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THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE REGULATION OF CASH WAQF MANAGEMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION IN INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA (A STUDY OF LEGAL SYSTEM THEORY)
Corresponding Author(s) : Imam Mustofa
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 4 (2020): July
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This article aims to elaborate on the practice of cash waqf management in a higher educational institution in Indonesia and Malaysia. In further explanation, it will elaborate on the effectiveness of regulation application on cash waqf management by applying Friedman's legal system theory. This paper also explores some obstacle factors towards the implementation of cash waqf regulation in higher education.
Methodology: This study applies a qualitative approach by using two main data resources, primary and secondary data. The data collection method applied in this research is by conducting documentation and interviews with stakeholders of cash waqf managers in higher educations in Indonesia and Malaysia. The collected data were analyzed by the legal system theory.
Main Findings: In the level of legal substance, both Indonesia and Malaysia have been sufficiently rigid and representative. The regulation of waqf in Malaysia gives discretion to waqf administrators to improve waqf management. Meanwhile in Indonesia, the implementation of the regulation on waqf management is still plagued by social norms and religious norms that are believed by communities.
Applications of this study: The result of the study aims to contribute to cash waqf management and its development in Indonesia, particularly in higher education. The study is expected to be a platform and foundation in the implementation of cash waqf regulation and its management model. Furthermore, the results of this study are expected to be considered in strengthening the development of legitimacy and regulation in the education sector.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This study focuses on the implementation of waqf regulations in the higher education institution in Malaysia and Indonesia based on the perspective of legal system theory. The implementation of the waqf regulation in both countries is analyzed by three aspects; substance aspects, structural aspects, and legal culture aspects.
Keywords
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- Ab. Rahman, A. (2009). Peranan Wakaf Dalam Pembangunan Ekonomi Umat Islam Dan Aplikasinya Di Malaysia. Shariah Journal, 17(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/aiq.v1i1.2455
- Admiral, R. (2018). Living Islamic Law: Women and Legal Culture in Marinid Morocco. Islamic Law and Society, 25(3), 212–234. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685195-00253P02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15685195-00253P02
- Agrast, M. D., & Rožman, P. (2018). World justice project Rule of law index: 2017-2018. The World justice project.
- Anonim. (2005). , Paradigma Baru Wakaf di Indonesia. Direktorat Pengembangan Zakat dan Wakaf Direktorat Jenderal Bimbingan Masyarakat Islam dan Penyelenggara Haji.
- Ansori, I. (2017). Kedudukan Fatwa di Beberapa Negara Muslim (Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam dan Mesir). Analisis: Jurnal Studi Keislaman, 17(1), 137. https://doi.org/10.24042/ajsk.v17i1.1790 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24042/ajsk.v17i1.1790
- Arikunto, S. (1993). Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktik. Rineka Cipta.
- Ashikin (Senior Assistant Registar, Deputy Rector Corporate Management Kolej Universiti Antarbangsa Selangor, R. N. (2019, September 10). Wakaf Uang di Malaysia: Praktik di Kolej Universiti Islam Antarbangsa Selangor [Personal communication].
- Azha, L., Baharuddin, S., Sayurno, Salahuddin, S. S., Afandi, M. R., & H., H. A. (2013). The Practice and Management of Waqf Education in Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 90, 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.07.061 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.07.061
- Azra, A. (2004). Jaringan Ulama Timur Tengah dan Kepulauan Nusantara Abad XVII dan XVIII Akar Pembaharuan Islam Indonesia (edisi revisi). Kencana.
- Bamualim, C. S., & Abubakar, I. (2005). Revitalisasi Filantropi Islam. PBBUIN Syarif Hidayatullah.
- Dahlan, N. K., Yaa’Kub, N. I., Hamid, M. A., & Palil, M. R. (2014). Waqf (Endowment) Practice in Malaysian Society. International Journal of Islamic Thought, 5(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.24035/ijit.05.2014.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24035/ijit.05.2014.007
- Faiza, N. (2015). Rekonstruksi Pengelolaan Wakaf: Belajar Pengelolaan Wakaf dari Bangladesh dan Malaysia. UNIVERSUM, 9(2), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.30762/universum.v9i2.83 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30762/universum.v9i2.83
- Fanani, M. (2011). Pengelolaan Wakaf Tunai. Walisongo: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan, 19(1), 179. https://doi.org/10.21580/ws.19.1.217 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21580/ws.19.1.217
- Fatwa MUI tentang wakaf uang tertanggal 28 Shafar 1423 H / 11 Mei 2002. (n.d.).
