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HISTORICAL MEMORY IN PRESERVING ETHNO-RELIGIOUS IDENTITY: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN MANAGING MIGRATION AND CULTURAL SECURITY
Corresponding Author(s) : Konstantin V. Vodenko
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 3 (2020): May
Abstract
Purpose: The object of this paper is to develop the concept of historical memory as a resource for preserving the ethnoreligious identity and cultural security.
Design/methodology/approach: The methodological apparatus of research is based on civilizational and constructivist approaches that allow us to understand the specifics and role of identity in the modern world, as well as the concept of civilizational confrontation in modern migration processes. As a part of the study, we used the concept of "cultural trauma" to understand the influence of historical events on modern relations between Muslims and Europeans.
Result: It was found that the low level of Muslim migrants' integration into Western society is determined by social-psychological and cultural-historical factors. The social-psychological factor is associated with an individual's need for group identity, which creates a zone of comfort and security. Muslim migrants' integration into European society is difficult because their ethnoreligious identity is exacerbated in conditions of migration. The cultural-historical factor is associated with discrepancies in civilizational models (Islamic and Western), the relations between them being conflict-ridden for a long period of time.
Application: This suggests that historical memory has a significant impact on the relations of modern Islamic and European cultures. Historical memory, preserving the plots of eternal rivalry and confrontation of Islamic and Western civilizations, affects the process of their rapprochement: firstly because the injuries of past are very difficult to get rid of; secondly, memory, as a collective past or as knowledge of this past, is the basis of social identity.
Originality/value: The study proves that the negative stereotypes prevailing in people's historical memory determine their perception of the present and the future. Consolidation of the "image of the enemy" in historical memory promotes the spread of Islamophobia in European society and radical Islamism in the Muslim world. The anti-Western ideology of radical Islamism undermines the historically present process of cultural interaction in the development of Western and Islamic civilizations.
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- Ajami, F. (1993). The Summoning. Foreign Affairs, 72, 2-9. https://doi.org/10.2307/20045708 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/20045708
- Alexander, J. C. (2004). Toward a Theory of Cultural Trauma.‖ Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity. Berkeley. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520235946.003.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520235946.003.0001
- Amur, R. (2004). Christianity and Islam: a Complicated Story. Moscow: St. Andrew's Biblical Theological Institute.
- Assmann, J. (2011). Cultural memory and early civilization: writing, remembrance, and political imagination. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511996306 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511996306
- Aydın, S. (2018). The emergence of Alevism as an ethno-religious identity. National Identities, 20(1), 9-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/14608944.2016.1244521 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14608944.2016.1244521
- Bekuma, G. B., &Bogoro, A. E. (2017). Ethno-Religious Conflicts and Democratization in Nigeria. Africa AMANI, 1.
- Berger, P. L., &Luckmann, T. (1991). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge (No. 10). Penguin Uk.
- Boykov, V.E. (2011). Historical Memory in Modern Russian Society: State and Problems of Formation. Sociologijavlasti, 5, 44-52.
- Caruth, C. (1995). Trauma: Explorations in Memory. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Cherdymova, E.I., Afanasjeva, S.A., Parkhomenko, A.G., Ponyavina, M.B., Yulova, E.S., Nesmeianova, I.A., and Skutelnik, O.A. (2018). Student ecological consciousness as determining component of the ecological-oriented activity. EurAsian Journal of BioSciences, 12(2), 167-174.
- Durkheim, E. (1976). The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. London: George Alien & Unwin Ltd.
- Esposito, J. L. (1999). The Islamic threat: Myth or reality?. Oxford University Press.
- Eyerman, R. (2004) Cultural Trauma: Slavery and the Formation of African American Identity. Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity. Ed. by J. Alexander, R. Eyerman, B. Giesen, N. Smelser. Berkeley. California: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520235946.003.0003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520235946.003.0003
- Faleeva, L.V., Bratukhina, E.V., Ezhov, S.G., Gorbunova, L.N., Lopanova, A.P., Viaznikova, L.F., and Kryukova, N.I. (2017). Student's social experience forming in university vocational training. Eurasian Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 12(7), 1127-1135. https://doi.org/10.12973/ejac.2017.00238a DOI: https://doi.org/10.12973/ejac.2017.00238a
- Halbwachs, M. (1950). Collective Memory. New York: Harper and Row.
