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THE REALISM OF THE AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM IN ACHIEVING INTERNATIONAL STABILITY: THE MIDDLE EAST AS A MODEL (2003-2020)
Corresponding Author(s) : Abdullah Alarqan
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 5 (2020): September
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This research seeks to analyze the nature of American realism in achieving international stability in the Middle East.
Methodology: This research adopted the logical, historical, and decision-making approaches to measure the extent of its impact on the structure of the international, regional system.
Main Findings: Based on the nature of the international strategic situation, the American administration is required to change its approach in maintaining its interests through the use of realism in its traditional and modern concept and its contemporary lines of thought that reflect the American political thought at the external level in dealing with the changes and events taking place in the structure of the regional system in the Middle East.
Applications of this study: This research is scientifically and practically significant since it: Contributes to enriching the theoretical aspect of the academic studies on developments in the reality of the American administration and its use of this model in achieving international stability in the Middle East region.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This research completely discussed the perceptions about the tracks of the American administration and the extent of use of realism in achieving international stability, especially in the Middle East region. As well as define the realist conditions, means, methods, and tools adopted by the American administration in strengthening the power theory to achieve international stability and enhancing its position in the Middle East.
Keywords
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- Ahn, S. H. (2020). Comprehensive Security. In Policing Northeast Asia: The Politics of Security in Russia and Korea (pp. 35-72). Singapore: Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5116-1_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5116-1_2
- Al-Ali, M. (2016). Cold War and Conflict between the Major Powers (Post World War II). Amman: Janadriyah Publishing and Distribution.
- Al-Dweik, A.-G. (2004). The failure of Bush's preemptive doctrine: not only military strategy that will end the war: Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram.
- Alarqan, A. (2020). United States Position Towards Iran After The Nuclear Deal (2015-2019). Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 8(1), 210-219. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.8130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.8130
- Aron, R. (1962). Paix et guerre entre les nations. Paris, Calmann-Levy.
- Balkılıç, Ö., & Teke Lloyd, F. A. (2020). Does Islamic inclusion of Syrians represent a real challenge to Europe's security approach?: Dilemmas of the AKP's Syrian refugee discourse. Turkish Studies, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2020.1774372 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2020.1774372
- Battistella, D. (2015). Théories des relations internationales 5e édition: 5e édition mise à jour: Presses de sciences po. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/scpo.batti.2015.01
- Beckley, M. (2017). The Emerging Military Balance in East Asia: How China's Neighbors Can Check Chinese Naval Expansion. International Security, 42(2), 78-119. https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00294 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00294
- Blomdahl, M. (2016). Bureaucratic Roles and Positions: Explaining the United States Libya Decision. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 27(1), 142-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2016.1137739 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2016.1137739
- Buzan, B. (1996). The timeless wisdom of realism? In K. Booth, M. Zalewski, & S. Smith (Eds.), International Theory: Positivism and Beyond (pp. 47-65). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511660054.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511660054.004
- Cooley, A. (2019). Ordering Eurasia: The Rise and Decline of Liberal Internationalism in the Post-Communist Space. Security Studies, 28(3), 588-613. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2019.1604988 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2019.1604988
- David, D. (2003). Charles-Philippe David et Jean-Jacques Roche. Théories de la sécurité. Politique étrangère, 68(2), 435-436.
- DavutoÄŸlu, A. (2013). The Clash of Interests: An Explanation of the World [Dis]order. Intellectual Discourse, 2(2).
- Dichar, M. (2014). Realism : examining contemporary realist principles and trends of thought and reading in American contemporary political thought. University of Karbala: Iraq: Center for Strategic Studies.
- Drezner, D. W. (2013). Military Primacy Doesn't Pay (Nearly As Much As You Think). International Security, 38(1), 52-79. https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00124 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00124
- Fiott, D. (2013). Realist Thought and Humanitarian Intervention. The International History Review, 35(4), 766-782. https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2013.817466 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2013.817466
- Fiott, D. (2015). The Use of Force and the Third Pillar. In D. Fiott & J. Koops (Eds.), The Responsibility to Protect and the Third Pillar: Legitimacy and Operationalization (pp. 130-145). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137364401_9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137364401_9
- Gilpin, R. (2016). The political economy of international relations: Princeton University Press.