- Friedman, L. M. (2013). Sistem Hukum: Perspektif Ilmu Sosial. Nusamedia.
- Ghazaleh, P. (Ed.). (2011). Held in trust: Waqf in the Islamic world. American University in Cairo Press.
- Guibentif, P. (2007). Law, Culture and society. Legal Ideas in the Mirror of Social Theory by Roger Cotterrell. Journal of Law and Society, 34(4), 633–638. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6478.2007.00408.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6478.2007.00408.x
- Hamid, S. S. A. (2016). 11.091,82 hektar Tanah Wakaf. Harian Metro.
- Harun, F. M., & Possumah, B. T. (2016). Issues and Economic Role Of Waqf In Higher Education Institution: Malaysian Experience. 8, 21. https://doi.org/10.15408/aiq.v8i1.1997 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/aiq.v8i1.1997
- Hasan, S. (2010). Wakaf Uang dan Implementasinya di Indonesia. Journal de Jure, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.18860/j-fsh.v2i2.2976 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18860/j-fsh.v2i2.2976
- Hilmi, H. (2012). Dinamika pengelolaan wakaf uang: Studi sosio-legal perilaku pengelolaan wakaf uang pasca pemberlakuan UU No. 41 tahun 2004 tentang wakaf. Ijtihad : Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam dan Kemanusiaan, 12(2), 123. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v12i2.123-143 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v12i2.123-143
- Hoecke, V. M., & Warrington, M. (1998). Legal Cultures, Legal Paradigms and Legal Doctrine: Towards a New Model for Comparative Law. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 47(3), 495–536. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589300062163 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589300062163
- Islamiyati, I., Setyowati, R., Hendrawati, D., & rofiq, A. (2019). Legal Renewal of Cash Waqf Law Through Legal System Approach. Proceedings of the The First International Conference On Islamic Development Studies 2019, ICIDS 2019, 10 September 2019, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. The First International Conference On Islamic Development Studies 2019, ICIDS s2019, 10 September 2019, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.10-9-2019.2289333 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.10-9-2019.2289333
- Khademolhoseini, M. (n.d.). Cash-Waqf A New Financial Instrument for Financing Issues: An Analysis of Structure and Islamic Justification of Its Commercialization. Imam Shadiq University.
- Koentjaraningrat. (1991). Metode Wawancara. In Metode Penelitian Masyarakat (II). Gramedia.
- Mahamood, S. M., & Ab Rahman, A. (2015). Financing universities through waqf , pious endowment: Is it possible? Humanomics, 31(4), 430–453. https://doi.org/10.1108/H-02-2015-0010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/H-02-2015-0010
- Masdar. (n.d.). Penerapan Hukum Wakaf Uang di Indonesia Perspektif Legal System Theory. Al-Manahij, 11(1), 2017. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v11i1.1269 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v11i1.1269
- Mehmood, M. I., Chishti, S. A., & Mughal, M. J. (2015). Islamic concept of Fatwa, Practice of Fatwa in Malaysia and Pakistan: The Relevance of Malaysian Fatwa model for legal system of Pakistan. International Research Journal of Social Sciences, 4(9), 6.
- Mohamad, N. A. (n.d.). Waqf Lands and Challenges from the Legal Perspectives in Malaysia. 9.
- Mohammad, M. T. S. H. (2011). Toward an Islamic Social Waqf) Bank. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 2(5), (381-386. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJTEF.2011.V2.135 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7763/IJTEF.2011.V2.135
- Mohsin, M. I. A., Dafterdar, H., Cizakca, M., Alhabshi, S. O., Razak, S. H. A., Sadr, S. K., Anwar, T., & Obaidullah, M. (2016). Financing the Development of Old Waqf Properties. Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58128-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58128-0
- Moleong, L. J. (1989). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Remaja Karya.
- Mu’allim, A. (2015). Pengaruh Pengelolaan Wakaf di Mesir terhadap Pengelolaan Harta Wakaf Pendidikan di Indonesia: Studi terhadap Ijtihad dalam Pengelolaan Wakaf Pendidikan di UII dan Pondok Modern Gontor. Akademika Jurnal Pemikiran Islam, 20(01), 20.
