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CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL PROBLEM: AGRARIAN CONFLICT
Corresponding Author(s) : Soni Akhmad Nulhaqim
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 3 (2020): May
Abstract
Purpose: Agrarian conflict is the outcome of the land policy that includes problems in land administration and land use. This research aims to analyse the agrarian conflict phenomenon as one of the contemporary social problems in Indonesia by referring to the aspects of agrarian conflict causes, agrarian conflict as a social problem, and impacts and resolutions of agrarian conflict.
Methodology: This research adopted a descriptive qualitative method. The data were collected by studying literature and previous research. Causes of agrarian conflict included agrarian reform policy that was still blocked by the disorganised land administration, corruption issue, and land control of some groups.
Main Findings: That condition shoved various moves to generate resistance, notably people who suffered from the poor agrarian reform policy that resulted in agrarian conflict. The agrarian conflict occurred in several sectors such as plantation, property, infrastructure, agriculture, forestry, marine, and mining. In each sector, agrarian conflict was caused by distinct factors. Agrarian conflict is classified as a social problem since it is undergone by many people; it is an unpleasant situation, and it is a condition demanding a resolution that must be done through collective social action. Impacts of agrarian conflict involved casualties, criminalisation, and job losses, which were suffered by people as the victims of the conflict. Efforts to resolve agrarian conflict generally adopt litigation and non-litigation approaches. The litigation approach is performed in court, while a non-litigation approach is carried out via negotiation, mediation, repressive approach, and community-based approach through the empowerment of local people.
Implications: In resolving agrarian conflicts, it is recommended to adopt a non-litigation approach to achieve conflict resolution as a win-win solution and prioritise the parties’ concerns involved in the conflict. One of the non-litigation approaches is known as community-based conflict resolution.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The current study is unique as it contributes to the literature by highlighting the conflict and problems aroused in the agrarian society and reforms developed against them. It will also shed light on the agrarian conflict phenomenon as one of the contemporary social problems in Indonesia.
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- Adiansah, W., Raharjo, S., Tri., & Apsari, N. C. (2018). Resolusi Konflik Agraria di Desa Genteng Kecamatan Sukasari Kabupaten Sumedang. Jurnal Kolaborasi Resolusi Konflik1 (1). https://doi.org/10.24198/jkrk.v1i1.20887 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/jkrk.v1i1.20887
- Collins, C.C. (2019). Africapitalism: A roadmap for Africas development. Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences And Humanities, 4(2), 51-56. https://doi.org/10.26500/JARSSH-04-2019-0202 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26500/JARSSH-04-2019-0202
- De Dreu, C. K. (1997). Productive conflict: The importance of conflict management and conflict issue. Using conflict in organizations, 9-22. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446217016.n2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446217016.n2
- Edi, S. (1997).Pembangunan, Kebijakan Sosial & Pekerja Sosial. Bandung: LSP STKS.
- Fisher, S. (2001). Mengelola Konflik: Keterampilan & Strategi Untuk Bertindak. Jakarta: The British Council.
- Fuad, H. F. &Maskanah, S. (2000). InovasiPenyelesaianSengketaPengelolaanSumberDayaHutan. Bogor: PustakaLatin.
- Granovsky-Larsen, S. (2013). Between the bullet and the bank: agrarian conflict and access to land in neoliberal Guatemala. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 40(2), 325-350. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2013.777044 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2013.777044
- Haider, H. (2009). Community-based Approaches to Peacebuilding in Conflict-affected and Fragile Contexts. Governance and Social Development Resource Center. University of Birmingham.
- Kantor, S. P. R. (2017). Strategi Nasional Reforma Agraria: Prioritas Nasional Reforma Agrariadalam Rencana Kerja Pemerintah Tahun. Jakarta: Kantor Staf PresidenRepublik Indonesia.
- Konsorsium, P.A. (2017). Catatan Akhir Tahun 2017 Konsorsium Pembaruan Agraria:Reforma Agraria di Bawah Bayangan Investasi-Gaung Besar di Pinggiran Jalan. Jakarta: KPA.
- KPA. (2014). PernyataanSikap: MenolakHasilPutusanSidangPengadilanNegeriSragenkarenaBentukKriminalisasiTerhadapPejuangAgraria di Sragen. Available from: https://www.kpa.or.id/news/blog/pernyataan-sikapmenolak-hasil-putusan-sidang-pengadilan-negeri-sragen-karena-bentuk-kriminalisasi-terhadap-pejuang-agraria-di-sragen/
- Lucas, A., & Warren, C. (2013). Land for the people: The state and agrarian conflict in Indonesia.Ohio University Press.
