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POOR COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT: A STUDY ON SOCIAL CAPITAL IN MAJALENGKA DISTRICT
Corresponding Author(s) : Wahyu Gunawan
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 3 (2020): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study on poor community empowerment focuses on poverty which is becoming the target group of developers in the Majalengka district. The main problem in poverty reduction is the large number of people living in poverty.
Methodology: This study uses social capital approaches and theories. Also, a qualitative descriptive method is used.
Main Findings: The results show that the program can be carried out with significant changes in community empowerment and proves useful based on the social capital approach. Moreover, the social capital study can enrich social capital applications by strengthening solidarity, relationship and networks. Although the network is still very premature, efforts to develop it are still being made by community groups. The community empowerment program developed by the government is for assistance in the agricultural sector.
Applications of this study: Social capital convergence in community empowerment can be a force to improve welfare and overcome poverty. This study on social capital proves can make an academic contribution to the empowerment of the poor.
Novelty/Originality of this study: To eradicate poverty, the Indonesian government has carried out a variety of methods including The Hope Family Program, hereinafter referred to as PKH and The Urban Poverty Reduction Program as P2KP along with other Central and Regional government programs. However, unfortunately, these programs have not been able to reach all regions, so there are still many areas needing such solutive treatments from the local government. Therefore, the empowerment of poverty requires institutional efforts and togetherness between parties with the poor (integrated approach) as an effort to empower the poor. This paper critically analyses the poverty reduction programs and highlights the problems associated with them.
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- Bebbington, A. J., & Carroll, T. F. (1999). Induced Social Capital and Federations of the Rural Poor in the Andes. Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 19. Washington, DC, WA: World Bank.
- Bebbington, A., & Perreault, P. (1999). Social capital, development, and access to resources in Highland Ecuador. Economic Geography, 75 (4), 395-418. https://doi.org/10.2307/144478 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/144478
- Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. J. (1992). An invitation to reflexive sociology. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago press.
- Candland, C. D. (2000). Faith as social capital: Religion and community development in Southern Asia. Policy Sciences, 33(3), 355-374. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004857811117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004857811117
- Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. The American Journal of Sociology, 94, 95-120. https://doi.org/10.1086/228943 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/228943
- Colletta, N. J., & Cullen, M. L. (1999). Social Capital and Social Cohesion: Case Studies from Cambodia and Rwanda. Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 19. World Bank: USA.
- Creswell, J. W. (2015). Qualitative research & design research. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Pustaka Pelajar.
- Cuyugan, A. B. S., Agus, G. E., Dasig Jr., D. D. Nidea, M. A., Claricia, E. E., Taduyo, M. A. B., & Camacho, E. J. (2017). In aid of community policy and framework development: A sustainable integrated community advancement program. Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(2), 87-95. https://doi.org/10.26500/JARSSH-02-2017-0202 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26500/JARSSH-02-2017-0202
- Emery, M., & Flora, C. (2006). Spiralling-up: Mapping community transformation with community capitals framework. Journal of the Community Development Society, 37 (1), 19-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330609490152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330609490152
- Fontana, L. B. (2019). Reviews: The poor. International Sociology Reviews, 34(2), 187-196. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580919831621 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580919831621
- Greene & Haines, A. (2009). Asset-based community development. In R. Phillips & R. H. Pittman (Eds.), An introduction to community develnpment. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Isham, J., & Kahkonen, S. (1999). How Do Participation and Social Capital Affect Community-Based Water Projects? Evidence from Central Java, Indonesia. Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 14. World Bank, Washington DC.
- Karlina, N. (2019). The impact of women empowerment in women role increased program towards healthy and prosperous family (P2WKSS) Garut regency. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews. 7, 59-66. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.739 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.739
- Knack, S. (1999). Social Capital, Growth, and Poverty: A Survey of Cross-Country Evidence in Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 7. Washington, DC, WA: World Bank.
- Krishna, A. (2007). How does social capital grow? A seven-year study of villages in India. Journal of Politics, 69 (4), 941-956. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00600.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00600.x
- Krishna, A., & Uphoff, N. (1999). Mapping and Measuring Social Capital: A Conceptual and Empirical Study of Collective Action for Conserving and Developing Watersheds in Rajasthan, India in Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 13. Washington, DC, WA: World Bank.
