A. (2011). Factors related to educational resilience among Sudanese unaccompanied minors. Teachers College Record, 113(9), 2080-2114.
Richards, R., Platt, J., &Weber, H. (1987). Longman dictionary of applied linguistics. Harlow: Longman.
Rosidi, A.(1987). Polemic youngest pallet language. Bandung, Indonesia: Mangle Panglipur.
Rosidi, A. (2011).Sunda rhino & Sunda tiger language learning failure. Jakarta, Indonesia: Pustaka Jaya.
Ruskhan, A. G. (2007).Arabic language in Indonesian studies on voting. Jakarta, Indonesia: Grasindo.
Schumann, J. H. (1976). Social distance as a factor in second language acquisition. Language Learning, 26(1), 135-143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1976.tb00265.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1976.tb00265.x
Shamir, B. (1995). Social distance and charisma: Theoretical notes and an exploratory study. The Leadership Quarterly, 6(1), 19-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(95)90003-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(95)90003-9
Sharkey, H. J. (2008). Arab identity and ideology in Sudan: The politics of language, ethnicity, and race. African Affairs, 107(426), 21-43. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adm068 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adm068
Sudaryat, Y. (2015). The Mindset of Sundanese People in Their Language Expressions. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 5(1), 126-133. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v5i1.839 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v5i1.839
Sudaryat, Y., Prawirasumantri, A.,& Yudibrata, K. (2013).The language today, Bandung, Indonesia: Yrama Widya.
Tamsyah, B. R. (2015).Dictionary youngest Pallet language.Bandung, Indonesia: Geger Sunten.
Xiaoyun, P. & Siqi, M. (2018). The number of the virtual learning environment and their effective using impact on students’ information literacy. Journal of Advances in Humanities and Social Sciences 4(2), 93-103. https://doi.org/10.20474/jahss-4.2.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20474/jahss-4.2.4
Yang, S. C., & Chang, C. M. (2017). Transnational marriage in Taiwan: Challenges faced and adaptation strategies adopted in experiencing a different culture. International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 3(4), 142-147. https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.3.20001-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.3.20001-4