- Huntington, S. P. (2000). The clash of civilizations? In Culture and politics (pp. 99-118). Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-62397-6_6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-62397-6_6
- Hunter, S., & O'Brien, S. (1998). The future of Islam and the West: clash of civilizations or peaceful coexistence?. Greenwood Publishing Group.
- Jung, С. (2012). The archetypes and The Collective Unconscious. Princeton: Bollingen.
- Komar, V.I. (2004). Islam, Islamism, and Western Civilization. Afro-Asian world: Problems of Civilizational Analysis. Issue 2. Moscow: Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
- Leiken, R. (2011). Europe's Angry Muslims: The revolt of the second generation. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780195328974.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780195328974.001.0001
- Levin, Z.I. (2017) Globalization and Nationalism, Transactions of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Moscow: The Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
- Lewis, B. (1993). Islam and West. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Makarova, E.V., Kryukova, N.I., Sizova, Z.M., Grinenko, A.V., Erofeeva, M.A., and Bukalerova, L.A. (2019). Divergence of supreme values of the Russian world and western civilization social and philosophical analysis. EuropeanJournal of Science and Theology, 15(3), 97-107.
- Minakhmetova, A.Z., Skutelnik, O.A., Fedorchuk, Y.M., Shulga, T.I., Pavlushin, A.A., and Shagiev, B.V. (2017). The motivational and valuable orientation of teachers as a condition to form students' tolerant behavior. Man in India, 97(3), 323-332.
- Nnabuihe, O. E., &Onwuzuruigbo, I. (2020). Designing disorder: spatial ordering and ethno-religious conflicts in Jos metropolis, North-Central Nigeria. Planning Perspectives, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2019.1708782 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2019.1708782
- Romanova, K.S. (2016). Discourses of Historical Memory. DISKURS-PI, 3, 31-36.
- Rua, O. (2017). Islam in the West or Western Islam? Breaking the Connection between Religion and Culture. Gosudarstvo, religija, cerkov' v Rossiiizarubezhom, 3(35), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.22394/2073-7203-2017-35-3-77-84 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22394/2073-7203-2017-35-3-77-84
- Sezgin, Y. (2000). Does Islam Pose A Threat to the West? Journal of International Affairs, 5(2), 63-76.
- Shchedrina, O.V. (2004). Is a Multicultural Model of Migrant Integration in Russia Possible? Sociologicheskieissledovanija, 11(247), 67-74.
- Sztompka, P. (2001). Social Change as an Injury. Sociologicheskieissledovanija, 1, 6-16.
- Tajfel, H., and Turner, J.C. (1986). The social identity theory of inter-group behavior. In: Worchel S., Austin L.W. (Eds)/ Psychology of intergroup relations. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
- Toshchenko, Z. T. (2010). Historical Consciousness and Historical Memory: An Analysis of the Current Situation. Russian Studies in History, 49(1), 37-52. https://doi.org/10.2753/RSH1061-1983490103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2753/RSH1061-1983490103
- Yakimova, O.A. (2011). The concept of Migrants Integration in the Context of Modern Development of Russia. Izvestija Ural'skogogosudarstvennogouniversiteta, 2(91), 53-54.
References
Ajami, F. (1993). The Summoning. Foreign Affairs, 72, 2-9. https://doi.org/10.2307/20045708 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/20045708
Alexander, J. C. (2004). Toward a Theory of Cultural Trauma.‖ Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity. Berkeley. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520235946.003.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520235946.003.0001
Amur, R. (2004). Christianity and Islam: a Complicated Story. Moscow: St. Andrew's Biblical Theological Institute.
Assmann, J. (2011). Cultural memory and early civilization: writing, remembrance, and political imagination. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511996306 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511996306
Aydın, S. (2018). The emergence of Alevism as an ethno-religious identity. National Identities, 20(1), 9-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/14608944.2016.1244521 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14608944.2016.1244521
Bekuma, G. B., &Bogoro, A. E. (2017). Ethno-Religious Conflicts and Democratization in Nigeria. Africa AMANI, 1.
Berger, P. L., &Luckmann, T. (1991). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge (No. 10). Penguin Uk.
Boykov, V.E. (2011). Historical Memory in Modern Russian Society: State and Problems of Formation. Sociologijavlasti, 5, 44-52.
