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‘SELF-IE’ MODULE: A COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY INTERVENTION TO SUPPORT SELF-CHANGE AND WORK-PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF LOW-PERFORMING CIVIL SERVANTS
Corresponding Author(s) : Abu Yazid Abu Bakar
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 4 (2020): July
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study aims to examine the impact of a psychoeducational module known as the ‘SELF-IE’ module in helping low-performing civil servants. It is measured through the self-change variables of emotional stability, psycho-spirituality, and behavioral adjustment among respondents, who attended 2017 Self-Change and Well-Being Programme that used the ‘SELF-IE’ module as the intervention.
Methodology: This is a quasi-experimental study, in which the impact of the ‘SELF-IE’ module was determined by measuring the mean differences of the variables for both experimental and control groups. Data were collected from a total of 68 respondents using the Personal Well-Being Questionnaire (PWQ) consisting of 60 items divided into five different sections.
Main Findings: There is a significant mean difference in all three measured variables (emotional stability, psycho-spirituality, and behavioral adjustment) between both experimental and control groups, which means that the intervention using the ‘SELF-IE’ module has a positive impact in self-change of the respondents in those variables.
Applications of this study: The result of this study can provide useful information to help improve any self-development program for employees’ particularly in public organizational settings. The information should be beneficial for organizational counselors or industrial psychologists, and human resources or training managers.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This study specifically enhances the human assessment performance in the Public Service Department (PSD), whereby the development of the ‘SELF-IE’ module has improved the current module used in public organizations’ employee assistance program (EAP).
Keywords
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- Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., Smith, R. M., & Palmer, N. F. (2010). Impact of positive psychological capital on employee well-being over time. J Occup Health Psychol, 15(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016998 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016998
- Bakar, A. Y. A., Hassan, H., & Amat, S. (2020). The reliability study of Personal Wellness Questionnaire (PWQ) to measure self-changes among Malaysian low-performing public service officers. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(1), 350–360. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v10-i1/6855 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v10-i1/6855
- Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122–147. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122
- Bond, T. G., & Fox, C. M. (2007). Applying the Rasch Model: Fundamental measurement in the human Sciences (2nd Ed.). Erlbaum.
- Brown, A. P., Marquis, A., & Guiffrida, D. A. (2013). Mindfulness-based interventions in counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 91(1), 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2013.00077.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2013.00077.x
- Carmichael, F., Fenton, S-J., Roncancio, M. P., Sadhra, S., & Sing, M. (2014). Workplace wellbeing programmes and their impact on employees and their employing organisations : A scoping review of the evidence base. Birmingham Business School Discussion Paper Series, The University of Birmingham.
- Caroll, M. (1996). Workplace counselling: A systematic approach to employee care. SAGE Publications Ltd.
- Chandler, C. K., Holden, J. M., & Kolander, C. A. (1992). Counseling for spiritual wellness: Theory and practice. Journal of Counseling & Development, 71(2), 168–175. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1992.tb02193.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1992.tb02193.x
- Cheng, F. K. (2012). Workplace counseling in Hong Kong : A pilot study. Journal of International Social Issues, 1(1), 87–105.
- Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approach. SAGE Publications.
- Cunningham, C. E., Woodward, C. A., Shannon, H. S., Macintosh, J., Lendrum, B., Rosenbloom, D., & Brown, J. (2002). Readiness for organizational change: A longitudinal study of workplace, psychological and behavioural correlates, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75(4), 377–392. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317902321119637 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/096317902321119637
- David, O. A., Ionicioiu, I., Imbăruş, A. C., & Sava, F. A. (2016). Coaching banking managers through the financial crisis : Effects on stress, resilience, and performance. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 34, 267–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-016-0244-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-016-0244-0
- Dubreuil, P., Forest, J., Gillet, N., Fernet, C., Thibault-Landry, A., Crevier-Braud, L., & Girouard, S. (2016). Facilitating well-being and performance through the development of strengths at work : Results from an intervention program. International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology, 1, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41042-016-0001-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41042-016-0001-8
- Fletcher, L. (2015). Training perceptions, engagement, and performance: Comparing work engagement and personal role engagement. Human Resource Development International, 19(1), 4–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2015.1067855 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2015.1067855
- Gay, L. R., Mills, G. E., & Airasian, P. W. (2011). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and applications. Pearson Higher Education.
- Glasser, W. (1965). Reality therapy. HarperCollins.