- Lagassé, J. (1967). A review of community development experience in the world, 1945-1967. Anthropologica, New Series, 9(2), 15-28. https://doi.org/10.2307/25604741 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/25604741
- Lin, N. (1999). Social networks and status attainment. Annual Review of Sociology, 25, 467-487. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.467 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.467
- Lin, N. (2005). Building a network theory of social capital. Connection(s), 22 (1), 28-51.
- Lotz, J. (1967). Introduction: Is community development necessary?. Anthropologica, New Series, 9 (2), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.2307/25604740 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/25604740
- Mahrunnisa, Agussabti, & Kasimin, S. (2019). Analysis of the effectiveness of sustainable food house area program (KRPL) in utilization of yard land in Banda Aceh. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 85, 153-162. https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2019-01.18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2019-01.18
- Mohd, H. S., & Yakin, A. T. (2018). Managing acculturative stress and building an effective intercultural relation: A case study among international students at universiti Malaysia Sabah. Journal of Advances in Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(6), 244-257. https://doi.org/10.20474/jahss-4.6.2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20474/jahss-4.6.2
- Pargal, S., Gilligan, D.O., & Huq, M. 1999. Does Social Capital Increase Participation in Voluntary Solid Waste Management? Evidence from Dhaka, Bangladesh. Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 16. Washington, DC, WA: World Bank.
- Phillips, R., & Pittman, R. (Ed). (2009). An introduction to community development. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Pikiran Rakyat Online, (2015). 38 percent citizen in Majalengka in poor category. Retrieved from http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/jawa-barat/2015/09/02/340807/38-persen-warga-majalengka-masuk-kategori-miskin.
- Punluekdej, T., & Srisorn, W. (2017). The development pattern of community enterprise to become strengthened: A case study of Nakhon Cowboy, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, Thailand. International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 3(3), 129-141. https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.3.20005-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.3.20005-3
- Purwanto & Purba, C. S. (2017). Legal aid compliance for poor local community. Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(6), 363-370. https://doi.org/10.26500/JARSSH-02-2017-0604 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26500/JARSSH-02-2017-0604
- Putnam, R. D. (1993). Making democracy work civic traditions in modern Italy. New Jersey, NJ: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400820740 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400820740
- Rossi, F. M. (2017). The poor’s struggle for political incorporation: The Piquetero movement in Argetina. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316273180 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316273180
- Saegert, S., Tompson, J. P., & Warren, M. R. (2001).Social capital and poor communities. New York, NY: Russel Sage Foundation.
- Szreter, S. (2002). The state of social capital: Bringing back in power, politics, and history. Theory and Society, 31 (5), pp. 573-621. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021300217590 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021300217590
- The World Bank (2012). After five years, PNPM Mandiri becomes an integral part for the development of communities across Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2012/08/07/after-five-years-PNPM-Mandiri-becomes-an-integral-part-for-the-development-of-communities-across-indonesia0.
- Woolcook, & Narayan. (2000). Social capital: Implications for development theory, research, and policy. The World Bank Research Observer, 15(2), 25-249. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/15.2.225 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/15.2.225
References
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Bebbington, A., & Perreault, P. (1999). Social capital, development, and access to resources in Highland Ecuador. Economic Geography, 75 (4), 395-418. https://doi.org/10.2307/144478 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/144478
Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. J. (1992). An invitation to reflexive sociology. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago press.
Candland, C. D. (2000). Faith as social capital: Religion and community development in Southern Asia. Policy Sciences, 33(3), 355-374. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004857811117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004857811117
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. The American Journal of Sociology, 94, 95-120. https://doi.org/10.1086/228943 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/228943
Colletta, N. J., & Cullen, M. L. (1999). Social Capital and Social Cohesion: Case Studies from Cambodia and Rwanda. Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 19. World Bank: USA.
Creswell, J. W. (2015). Qualitative research & design research. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Pustaka Pelajar.
Cuyugan, A. B. S., Agus, G. E., Dasig Jr., D. D. Nidea, M. A., Claricia, E. E., Taduyo, M. A. B., & Camacho, E. J. (2017). In aid of community policy and framework development: A sustainable integrated community advancement program. Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(2), 87-95. https://doi.org/10.26500/JARSSH-02-2017-0202 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26500/JARSSH-02-2017-0202
Emery, M., & Flora, C. (2006). Spiralling-up: Mapping community transformation with community capitals framework. Journal of the Community Development Society, 37 (1), 19-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330609490152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330609490152
Fontana, L. B. (2019). Reviews: The poor. International Sociology Reviews, 34(2), 187-196. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580919831621 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580919831621
Greene & Haines, A. (2009). Asset-based community development. In R. Phillips & R. H. Pittman (Eds.), An introduction to community develnpment. New York, NY: Routledge.