Caruth, C. (1995). Trauma: Explorations in Memory. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Cherdymova, E.I., Afanasjeva, S.A., Parkhomenko, A.G., Ponyavina, M.B., Yulova, E.S., Nesmeianova, I.A., and Skutelnik, O.A. (2018). Student ecological consciousness as determining component of the ecological-oriented activity. EurAsian Journal of BioSciences, 12(2), 167-174.
Durkheim, E. (1976). The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. London: George Alien & Unwin Ltd.
Esposito, J. L. (1999). The Islamic threat: Myth or reality?. Oxford University Press.
Eyerman, R. (2004) Cultural Trauma: Slavery and the Formation of African American Identity. Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity. Ed. by J. Alexander, R. Eyerman, B. Giesen, N. Smelser. Berkeley. California: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520235946.003.0003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520235946.003.0003
Faleeva, L.V., Bratukhina, E.V., Ezhov, S.G., Gorbunova, L.N., Lopanova, A.P., Viaznikova, L.F., and Kryukova, N.I. (2017). Student's social experience forming in university vocational training. Eurasian Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 12(7), 1127-1135. https://doi.org/10.12973/ejac.2017.00238a DOI: https://doi.org/10.12973/ejac.2017.00238a
Halbwachs, M. (1950). Collective Memory. New York: Harper and Row.
Huntington, S. P. (2000). The clash of civilizations? In Culture and politics (pp. 99-118). Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-62397-6_6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-62397-6_6
Hunter, S., & O'Brien, S. (1998). The future of Islam and the West: clash of civilizations or peaceful coexistence?. Greenwood Publishing Group.
Jung, С. (2012). The archetypes and The Collective Unconscious. Princeton: Bollingen.
Komar, V.I. (2004). Islam, Islamism, and Western Civilization. Afro-Asian world: Problems of Civilizational Analysis. Issue 2. Moscow: Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Leiken, R. (2011). Europe's Angry Muslims: The revolt of the second generation. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780195328974.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780195328974.001.0001
Levin, Z.I. (2017) Globalization and Nationalism, Transactions of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Moscow: The Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Lewis, B. (1993). Islam and West. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Makarova, E.V., Kryukova, N.I., Sizova, Z.M., Grinenko, A.V., Erofeeva, M.A., and Bukalerova, L.A. (2019). Divergence of supreme values of the Russian world and western civilization social and philosophical analysis. EuropeanJournal of Science and Theology, 15(3), 97-107.
Minakhmetova, A.Z., Skutelnik, O.A., Fedorchuk, Y.M., Shulga, T.I., Pavlushin, A.A., and Shagiev, B.V. (2017). The motivational and valuable orientation of teachers as a condition to form students' tolerant behavior. Man in India, 97(3), 323-332.
Nnabuihe, O. E., &Onwuzuruigbo, I. (2020). Designing disorder: spatial ordering and ethno-religious conflicts in Jos metropolis, North-Central Nigeria. Planning Perspectives, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2019.1708782 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2019.1708782
Romanova, K.S. (2016). Discourses of Historical Memory. DISKURS-PI, 3, 31-36.
Rua, O. (2017). Islam in the West or Western Islam? Breaking the Connection between Religion and Culture. Gosudarstvo, religija, cerkov' v Rossiiizarubezhom, 3(35), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.22394/2073-7203-2017-35-3-77-84 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22394/2073-7203-2017-35-3-77-84
Sezgin, Y. (2000). Does Islam Pose A Threat to the West? Journal of International Affairs, 5(2), 63-76.
Shchedrina, O.V. (2004). Is a Multicultural Model of Migrant Integration in Russia Possible? Sociologicheskieissledovanija, 11(247), 67-74.
Sztompka, P. (2001). Social Change as an Injury. Sociologicheskieissledovanija, 1, 6-16.
Tajfel, H., and Turner, J.C. (1986). The social identity theory of inter-group behavior. In: Worchel S., Austin L.W. (Eds)/ Psychology of intergroup relations. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
Toshchenko, Z. T. (2010). Historical Consciousness and Historical Memory: An Analysis of the Current Situation. Russian Studies in History, 49(1), 37-52. https://doi.org/10.2753/RSH1061-1983490103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2753/RSH1061-1983490103
Yakimova, O.A. (2011). The concept of Migrants Integration in the Context of Modern Development of Russia. Izvestija Ural'skogogosudarstvennogouniversiteta, 2(91), 53-54.