- Mughnisani, F., & Lutfi, M. (2013). Pengelolaan Wakaf uang di Yayasan Wakaf UMI. Laporan Penelitian, 18.
- Nazir, M. (1988). Metode Penelitian. Ghalia Indonesia.
- Norzilan, N. I. (2018). Waqf in Malaysia and Its New Waves in the Twenty-First Century. Kyoto Bulletin of Islamic Area Studies, 11, 140‒157.
- Nurrachmi, R. (2013, February 27). The Implication of Cash Waqf in the Society. MPRA Paper No. 44605.
- Nuzul, A. (2017). The Melting Pot Of Legal Systems In Indonesia (Reading The Legal Politics Of Indonesian Islamic Law). PROCEEDINGS ICTESS UNISRI, 1(1), 11.
- Othman, Y. H.-, Fisol, W. N. M., Saufi, M. S. A. M., & Abdullah, M. B. (2017). Financing Kolej Universiti INSANIAH Using the Concept of Cash Waqf: The Way Forward. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(11). https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i11/3551 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i11/3551
- Qahaf, M. (2006). Al-Waqfu al-Islami: Tatawuruhu, Idaratuhu, Tanmiyatuhu. Dar al-Fikr.
- Rosadi, A., & Effendi, D. (2018). The Development of Waqf Management Trhought Waqf Act in Indonesia. Madania, 22(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.29300/madania.v22i1.881 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29300/madania.v22i1.881
- Rusdjin. (2019, June 4). Praktif Wakaf Uang di Universitas Muslim Indonesia [Personal communication].
- Salleh, M. binti, & Abdul Rahman, N. S. binti. (2014, November 17). Wakaf Pendidikan di Malaysia: Satu Tinjauan. International Research Management and Innovation Conference 2014 (IRMIC2014), Kuala Lumpur.
- Soekanto, S. (1986). Pengantar Penelitian Hukum. UI Press.
- Suryani, & Isra, Y. (2016). Wakaf Produktif (Cash Waqf) dalam PerspektifHukum Islam dan MaqÄá¹£id Al-Sharī‘Ah. Walisongo: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan, 24(1), 17–36. https://doi.org/10.21580/ws.24.1.680 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21580/ws.24.1.680
- Sutopo, H. (1988). Pengantar Penelitian Kualitatif. Puslit UMS.
- Suwarsono, M. (2019, June 27). Manajemen Wakaf Uang di Universitas Islam INdonesia [Personal communication].
- Sya’bani, A. (2016). Wakaf Uang (Cash Waqf, Waqf An-Nuqûd); Telaah Teologis Hingga Praktis. El-Hikam Journal of Education and Religious Studies, 9(1), 160–186.
- Tim Direktorat Wakaf-Dirjen Bimas Islam Kemenag RI. (2013). Strategi Pengembangan Wakaf uang di Indonesia. Direktorat Wakaf-Dirjen Bimas Islam Kemenag RI.
- Yaacob, H. (2013). Waqf History And Legislation In Malaysia: A Contemporary Perspective. 3(6), 17.
- Yunus, N. R. (2015). Menciptakan Budaya Hukum Masyarakat Indonesia dalam Dimensi Hukum Progresif. 11, 20.
References
Ab. Rahman, A. (2009). Peranan Wakaf Dalam Pembangunan Ekonomi Umat Islam Dan Aplikasinya Di Malaysia. Shariah Journal, 17(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/aiq.v1i1.2455
Admiral, R. (2018). Living Islamic Law: Women and Legal Culture in Marinid Morocco. Islamic Law and Society, 25(3), 212–234. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685195-00253P02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15685195-00253P02
Agrast, M. D., & Rožman, P. (2018). World justice project Rule of law index: 2017-2018. The World justice project.
Anonim. (2005). , Paradigma Baru Wakaf di Indonesia. Direktorat Pengembangan Zakat dan Wakaf Direktorat Jenderal Bimbingan Masyarakat Islam dan Penyelenggara Haji.
Ansori, I. (2017). Kedudukan Fatwa di Beberapa Negara Muslim (Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam dan Mesir). Analisis: Jurnal Studi Keislaman, 17(1), 137. https://doi.org/10.24042/ajsk.v17i1.1790 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24042/ajsk.v17i1.1790
Arikunto, S. (1993). Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktik. Rineka Cipta.