- Grieco, J. M. (1988). Realist Theory and the Problem of International Cooperation: Analysis with an Amended Prisoner's Dilemma Model. 50(3), 600-624. https://doi.org/10.2307/2131460 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2131460
- Hachigian, N., & Shorr, D. (2013). The Responsibility Doctrine. The Washington Quarterly, 36(1), 73-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2013.751652 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2013.751652
- He, K. (2017). Explaining United States–China relations: neoclassical realism and the nexus of threat–interest perceptions. The Pacific Review, 30(2), 133-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2016.1201130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2016.1201130
- Hoffman, F. G. (2008). Dereliction of Duty Redux?: Post-Iraq American Civil-Military Relations. Orbis, 52(2), 217-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2008.01.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2008.01.004
- James, P. (1995). Structural Realism and the Causes of War. Mershon International Studies Review, 39(2), 181-208. https://doi.org/10.2307/222750 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/222750
- James, P., Solberg, E., & Wolfson, M. (1999). An identified systemic model of the democracyâ€peace nexus. Defence and Peace Economics, 10(1), 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/10430719908404914 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10430719908404914
- Jung, N. (2019). The United States' Role in Space Activities: Lulu. com.
- Kitchen, N. (2010). Systemic pressures and domestic ideas: a neoclassical realist model of grand strategy formation. Review of international studies, 36(1), 117-143. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210509990532 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210509990532
- Kumar, D. (2006). Media, War, and Propaganda: Strategies of Information Management During the 2003 Iraq War. Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, 3(1), 48-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/14791420500505650 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14791420500505650
- Kuru, D. (2019). Not International Relations’ ‘mare nostrum’: On the divergence between the Mediterranean and the discipline of International Relations. Mediterranean Politics, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2019.1700674 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2019.1700674
- Lake, M. (2019). Progressive New World: How settler colonialism and transpacific exchange shaped American reform: Harvard University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674989993
- Mastanduno, M. (2019). Partner Politics: Russia, China, and the Challenge of Extending US Hegemony after the Cold War. Security Studies, 28(3), 479-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2019.1604984 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2019.1604984
- Moawad, A. (2012). Redeployment: a preliminary analysis of the dimensions and effects of the spread of power within and between countries,. Journal of International Politics.
- Murinson, A. (2006). The strategic depth doctrine of Turkish foreign policy. Middle Eastern Studies, 42(6), 945-964. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263200600923526 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00263200600923526
- Natalizia, G., & Valigi, M. (2020). From Reset to Restart: The US-Russia Cyclical Relationship in the Post-Cold War Era. The International Spectator, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2020.1745438 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2020.1745438
- Noman, I. (2013). American Expansionist Thought. University of Babylon: Iraq: Babylon Center for Humanities.
- Nye Jr, J. S. (2004). Soft power: The means to success in world politics: Public affairs.
- Park, B. (2004). Between Europe, the United States and the Middle East: Turkey and European security in the wake of the Iraq crisis. Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 5(3), 493-516. https://doi.org/10.1080/15705850408438900 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15705850408438900
- Pin-Fat, V. (2005). The Metaphysics of the National Interest and the 'Mysticism' of the Nation-State: Reading Hans J. Morgenthau. Review of international studies, 31(2), 217-236. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026021050500642X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S026021050500642X
- Raouf, H. (2019). Iranian quest for regional hegemony: motivations, strategies and constrains. Review of Economics and Political Science, 4(3), 242-256. https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-02-2019-0017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-02-2019-0017
- Rosenau, J. N. (1990). Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691188522 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691188522
- Rosenau, J. N. (1994). New Dimensions of Security: The Interaction of Globalizing and Localizing Dynamics. Security Dialogue, 25(3), 255-281. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010694025003003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010694025003003
- Saeed, A.-M. (1991). The Arabs and the New World Order: The Options Presented. Cairo, Egypt: Al-Ahram Center for Strategic Studies.
- Saeed, M., & Mahmoud, A. I. (2013). Delegations and Stability in the Global System. Abu Dhabi: Emirates Center for Research and Studies.
- Santos, M. H. d. C., & Teixeira, U. T. (2013). The essential role of democracy in the Bush Doctrine: the invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan. Revista Brasileira de PolÃtica Internacional, 56(2), 131-156. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-73292013000200008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-73292013000200008
- Sinclair, A. (2020). Why we should see international law as a structure: Unpicking international law’s ontology and agency. International Relations, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117820916223 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117820916223
- Smith, K. (2019). Recollecting a lost dialogue: Structural Realism meets neoclassical realism. International Relations, 33(3), 494-513. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117819834636 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117819834636
- Spilker, G., Bernauer, T., & Umaña, V. (2018). What Kinds of Trade Liberalization Agreements Do People in Developing Countries Want? International Interactions, 44(3), 510-536. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2018.1436316 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2018.1436316
- Stone, M. (2009). Security according to Buzan: A comprehensive security analysis. Security discussion papers series, 1(9), 1-11.