- Media Digital Maret .(2019). SengketaLahanBandara Lombok, PengadilanNegeriPrayaTolakGugatanWarga. Available from https://ekonomi.bisnis.com/read/20190301/98/895811/sengketa-lahan-bandara-lombok-pengadilan-negeri-praya-tolak-gugatan-warga
- MohdSaman, W. S. W., Abdullah, N. C., Baba, N., Shaifuddin, N., &Mokhtar, W. N. H. W. (2015). Sustainable electronic court records risk management: Conceptions and development of framework. International Journal of Business and Administrative Studies, 1(1), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.20469/ijbas.10007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20469/ijbas.10007
- Morton.,& Coleman. (2000). The Handbook of Conflict Resolution. Illinois: Waveland Press Inc.
- Nirmala, R. (2019). Komitmen Penyelesaian Konflik Agraria. Available from: https://beritagar.id/artikel/berita/komitmen-penyelesaian-konflik-agraria
- Nulhaqim, S., Akhmad., Irfan, M., Harding, D., &Jatnika, D. C. (2017). KonflikSosial Di KampungNelayan: StudiKasus di Pantai Utara Kota Cirebon, Jawa Barat. JurnalSosiokonsepsiaKementerianSosialRepublik Indonesia, 6 (2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.33007/ska.v6i2.677
- Pembaruan, T. (2007). Konflik Agrariadan Perjuangan KaumT ani.Edisi 40 - Juni 2007. Jakarta: Federasi Serikat Petani Indonesia.
- PeraturanMenteriAgraria Tata Ruang/ BadanPertanahanNasional RI (ATR/BPN-RI) No. 11/2016 tentangPenyelesaianKasusPertanahan.
- Putra, B. A. (2013). Perankearifanlokaldalamresolusikonflikkeyakinanberagama di Jawa Timur. Jurnal Masyarakat, Kebudayaandan Politik, 26 (1), pp. 1-14.
- Putra, S., Hidayat, T., &Astuti, P. (2014). Faktor Determinan Konflik Agraria Di Desa Setrojenar Kecamatan Buluspesantren Kabupaten Kebumen. JurnalIlmu Pemerintahan, 1.
- Riyadi, B. S. (2017). Law of agrarian conflict and resolution effort: A claim dispute of Eigendomverponding Land. International Journal of Law, 3(3), 80-88.
- Shin, G. W. (1998).Agrarian conflict and the origins of Korean capitalism. American Journal of Sociology, 103(5), 1309-1351. https://doi.org/10.1086/231354 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/231354
- Sudarnoto, W. (2015).Conflict and Resolution. Salam: Syar-i Journal of Social and Culture, 2 (1). https://doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v2i1.2236 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v2i1.2236
- Taftazani, B. M. (2017). MasalahSosialdanWirausahaSosial. Share: Social Work Journal, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.24198/share.v7i1.13822 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/share.v7i1.13822
- Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun (2012) tentang Penanganan Konflik Sosial.
- Van Leeuwen, M. (2010). To conform or to confront? CSOs and agrarian conflict in post-conflict Guatemala. Journal of Latin American Studies, 42(1), 91-119. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X10000064 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X10000064
- Wallensteen, Peter. (2002). Understanding Conflict Resolution: War, Peace and the Global System. London: SAGE Publications.
- Wibhawa, B., Raharjo, S., Tri, S., &Meilanny, B. (2013). Pengantar Pekerjaan Sosial. Bandung: Unpad Press.
- Zakie, M. (2016). KonflikAgraria yang Tak Pernah Reda. Jurnal Legality, 24 (1). https://doi.org/10.22219/jihl.v24i1.4256 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22219/jihl.v24i1.4256
References
Adiansah, W., Raharjo, S., Tri., & Apsari, N. C. (2018). Resolusi Konflik Agraria di Desa Genteng Kecamatan Sukasari Kabupaten Sumedang. Jurnal Kolaborasi Resolusi Konflik1 (1). https://doi.org/10.24198/jkrk.v1i1.20887 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/jkrk.v1i1.20887
Collins, C.C. (2019). Africapitalism: A roadmap for Africas development. Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences And Humanities, 4(2), 51-56. https://doi.org/10.26500/JARSSH-04-2019-0202 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26500/JARSSH-04-2019-0202
De Dreu, C. K. (1997). Productive conflict: The importance of conflict management and conflict issue. Using conflict in organizations, 9-22. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446217016.n2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446217016.n2
Edi, S. (1997).Pembangunan, Kebijakan Sosial & Pekerja Sosial. Bandung: LSP STKS.
Fisher, S. (2001). Mengelola Konflik: Keterampilan & Strategi Untuk Bertindak. Jakarta: The British Council.
Fuad, H. F. &Maskanah, S. (2000). InovasiPenyelesaianSengketaPengelolaanSumberDayaHutan. Bogor: PustakaLatin.
Granovsky-Larsen, S. (2013). Between the bullet and the bank: agrarian conflict and access to land in neoliberal Guatemala. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 40(2), 325-350. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2013.777044 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2013.777044
Haider, H. (2009). Community-based Approaches to Peacebuilding in Conflict-affected and Fragile Contexts. Governance and Social Development Resource Center. University of Birmingham.