Ashikin (Senior Assistant Registar, Deputy Rector Corporate Management Kolej Universiti Antarbangsa Selangor, R. N. (2019, September 10). Wakaf Uang di Malaysia: Praktik di Kolej Universiti Islam Antarbangsa Selangor [Personal communication].
Azha, L., Baharuddin, S., Sayurno, Salahuddin, S. S., Afandi, M. R., & H., H. A. (2013). The Practice and Management of Waqf Education in Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 90, 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.07.061 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.07.061
Azra, A. (2004). Jaringan Ulama Timur Tengah dan Kepulauan Nusantara Abad XVII dan XVIII Akar Pembaharuan Islam Indonesia (edisi revisi). Kencana.
Bamualim, C. S., & Abubakar, I. (2005). Revitalisasi Filantropi Islam. PBBUIN Syarif Hidayatullah.
Dahlan, N. K., Yaa’Kub, N. I., Hamid, M. A., & Palil, M. R. (2014). Waqf (Endowment) Practice in Malaysian Society. International Journal of Islamic Thought, 5(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.24035/ijit.05.2014.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24035/ijit.05.2014.007
Faiza, N. (2015). Rekonstruksi Pengelolaan Wakaf: Belajar Pengelolaan Wakaf dari Bangladesh dan Malaysia. UNIVERSUM, 9(2), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.30762/universum.v9i2.83 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30762/universum.v9i2.83
Fanani, M. (2011). Pengelolaan Wakaf Tunai. Walisongo: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan, 19(1), 179. https://doi.org/10.21580/ws.19.1.217 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21580/ws.19.1.217
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Friedman, L. M. (2013). Sistem Hukum: Perspektif Ilmu Sosial. Nusamedia.
Ghazaleh, P. (Ed.). (2011). Held in trust: Waqf in the Islamic world. American University in Cairo Press.
Guibentif, P. (2007). Law, Culture and society. Legal Ideas in the Mirror of Social Theory by Roger Cotterrell. Journal of Law and Society, 34(4), 633–638. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6478.2007.00408.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6478.2007.00408.x
Hamid, S. S. A. (2016). 11.091,82 hektar Tanah Wakaf. Harian Metro.
Harun, F. M., & Possumah, B. T. (2016). Issues and Economic Role Of Waqf In Higher Education Institution: Malaysian Experience. 8, 21. https://doi.org/10.15408/aiq.v8i1.1997 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/aiq.v8i1.1997
Hasan, S. (2010). Wakaf Uang dan Implementasinya di Indonesia. Journal de Jure, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.18860/j-fsh.v2i2.2976 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18860/j-fsh.v2i2.2976
Hilmi, H. (2012). Dinamika pengelolaan wakaf uang: Studi sosio-legal perilaku pengelolaan wakaf uang pasca pemberlakuan UU No. 41 tahun 2004 tentang wakaf. Ijtihad : Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam dan Kemanusiaan, 12(2), 123. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v12i2.123-143 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v12i2.123-143
Hoecke, V. M., & Warrington, M. (1998). Legal Cultures, Legal Paradigms and Legal Doctrine: Towards a New Model for Comparative Law. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 47(3), 495–536. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589300062163 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589300062163
Islamiyati, I., Setyowati, R., Hendrawati, D., & rofiq, A. (2019). Legal Renewal of Cash Waqf Law Through Legal System Approach. Proceedings of the The First International Conference On Islamic Development Studies 2019, ICIDS 2019, 10 September 2019, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. The First International Conference On Islamic Development Studies 2019, ICIDS s2019, 10 September 2019, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.10-9-2019.2289333 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.10-9-2019.2289333
Khademolhoseini, M. (n.d.). Cash-Waqf A New Financial Instrument for Financing Issues: An Analysis of Structure and Islamic Justification of Its Commercialization. Imam Shadiq University.
Koentjaraningrat. (1991). Metode Wawancara. In Metode Penelitian Masyarakat (II). Gramedia.
Mahamood, S. M., & Ab Rahman, A. (2015). Financing universities through waqf , pious endowment: Is it possible? Humanomics, 31(4), 430–453. https://doi.org/10.1108/H-02-2015-0010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/H-02-2015-0010
Masdar. (n.d.). Penerapan Hukum Wakaf Uang di Indonesia Perspektif Legal System Theory. Al-Manahij, 11(1), 2017. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v11i1.1269 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v11i1.1269
Mehmood, M. I., Chishti, S. A., & Mughal, M. J. (2015). Islamic concept of Fatwa, Practice of Fatwa in Malaysia and Pakistan: The Relevance of Malaysian Fatwa model for legal system of Pakistan. International Research Journal of Social Sciences, 4(9), 6.
