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THE RETENTION OF ARABIC LANGUAGE AS A NATIONAL IDENTITY IN TWO OF GADAH AS-SAMMAN’S NOVELS: POSTCOLONIAL PERSPECTIVE
Corresponding Author(s) : Mahmudah
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 3 (2020): May
Abstract
Purpose: This article aims to analyze the retention of the Arabic language as a national identity by Lebanon nationalists who live as exiles outside European countries in two of her novels, Lailatul-MilyÄr and Sahrah Tanakkuriyyah Lil-MautÄ. As a product of fiction from a colonized country, both stories represent postcolonial discourses, showing the effect of colonialism, while also voicing resistance to colonialism.
Methodology: The research materials or material objects in this article are two of as-SammÄn’s novels. Data sources were grouped in primary data, which is the two of SammÄn’s novels, and secondary data, which is various references that support analysis, including books, journals, blogs, and other relevant sources in academic studies. Deconstruction is a textual strategy, which is utilized for analyzing the data in this study. No software tool is used.
Main Findings: The Lebanese nationalists in Europe tried to maintain the use of the Arabic language as the first and foremost national identity for several reasons, including defending (1) the Arabness, (2) the membership in the national community, and (3) the nation and nationality.
Implications/ Applications: This study highlights that resistance to colonialism can be done in various ways, both through violence and non-violence. In modern times, non-violent methods are frequently used. Among the non-violent ways is to fight for the retention of the Arabic language as a national identity so that to maintain it means to maintain Arabism, the membership of the nation’s community, and defend the nation and nationality of the Arabs.
Novelty/Originality of this study: These findings highlight the struggle of the Lebanese nationalists in Europe; the younger generation who are trying to inherit Arabic must also struggle to learn it, both formal and informal, even against the mainstream. The results of persistence and perseverance in learning Arabic cannot be seen immediately, but a long time after that. The ability to speak Arabic, then, can foster a spirit of nationalism in the young Arab generation.
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- Al-Allaq, W. (2014). Arabic Language in a Globalized World, Observations from the United Arab Emirates.Journal of Arab World English Journal, 5(3) 113-123.
- Al-Musawi, M. J. (2003). The Postcolonial Arabic Novel: Debating Ambivalence. Brill, Leiden. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047401544
- Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and Spread Nationalism, Verso, New York
- As-SammÄn, G. (1986). Lailatul-MilyÄr, MansyÅ«rÄt GÄdah as-SammÄn, Beirut.
- Azm, A., &Ṭalʿat, A. A. (2015).Adab Mā Baʿda al-Istiʿmār wa Naẓariyyatuhu an-Naqdiyyah. Ain li ad-Dirāsāt wa al-Buḥūṡ al-Insāniyyah wa al-Ijtimāʿiyyah, Giza.
- Badawi, M. M. (1992). Modern Arabic Literature.University of Cambridge, New York, 1992. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521331975
- Barakat, H. (2012). The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State. Nusa Media, Bandung.
- Barrington, L. W. (2006). After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.126246 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.126246
- Bitar, S. I. (2011). Language, Identity, and Arab Nationalism: Case Study of Palestine. Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), 5(4), 48-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2011.12023190 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2011.12023190
- Brennan, T. (1990). The National Longing for form in Nation and Narration.Routledge, London, 1990.
- Cooke, M. (1996). Women and the War Story.University of California Press, London, Berkeley, Los Angeles, 1996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520918092
- Cooke, M. (1988). War's Other Voices: Women Writers on the Lebanese Civil War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
- Ḍahir, M. (1984). LubnÄn al-IstiqlÄl, aṡ-á¹ iqah, wa al-MīṡaÌ„q, Dar al-Matbu’at asy-Syarqiyyah.
- Dawisha, A. (2003). Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
- Foster, L. M. (1992). Enchantment of the World Lebanon, Children's Press, Chicago.
- Foulcher, K., & Day, T. (2002).Clearing a Space, Sastra Indonesia Modern: KritikPostcolonial,KITLVandYayasanObor Indonesia, Jakarta.
- GÄdah, S. (2018). KhitÄb MÄ Ba’da al-Isti’mÄr fÄ« Majmū’ah Buhūṡ. Aceh: IMLA dan UIN ar-Raniry Banda Aceh, 839-848.
- Gandhi, L. (2001). Postcolonial Theory a CriticalIntroduction.Kalam, Yogyakarta.