- Tyler, C. (2017). ‘History’s Actors’: The ‘War on Terror’ and George W. Bush’s Assault on International Society. In Common Good Politics: British Idealism and Social Justice in the Contemporary World (pp. 233-260). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32404-3_8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32404-3_8
- Waltz, K. N. (2010). Theory of international politics: Waveland Press.
References
Ahn, S. H. (2020). Comprehensive Security. In Policing Northeast Asia: The Politics of Security in Russia and Korea (pp. 35-72). Singapore: Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5116-1_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5116-1_2
Al-Ali, M. (2016). Cold War and Conflict between the Major Powers (Post World War II). Amman: Janadriyah Publishing and Distribution.
Al-Dweik, A.-G. (2004). The failure of Bush's preemptive doctrine: not only military strategy that will end the war: Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram.
Alarqan, A. (2020). United States Position Towards Iran After The Nuclear Deal (2015-2019). Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 8(1), 210-219. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.8130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.8130
Aron, R. (1962). Paix et guerre entre les nations. Paris, Calmann-Levy.
Balkılıç, Ö., & Teke Lloyd, F. A. (2020). Does Islamic inclusion of Syrians represent a real challenge to Europe's security approach?: Dilemmas of the AKP's Syrian refugee discourse. Turkish Studies, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2020.1774372 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2020.1774372
Battistella, D. (2015). Théories des relations internationales 5e édition: 5e édition mise à jour: Presses de sciences po. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/scpo.batti.2015.01
Beckley, M. (2017). The Emerging Military Balance in East Asia: How China's Neighbors Can Check Chinese Naval Expansion. International Security, 42(2), 78-119. https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00294 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00294
Blomdahl, M. (2016). Bureaucratic Roles and Positions: Explaining the United States Libya Decision. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 27(1), 142-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2016.1137739 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2016.1137739
Buzan, B. (1996). The timeless wisdom of realism? In K. Booth, M. Zalewski, & S. Smith (Eds.), International Theory: Positivism and Beyond (pp. 47-65). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511660054.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511660054.004
Cooley, A. (2019). Ordering Eurasia: The Rise and Decline of Liberal Internationalism in the Post-Communist Space. Security Studies, 28(3), 588-613. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2019.1604988 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2019.1604988
David, D. (2003). Charles-Philippe David et Jean-Jacques Roche. Théories de la sécurité. Politique étrangère, 68(2), 435-436.
DavutoÄŸlu, A. (2013). The Clash of Interests: An Explanation of the World [Dis]order. Intellectual Discourse, 2(2).
Dichar, M. (2014). Realism : examining contemporary realist principles and trends of thought and reading in American contemporary political thought. University of Karbala: Iraq: Center for Strategic Studies.
Drezner, D. W. (2013). Military Primacy Doesn't Pay (Nearly As Much As You Think). International Security, 38(1), 52-79. https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00124 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00124
Fiott, D. (2013). Realist Thought and Humanitarian Intervention. The International History Review, 35(4), 766-782. https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2013.817466 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2013.817466
Fiott, D. (2015). The Use of Force and the Third Pillar. In D. Fiott & J. Koops (Eds.), The Responsibility to Protect and the Third Pillar: Legitimacy and Operationalization (pp. 130-145). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137364401_9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137364401_9
Gilpin, R. (2016). The political economy of international relations: Princeton University Press.
Grieco, J. M. (1988). Realist Theory and the Problem of International Cooperation: Analysis with an Amended Prisoner's Dilemma Model. 50(3), 600-624. https://doi.org/10.2307/2131460 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2131460
Hachigian, N., & Shorr, D. (2013). The Responsibility Doctrine. The Washington Quarterly, 36(1), 73-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2013.751652 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2013.751652
He, K. (2017). Explaining United States–China relations: neoclassical realism and the nexus of threat–interest perceptions. The Pacific Review, 30(2), 133-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2016.1201130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2016.1201130
Hoffman, F. G. (2008). Dereliction of Duty Redux?: Post-Iraq American Civil-Military Relations. Orbis, 52(2), 217-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2008.01.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2008.01.004
James, P. (1995). Structural Realism and the Causes of War. Mershon International Studies Review, 39(2), 181-208. https://doi.org/10.2307/222750 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/222750
James, P., Solberg, E., & Wolfson, M. (1999). An identified systemic model of the democracyâ€peace nexus. Defence and Peace Economics, 10(1), 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/10430719908404914 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10430719908404914
Jung, N. (2019). The United States' Role in Space Activities: Lulu. com.