Mohamad, N. A. (n.d.). Waqf Lands and Challenges from the Legal Perspectives in Malaysia. 9.
Mohammad, M. T. S. H. (2011). Toward an Islamic Social Waqf) Bank. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 2(5), (381-386. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJTEF.2011.V2.135 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7763/IJTEF.2011.V2.135
Mohsin, M. I. A., Dafterdar, H., Cizakca, M., Alhabshi, S. O., Razak, S. H. A., Sadr, S. K., Anwar, T., & Obaidullah, M. (2016). Financing the Development of Old Waqf Properties. Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58128-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58128-0
Moleong, L. J. (1989). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Remaja Karya.
Mu’allim, A. (2015). Pengaruh Pengelolaan Wakaf di Mesir terhadap Pengelolaan Harta Wakaf Pendidikan di Indonesia: Studi terhadap Ijtihad dalam Pengelolaan Wakaf Pendidikan di UII dan Pondok Modern Gontor. Akademika Jurnal Pemikiran Islam, 20(01), 20.
Mughnisani, F., & Lutfi, M. (2013). Pengelolaan Wakaf uang di Yayasan Wakaf UMI. Laporan Penelitian, 18.
Nazir, M. (1988). Metode Penelitian. Ghalia Indonesia.
Norzilan, N. I. (2018). Waqf in Malaysia and Its New Waves in the Twenty-First Century. Kyoto Bulletin of Islamic Area Studies, 11, 140‒157.
Nurrachmi, R. (2013, February 27). The Implication of Cash Waqf in the Society. MPRA Paper No. 44605.
Nuzul, A. (2017). The Melting Pot Of Legal Systems In Indonesia (Reading The Legal Politics Of Indonesian Islamic Law). PROCEEDINGS ICTESS UNISRI, 1(1), 11.
Othman, Y. H.-, Fisol, W. N. M., Saufi, M. S. A. M., & Abdullah, M. B. (2017). Financing Kolej Universiti INSANIAH Using the Concept of Cash Waqf: The Way Forward. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(11). https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i11/3551 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i11/3551
Qahaf, M. (2006). Al-Waqfu al-Islami: Tatawuruhu, Idaratuhu, Tanmiyatuhu. Dar al-Fikr.
Rosadi, A., & Effendi, D. (2018). The Development of Waqf Management Trhought Waqf Act in Indonesia. Madania, 22(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.29300/madania.v22i1.881 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29300/madania.v22i1.881
Rusdjin. (2019, June 4). Praktif Wakaf Uang di Universitas Muslim Indonesia [Personal communication].
Salleh, M. binti, & Abdul Rahman, N. S. binti. (2014, November 17). Wakaf Pendidikan di Malaysia: Satu Tinjauan. International Research Management and Innovation Conference 2014 (IRMIC2014), Kuala Lumpur.
Soekanto, S. (1986). Pengantar Penelitian Hukum. UI Press.
Suryani, & Isra, Y. (2016). Wakaf Produktif (Cash Waqf) dalam PerspektifHukum Islam dan MaqÄá¹£id Al-Sharī‘Ah. Walisongo: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan, 24(1), 17–36. https://doi.org/10.21580/ws.24.1.680 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21580/ws.24.1.680
Sutopo, H. (1988). Pengantar Penelitian Kualitatif. Puslit UMS.
Suwarsono, M. (2019, June 27). Manajemen Wakaf Uang di Universitas Islam INdonesia [Personal communication].
Sya’bani, A. (2016). Wakaf Uang (Cash Waqf, Waqf An-Nuqûd); Telaah Teologis Hingga Praktis. El-Hikam Journal of Education and Religious Studies, 9(1), 160–186.
Tim Direktorat Wakaf-Dirjen Bimas Islam Kemenag RI. (2013). Strategi Pengembangan Wakaf uang di Indonesia. Direktorat Wakaf-Dirjen Bimas Islam Kemenag RI.
Yaacob, H. (2013). Waqf History And Legislation In Malaysia: A Contemporary Perspective. 3(6), 17.
Yunus, N. R. (2015). Menciptakan Budaya Hukum Masyarakat Indonesia dalam Dimensi Hukum Progresif. 11, 20.