- GanÄ«, M. A. (1994). Al-IttijaÌ„h al-QaumiÌ„ fiÌ„ ar-RiwaÌ„yah, al-Majlis al-WatÌ£aniÌ„ liṡ-á¹ aqaÌ„fah wa al-FunÅ«n wa al-Ä€dÄb, Kuwait.
- Goldschmidt, A., & Davidson, L. (1979). A Concise History of the Middle East, American University in Cairo Press, Cairo, Egypt.
- Hilao, M. P. (2016). Creative teaching as perceived by English language teachers in private universities. Journal of Advances in Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(5), 278-286. https://doi.org/10.20474/jahss-2.5.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20474/jahss-2.5.4
- Hout, S. C. (2006). The Predicament of in-betweenness in the Contemporary Lebanese Exilic Novel in English†in Literature and Nation in the Middle East edited by Yasir Suleiman and Ibrahim Muhawi, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748620739.003.0011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748620739.003.0011
- Ḥuá¹£ri, S. (1985). Ä€raÌ„` wa AḥaÌ„diṡ fi al-Qaumiyyah al-‘Arabiyyah, 7, Markaz DirÄsÄt al-Wiḥdah al-‘Arabiyyah, Beirut.
- Kellas, J. G.(2003). The Politics of Nationalism and Ethnicity. Palgrave, London, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26863-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26863-4
- Khoury, P. S. (1989). Syria and the French Mandate. Princeton University Press, New Jersey. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400858392 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400858392
- Mackey, S. (1937). Lebanon (A House Divided), W. M. Norton & Company, London.
- Mahmudah (2003). Al-Mauqi’u al-Bainiyyu min al-MugtaribÄ«n al-LubnÄniyyÄ«n fi AurÅ«bÄ fÄ« RiwÄyati Gurbatun Taḥta aá¹£-Sifr li
- Nasrallah, F. (1992). The Question of South Lebanon, Centre for Lebanese Studies, Oxford.
- Petran, T. (1987). The Struggle over Lebanon, Monthly Review Press, New York.
- Pradhan, S. (2016). English language teaching: The next gate to social awareness. International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 2(4), 156-158. https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.2.20005-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.2.20005-4
- Rodinson, M. (1981). Les Arabes.The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. https://doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-1981-4-460 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-1981-4-460
- Setiawati, S. (2010). A conditional mechanism in Lebanese internal conflict resolution, Elmatera Publishing, Yogyakarta.
- Shapiro, W. E. (1984). Lebanon, Frankin Watt, New York, 1984.
- Sharkey, H. J. (2008). Arab Identity and Ideology in Sudan: The Politics of Language. Ethnicity, and Race, African Affairs, 107(426), 21–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adm068 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adm068
- Starkey, P. (2006). Modern Arabic Literature, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
- Suleiman, Y. (2003). The Arabic Language and National Identity: A Study in Ideology. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
- Tabar, P. (2010). Lebanon: A Country of Emigration and Immigration. LAU Press, Beirut.
- Yulianto, M. A. (2010). Lebanon (Pra- dan Pasca-Perang 34 Hari Israel vz Hizbullah), Gramedia, Jakart.
- Zisser, E. (2000). Lebanon the Challenge of Independence, St Martin’s Press, New York. https://doi.org/10.5040/9780755612574 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9780755612574
References
Al-Allaq, W. (2014). Arabic Language in a Globalized World, Observations from the United Arab Emirates.Journal of Arab World English Journal, 5(3) 113-123.
Al-Musawi, M. J. (2003). The Postcolonial Arabic Novel: Debating Ambivalence. Brill, Leiden. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047401544
Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and Spread Nationalism, Verso, New York
As-SammÄn, G. (1986). Lailatul-MilyÄr, MansyÅ«rÄt GÄdah as-SammÄn, Beirut.
Azm, A., &Ṭalʿat, A. A. (2015).Adab Mā Baʿda al-Istiʿmār wa Naẓariyyatuhu an-Naqdiyyah. Ain li ad-Dirāsāt wa al-Buḥūṡ al-Insāniyyah wa al-Ijtimāʿiyyah, Giza.
Badawi, M. M. (1992). Modern Arabic Literature.University of Cambridge, New York, 1992. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521331975
Barakat, H. (2012). The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State. Nusa Media, Bandung.
Barrington, L. W. (2006). After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.126246 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.126246
Bitar, S. I. (2011). Language, Identity, and Arab Nationalism: Case Study of Palestine. Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), 5(4), 48-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2011.12023190 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2011.12023190
Brennan, T. (1990). The National Longing for form in Nation and Narration.Routledge, London, 1990.