Kantor, S. P. R. (2017). Strategi Nasional Reforma Agraria: Prioritas Nasional Reforma Agrariadalam Rencana Kerja Pemerintah Tahun. Jakarta: Kantor Staf PresidenRepublik Indonesia.
Konsorsium, P.A. (2017). Catatan Akhir Tahun 2017 Konsorsium Pembaruan Agraria:Reforma Agraria di Bawah Bayangan Investasi-Gaung Besar di Pinggiran Jalan. Jakarta: KPA.
KPA. (2014). PernyataanSikap: MenolakHasilPutusanSidangPengadilanNegeriSragenkarenaBentukKriminalisasiTerhadapPejuangAgraria di Sragen. Available from: https://www.kpa.or.id/news/blog/pernyataan-sikapmenolak-hasil-putusan-sidang-pengadilan-negeri-sragen-karena-bentuk-kriminalisasi-terhadap-pejuang-agraria-di-sragen/
Lucas, A., & Warren, C. (2013). Land for the people: The state and agrarian conflict in Indonesia.Ohio University Press.
Media Digital Maret .(2019). SengketaLahanBandara Lombok, PengadilanNegeriPrayaTolakGugatanWarga. Available from https://ekonomi.bisnis.com/read/20190301/98/895811/sengketa-lahan-bandara-lombok-pengadilan-negeri-praya-tolak-gugatan-warga
MohdSaman, W. S. W., Abdullah, N. C., Baba, N., Shaifuddin, N., &Mokhtar, W. N. H. W. (2015). Sustainable electronic court records risk management: Conceptions and development of framework. International Journal of Business and Administrative Studies, 1(1), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.20469/ijbas.10007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20469/ijbas.10007
Morton.,& Coleman. (2000). The Handbook of Conflict Resolution. Illinois: Waveland Press Inc.
Nirmala, R. (2019). Komitmen Penyelesaian Konflik Agraria. Available from: https://beritagar.id/artikel/berita/komitmen-penyelesaian-konflik-agraria
Nulhaqim, S., Akhmad., Irfan, M., Harding, D., &Jatnika, D. C. (2017). KonflikSosial Di KampungNelayan: StudiKasus di Pantai Utara Kota Cirebon, Jawa Barat. JurnalSosiokonsepsiaKementerianSosialRepublik Indonesia, 6 (2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.33007/ska.v6i2.677
Pembaruan, T. (2007). Konflik Agrariadan Perjuangan KaumT ani.Edisi 40 - Juni 2007. Jakarta: Federasi Serikat Petani Indonesia.
PeraturanMenteriAgraria Tata Ruang/ BadanPertanahanNasional RI (ATR/BPN-RI) No. 11/2016 tentangPenyelesaianKasusPertanahan.
Putra, B. A. (2013). Perankearifanlokaldalamresolusikonflikkeyakinanberagama di Jawa Timur. Jurnal Masyarakat, Kebudayaandan Politik, 26 (1), pp. 1-14.
Putra, S., Hidayat, T., &Astuti, P. (2014). Faktor Determinan Konflik Agraria Di Desa Setrojenar Kecamatan Buluspesantren Kabupaten Kebumen. JurnalIlmu Pemerintahan, 1.
Riyadi, B. S. (2017). Law of agrarian conflict and resolution effort: A claim dispute of Eigendomverponding Land. International Journal of Law, 3(3), 80-88.
Shin, G. W. (1998).Agrarian conflict and the origins of Korean capitalism. American Journal of Sociology, 103(5), 1309-1351. https://doi.org/10.1086/231354 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/231354
Sudarnoto, W. (2015).Conflict and Resolution. Salam: Syar-i Journal of Social and Culture, 2 (1). https://doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v2i1.2236 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v2i1.2236
Taftazani, B. M. (2017). MasalahSosialdanWirausahaSosial. Share: Social Work Journal, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.24198/share.v7i1.13822 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/share.v7i1.13822
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun (2012) tentang Penanganan Konflik Sosial.
Van Leeuwen, M. (2010). To conform or to confront? CSOs and agrarian conflict in post-conflict Guatemala. Journal of Latin American Studies, 42(1), 91-119. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X10000064 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X10000064
Wallensteen, Peter. (2002). Understanding Conflict Resolution: War, Peace and the Global System. London: SAGE Publications.
Wibhawa, B., Raharjo, S., Tri, S., &Meilanny, B. (2013). Pengantar Pekerjaan Sosial. Bandung: Unpad Press.
Zakie, M. (2016). KonflikAgraria yang Tak Pernah Reda. Jurnal Legality, 24 (1). https://doi.org/10.22219/jihl.v24i1.4256 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22219/jihl.v24i1.4256