Kitchen, N. (2010). Systemic pressures and domestic ideas: a neoclassical realist model of grand strategy formation. Review of international studies, 36(1), 117-143. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210509990532 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210509990532
Kumar, D. (2006). Media, War, and Propaganda: Strategies of Information Management During the 2003 Iraq War. Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, 3(1), 48-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/14791420500505650 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14791420500505650
Kuru, D. (2019). Not International Relations’ ‘mare nostrum’: On the divergence between the Mediterranean and the discipline of International Relations. Mediterranean Politics, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2019.1700674 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2019.1700674
Lake, M. (2019). Progressive New World: How settler colonialism and transpacific exchange shaped American reform: Harvard University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674989993
Mastanduno, M. (2019). Partner Politics: Russia, China, and the Challenge of Extending US Hegemony after the Cold War. Security Studies, 28(3), 479-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2019.1604984 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2019.1604984
Moawad, A. (2012). Redeployment: a preliminary analysis of the dimensions and effects of the spread of power within and between countries,. Journal of International Politics.
Murinson, A. (2006). The strategic depth doctrine of Turkish foreign policy. Middle Eastern Studies, 42(6), 945-964. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263200600923526 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00263200600923526
Natalizia, G., & Valigi, M. (2020). From Reset to Restart: The US-Russia Cyclical Relationship in the Post-Cold War Era. The International Spectator, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2020.1745438 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2020.1745438
Noman, I. (2013). American Expansionist Thought. University of Babylon: Iraq: Babylon Center for Humanities.
Nye Jr, J. S. (2004). Soft power: The means to success in world politics: Public affairs.
Park, B. (2004). Between Europe, the United States and the Middle East: Turkey and European security in the wake of the Iraq crisis. Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 5(3), 493-516. https://doi.org/10.1080/15705850408438900 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15705850408438900
Pin-Fat, V. (2005). The Metaphysics of the National Interest and the 'Mysticism' of the Nation-State: Reading Hans J. Morgenthau. Review of international studies, 31(2), 217-236. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026021050500642X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S026021050500642X
Raouf, H. (2019). Iranian quest for regional hegemony: motivations, strategies and constrains. Review of Economics and Political Science, 4(3), 242-256. https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-02-2019-0017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-02-2019-0017
Rosenau, J. N. (1990). Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691188522 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691188522
Rosenau, J. N. (1994). New Dimensions of Security: The Interaction of Globalizing and Localizing Dynamics. Security Dialogue, 25(3), 255-281. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010694025003003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010694025003003
Saeed, A.-M. (1991). The Arabs and the New World Order: The Options Presented. Cairo, Egypt: Al-Ahram Center for Strategic Studies.
Saeed, M., & Mahmoud, A. I. (2013). Delegations and Stability in the Global System. Abu Dhabi: Emirates Center for Research and Studies.
Santos, M. H. d. C., & Teixeira, U. T. (2013). The essential role of democracy in the Bush Doctrine: the invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan. Revista Brasileira de PolÃtica Internacional, 56(2), 131-156. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-73292013000200008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-73292013000200008
Sinclair, A. (2020). Why we should see international law as a structure: Unpicking international law’s ontology and agency. International Relations, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117820916223 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117820916223
Smith, K. (2019). Recollecting a lost dialogue: Structural Realism meets neoclassical realism. International Relations, 33(3), 494-513. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117819834636 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117819834636
Spilker, G., Bernauer, T., & Umaña, V. (2018). What Kinds of Trade Liberalization Agreements Do People in Developing Countries Want? International Interactions, 44(3), 510-536. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2018.1436316 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2018.1436316
Stone, M. (2009). Security according to Buzan: A comprehensive security analysis. Security discussion papers series, 1(9), 1-11.
Tyler, C. (2017). ‘History’s Actors’: The ‘War on Terror’ and George W. Bush’s Assault on International Society. In Common Good Politics: British Idealism and Social Justice in the Contemporary World (pp. 233-260). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32404-3_8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32404-3_8
Waltz, K. N. (2010). Theory of international politics: Waveland Press.