Cooke, M. (1996). Women and the War Story.University of California Press, London, Berkeley, Los Angeles, 1996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520918092
Cooke, M. (1988). War's Other Voices: Women Writers on the Lebanese Civil War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Ḍahir, M. (1984). LubnÄn al-IstiqlÄl, aṡ-á¹ iqah, wa al-MīṡaÌ„q, Dar al-Matbu’at asy-Syarqiyyah.
Dawisha, A. (2003). Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Foster, L. M. (1992). Enchantment of the World Lebanon, Children's Press, Chicago.
Foulcher, K., & Day, T. (2002).Clearing a Space, Sastra Indonesia Modern: KritikPostcolonial,KITLVandYayasanObor Indonesia, Jakarta.
GÄdah, S. (2018). KhitÄb MÄ Ba’da al-Isti’mÄr fÄ« Majmū’ah Buhūṡ. Aceh: IMLA dan UIN ar-Raniry Banda Aceh, 839-848.
Gandhi, L. (2001). Postcolonial Theory a CriticalIntroduction.Kalam, Yogyakarta.
GanÄ«, M. A. (1994). Al-IttijaÌ„h al-QaumiÌ„ fiÌ„ ar-RiwaÌ„yah, al-Majlis al-WatÌ£aniÌ„ liṡ-á¹ aqaÌ„fah wa al-FunÅ«n wa al-Ä€dÄb, Kuwait.
Goldschmidt, A., & Davidson, L. (1979). A Concise History of the Middle East, American University in Cairo Press, Cairo, Egypt.
Hilao, M. P. (2016). Creative teaching as perceived by English language teachers in private universities. Journal of Advances in Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(5), 278-286. https://doi.org/10.20474/jahss-2.5.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20474/jahss-2.5.4
Hout, S. C. (2006). The Predicament of in-betweenness in the Contemporary Lebanese Exilic Novel in English†in Literature and Nation in the Middle East edited by Yasir Suleiman and Ibrahim Muhawi, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748620739.003.0011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748620739.003.0011
Ḥuá¹£ri, S. (1985). Ä€raÌ„` wa AḥaÌ„diṡ fi al-Qaumiyyah al-‘Arabiyyah, 7, Markaz DirÄsÄt al-Wiḥdah al-‘Arabiyyah, Beirut.
Kellas, J. G.(2003). The Politics of Nationalism and Ethnicity. Palgrave, London, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26863-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26863-4
Khoury, P. S. (1989). Syria and the French Mandate. Princeton University Press, New Jersey. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400858392 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400858392
Mackey, S. (1937). Lebanon (A House Divided), W. M. Norton & Company, London.
Mahmudah (2003). Al-Mauqi’u al-Bainiyyu min al-MugtaribÄ«n al-LubnÄniyyÄ«n fi AurÅ«bÄ fÄ« RiwÄyati Gurbatun Taḥta aá¹£-Sifr li
Nasrallah, F. (1992). The Question of South Lebanon, Centre for Lebanese Studies, Oxford.
Petran, T. (1987). The Struggle over Lebanon, Monthly Review Press, New York.
Pradhan, S. (2016). English language teaching: The next gate to social awareness. International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 2(4), 156-158. https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.2.20005-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.2.20005-4
Rodinson, M. (1981). Les Arabes.The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. https://doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-1981-4-460 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-1981-4-460
Setiawati, S. (2010). A conditional mechanism in Lebanese internal conflict resolution, Elmatera Publishing, Yogyakarta.
Shapiro, W. E. (1984). Lebanon, Frankin Watt, New York, 1984.
Sharkey, H. J. (2008). Arab Identity and Ideology in Sudan: The Politics of Language. Ethnicity, and Race, African Affairs, 107(426), 21–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adm068 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adm068
Starkey, P. (2006). Modern Arabic Literature, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
Suleiman, Y. (2003). The Arabic Language and National Identity: A Study in Ideology. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
Tabar, P. (2010). Lebanon: A Country of Emigration and Immigration. LAU Press, Beirut.
Yulianto, M. A. (2010). Lebanon (Pra- dan Pasca-Perang 34 Hari Israel vz Hizbullah), Gramedia, Jakart.
Zisser, E. (2000). Lebanon the Challenge of Independence, St Martin’s Press, New York. https://doi.org/10.5040/9780755612574 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9780755612574