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GENDER AND PREDICTING INTENTIONS AMONG MALAYSIAN TEACHERS
Corresponding Author(s) : Mohamad Ibrani Shahrimin Adam Assim
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 4 (2020): July
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study examined the predictors of intention in career development, specifically the intention of applying for promotion among Malaysian excellent teacher candidates.
Methodology: The premise of the theoretical analyses in this study was based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. The correlational study design was employed to determine the relationship among the variables that ascertain any prediction towards the intention to apply for promotion. 500 respondents were sampled and consist of male (226) and female (274) teachers who are qualified to apply for promotion. Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) was performed to test and validate the measurement model.
Main Findings: This study had ascertained that gender does moderate relationships among the study's independent variables and the dependent variable. The result also indicates that the theory of planned behavior is applicable in predicting intention to apply for promotion. For teachers in Malaysia, the intention to apply for promotion will increase if the expectation of others towards applying for promotion also positively increase.
Applications of this study: Gender-related specific assessment can be applied within the teachers’ performance appraisal system, particularly for the evaluation on ‘Guru Cemerlang’ or Excellent Teacher Award by the Ministry of Education in Malaysia.
Novelty/Originality of this study: There is a scarcity of recent studies on the intention of Malaysian teachers to apply for promotion. By using the novel approach of Theory of Planned Behavior and the combination of structural equation modeling analyses, gender was found to moderate the relationship between the expectation of others and their intention to apply for promotion.
Keywords
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- Ajzen, I., & Schmidt, P. (2020). Changing Behavior Using the Theory of Planned Behavior. The Handbook of Behavior Change, 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108677318.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108677318.002
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References
Ajzen, I., & Schmidt, P. (2020). Changing Behavior Using the Theory of Planned Behavior. The Handbook of Behavior Change, 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108677318.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108677318.002
Ansari, N., Moazzam, A., Jabeen, N., & Salman, Y. (2016). Gender and Perceptions of Organizational Justice: A Study of University of the Punjab. Pakistan Journal of Women’s Studies: Alam-e-Niswan, 23(1), 45–63. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amani_Moazzam/publication/313978145_Gender_and_perceptions_of_organizational_justice_A_study_of_the_University_of_the_Punjab/links/58b1aca0aca2725b5416dd52/Gender-and-perceptions-of-organizational-justice-A-study-of-the-University-of-the-Punjab.pdf
Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behavior: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 471 – 499. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164939 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164939
Bosnjak, M., Ajzen, I., & Schmidt, P. (2020). The Theory of Planned Behavior: Selected Recent Advances and Applications. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 16(3), 352-356. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v16i3.3107 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v16i3.3107
Bozionelos, G. & Bennet, P. (1999). The theory of planned behavior as predictor of exercise: The moderating influence of beliefs and personality variables. Journal of Health Psychology, 4, 517 - 529. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910539900400406 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/135910539900400406
Cabrera, G. A., Ann Christine Conde, C. L., & Angela Ingles, K. S. (2019). Difficulties on Work-Life Balance of Married Career Women: The Case of Generation X. Asia Pacific Journal of Academic Research in Business Administration, 5(1), 16–21. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339973485_Difficulties_on_Work-Life_Balance_of_Married_Career_Women_The_Case_of_Generation_X
Canova, L., Bobbio, A., & Manganelli, A. M. (2020). Predicting fruit consumption: A multi-group application of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Appetite, 145, 104490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104490 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104490
Chizema, A., Kamuriwo, D. S., & Shinozawa, Y. (2015). Women on corporate boards around the world: Triggers and barriers. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(6), 1051–1065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.07.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.07.005
Coffey, Amanda & Delamont, Sara (2000). Feminism and the Classroom Teacher Research, Praxis, and Pedagogy. Routledge/Falmer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2005.03.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2005.03.011
Dicke, A.-L., Safavian, N., & Eccles, J. S. (2019). Traditional Gender Role Beliefs and Career Attainment in STEM: A Gendered Story? Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 13–19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01053 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01053
Dolan, S. L., Bejarano, A., & Tzafrir, S. (2011). Exploring the moderating effect of gender in the relationship between individuals’ aspirations and career success among engineers in Peru. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(15), 3146–3167. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.560883 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.560883
Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109(3), 573–598. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.109.3.573 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.109.3.573
Evans, C. D., & Diekman, A. B. (2009). On motivated role selection: Gender beliefs, distant goals, and career interest. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 33(2), 235–249. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01493.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01493.x
Ferguson, T. W. (2017). Female Leadership and Role Congruity within the Clergy: Communal Leaders Experience No Gender Differences Yet Agentic Women Continue to Suffer Backlash. Sex Roles, 78(5–6), 409–422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0803-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0803-6
Fritz, C., & van Knippenberg, D. (2017). Gender and leadership aspiration: the impact of organizational identification. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 38(8), 1018–1037. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-05-2016-0120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-05-2016-0120
Geddes, D., & Konrad, A. M. (2003). Demographic differences and reactions to performance feedback. Human Relations, 56(12), 1485–1513. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267035612003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267035612003
Giles, M., & Larmour, S. (2000). The theory of planned behavior: A conceptual framework to view the career development of women. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(10), 2137–2157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02429.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02429.x
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Guo, R., Berkshire, S. D., Fulton, L. V., & Hermanson, P. M. (2019). Predicting intention to use evidence-based management among U.S. healthcare administrators: Application of the theory of planned behavior and structural equation modeling. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 12(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2017.1336856 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2017.1336856
Ho, R. (2006). Handbook of Univariate and Multivariate Data Analysis with IBM SPSS, Second Edition, Florida: Taylor & Francis CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b15605 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/b15605
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Jadidian, A., & Duffy, R. D. (2012). Work volition, career decision self-efficacy, and academic satisfaction: An examination of mediators and moderators. Journal of Career Assessment, 20(2), 154–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072711420851 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072711420851
Javed, R., & Khan, M. (2018). Development and Standardization of Career Decision Making Self-Efficacy Scale. 5. 569-578.
Jimmieson, N. L., Peach, M., & White, K. M. (2008). Utilizing the theory of planned behavior to inform change management: An investigation of employee intentions to support organizational change. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 44(2), 237–262. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886307312773 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886307312773
Kwak, M. (2018). The Causal Relationships among Career Preparation Behavior, Career Uncertainty, Career Decision-making Self-Efficacy, self-concept clarity and Career Insight in University Students. Journal Of Agricultural Education and Human Resource Development, 50(1), 151–177. https://doi.org/10.23840/agehrd.2018.50.1.151 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23840/agehrd.2018.50.1.151
La Barbera, F., & Ajzen, I. (2020). Control Interactions in the Theory of Planned Behavior: Rethinking the Role of Subjective Norm. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 16(3), 401-417. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v16i3.2056 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v16i3.2056
Lam, M., & Santos, A. (2018). The Impact of a College Career Intervention Program on Career Decision Self-Efficacy, Career Indecision, and Decision-Making Difficulties. Journal of Career Assessment, 26(3), 425–444. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072717714539 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072717714539
Landis, R. S., Beal, D. J., & Tesluk, P. E. (2000). A Comparison of Approaches to Forming Composite Measures in Structural Equation Models. Organizational Research Methods, 3(2), 186–207. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810032003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810032003
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McIlveen, P., & Perera, H. N. (2016). Career Optimism Mediates the Effect of Personality on Teachers’ Career Engagement. Journal of Career Assessment, 24(4), 623–636. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072715616059 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072715616059
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Moreau, M.-P. (2018). A matter of time? Gender equality in the teaching profession through a cross-national comparative lens. Gender and Education, 32(6), 820–837. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2018.1533918 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2018.1533918
Motulsky, S. L. (2010). Relational Processes in Career Transition: Extending Theory, Research, and Practice. The Counseling Psychologist, 38(8), 1078–1114. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000010376415 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000010376415
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