Isham, J., & Kahkonen, S. (1999). How Do Participation and Social Capital Affect Community-Based Water Projects? Evidence from Central Java, Indonesia. Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 14. World Bank, Washington DC.
Karlina, N. (2019). The impact of women empowerment in women role increased program towards healthy and prosperous family (P2WKSS) Garut regency. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews. 7, 59-66. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.739 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.739
Knack, S. (1999). Social Capital, Growth, and Poverty: A Survey of Cross-Country Evidence in Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 7. Washington, DC, WA: World Bank.
Krishna, A. (2007). How does social capital grow? A seven-year study of villages in India. Journal of Politics, 69 (4), 941-956. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00600.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00600.x
Krishna, A., & Uphoff, N. (1999). Mapping and Measuring Social Capital: A Conceptual and Empirical Study of Collective Action for Conserving and Developing Watersheds in Rajasthan, India in Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 13. Washington, DC, WA: World Bank.
Lagassé, J. (1967). A review of community development experience in the world, 1945-1967. Anthropologica, New Series, 9(2), 15-28. https://doi.org/10.2307/25604741 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/25604741
Lin, N. (1999). Social networks and status attainment. Annual Review of Sociology, 25, 467-487. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.467 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.467
Lin, N. (2005). Building a network theory of social capital. Connection(s), 22 (1), 28-51.
Lotz, J. (1967). Introduction: Is community development necessary?. Anthropologica, New Series, 9 (2), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.2307/25604740 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/25604740
Mahrunnisa, Agussabti, & Kasimin, S. (2019). Analysis of the effectiveness of sustainable food house area program (KRPL) in utilization of yard land in Banda Aceh. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 85, 153-162. https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2019-01.18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2019-01.18
Mohd, H. S., & Yakin, A. T. (2018). Managing acculturative stress and building an effective intercultural relation: A case study among international students at universiti Malaysia Sabah. Journal of Advances in Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(6), 244-257. https://doi.org/10.20474/jahss-4.6.2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20474/jahss-4.6.2
Pargal, S., Gilligan, D.O., & Huq, M. 1999. Does Social Capital Increase Participation in Voluntary Solid Waste Management? Evidence from Dhaka, Bangladesh. Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 16. Washington, DC, WA: World Bank.
Phillips, R., & Pittman, R. (Ed). (2009). An introduction to community development. New York, NY: Routledge.
Pikiran Rakyat Online, (2015). 38 percent citizen in Majalengka in poor category. Retrieved from http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/jawa-barat/2015/09/02/340807/38-persen-warga-majalengka-masuk-kategori-miskin.
Punluekdej, T., & Srisorn, W. (2017). The development pattern of community enterprise to become strengthened: A case study of Nakhon Cowboy, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, Thailand. International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 3(3), 129-141. https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.3.20005-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.3.20005-3
Purwanto & Purba, C. S. (2017). Legal aid compliance for poor local community. Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(6), 363-370. https://doi.org/10.26500/JARSSH-02-2017-0604 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26500/JARSSH-02-2017-0604
Putnam, R. D. (1993). Making democracy work civic traditions in modern Italy. New Jersey, NJ: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400820740 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400820740
Rossi, F. M. (2017). The poor’s struggle for political incorporation: The Piquetero movement in Argetina. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316273180 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316273180
Saegert, S., Tompson, J. P., & Warren, M. R. (2001).Social capital and poor communities. New York, NY: Russel Sage Foundation.
Szreter, S. (2002). The state of social capital: Bringing back in power, politics, and history. Theory and Society, 31 (5), pp. 573-621. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021300217590 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021300217590
The World Bank (2012). After five years, PNPM Mandiri becomes an integral part for the development of communities across Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2012/08/07/after-five-years-PNPM-Mandiri-becomes-an-integral-part-for-the-development-of-communities-across-indonesia0.
Woolcook, & Narayan. (2000). Social capital: Implications for development theory, research, and policy. The World Bank Research Observer, 15(2), 25-249. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/15.2.225 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/15.2.225