- Goodwin, P., Cairns, S., Dargay, J., Hanly, M., Parkhurst, G., Stokes, G., & Vythoulkas, P. (2004). Changing travel behaviour. ESRC Transport Studies Unit, University College, London, London, pp. 1-48 http://www2.cege.ucl.ac.uk/cts/tsu/conference/
- Hassan, H., Bakar, A. Y. A., & Amat, S. (2019). The validity and reliability of Well-Being Questionnaire (WBQ) for measuring behavioral changes of low-performing civil servants in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(3), 599–608. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v9-i3/5729 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v9-i3/5729
- Hutchison, A. J., Breckon, J. D., & Johnston, L. H. (2009). Physical activity behavior change interventions based on the Transtheoretical Model : A systematic review. Health Educ. Behav., 36(5), 829–845. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198108318491 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198108318491
- Jabatan Perkhidmatan Awam Malaysia. (2005). Pekeliling Perkhidmatan No. 18: Aplikasi Psikologi dalam Perkhidmatan Awam.
- Jafari, S. (2016). Religion and spirituality within counselling/clinical psychology training programmes : A systematic review. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 44(3), 257–267. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2016.1153038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2016.1153038
- Jamieson, S. D., & Tuckey, M. R. (2017). Mindfulness interventions in the workplace : A critique of the current state of the literature. J Occup Health Psychol, 22(2), 180–193. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000048
- Judge, T. A., & Erez, A. (2007). Interaction and intersection: The constellation of emotional stability and extraversion in predicting performance, Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 573–596. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00084.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00084.x
- King, E., & Haar, J. M. (2017). Mindfulness and job performance: A study of Australian leaders. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 55(3), 298–319. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12143 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12143
- Kirk , A. K., & Brown, D. F. (2003). Employee assistance programs: A review of the management of stress and wellbeing through workplace counselling and consulting. Australian Psychologist, 38(2), 138–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060310001707137 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060310001707137
- Kossek, E. E. (2016). Implementing organizational work-life interventions: Toward a triple bottom line. Community Work & Family, 19(2), 242–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2016.1135540 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2016.1135540
- Marsidi, A., & Latip, H. A. (2007). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi komitmen pekerja di organisasi awam. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 10, 56–64.
- Martin, A., Karanika-Murray, M., Biron, C., & Sanderson, K. (1999). The psychosocial work environment, employee mental health, and organizational interventions: Improving research and practice by taking a multilevel approach. Stress Health, 32(3), 201–215. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2593 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2593
- McCarthy, J. M., Bauer, T. N., Truxillo, D. M., Campion, M. C., Iddekinge, C. H. V., & Campion, M. A. (2017). Using pre-test explanations to improve test-taker reactions: Testing a set of ‘‘wise†interventions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 141, 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2017.04.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2017.04.002
- Moynihan, D. P., & Pandey, S. K. (2010). The big question for performance management: Why do managers use performance information? Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 20(4), 849–866. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muq004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muq004
- Myers, J. E., Sweeney, T. J., & Witmer, J. M. (2000). The Wheel of Wellness counseling for wellness: A holistic model for treatment planning. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78(3), 251–266. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb01906.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb01906.x
- Pignata, S., Boyd, C., Gillespie, N., Provis, C., & Winefield, A. H. (2016). Awareness of stress-reduction interventions : The impact on employees’ well-being and organizational attitudes. Stress Health, 32(3), 231– 243. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2597 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2597
- Prochaska, J. O. (2008). Decision making in the Transtheoretical Model of behavior change. Medical Decision Making, 28(6), 845–849. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X08327068 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X08327068
- Richardson, M. S. (1993). Work in people’s lives: A location for counseling psychologists. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40(4), 425–433. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.40.4.425 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.40.4.425
- Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., & Rhenen, W. V. (2008). Workaholism, burnout, and work engagement: Three of a kind or three different kinds of employee well-being? Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57(2), 173–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00285.x.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00285.x
- Sin, N. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009). Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions : A practice-friendly meta-analysis. J Clin Psychol, 65(5), 467–487. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20593 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20593
- Sony, M., & Mekoth, N. (2016). The relationship between emotional intelligence, frontline employee adaptability, job satisfaction, and job performance. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 30, 20–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2015.12.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2015.12.003
- Tenney, E. R., Poole, J. M., & Diener, E. (2016). Does positivity enhance work performance?: Why, when, and what we don’t know. Research in Organizational Behavior, 36, 27–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2016.11.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2016.11.002
- Weiss, L. A., Westerhof, G. J., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2016). Can we increase psychological well-being ? The effects of interventions on psychological well-being : A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One, 11(6), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158092 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158092
- Wihler, A., Meurs, J. A., Momm, T. D., John, J., & Blickle, G. (2017). Conscientiousness, extraversion, and field sales performance: Combining narrow personality, social skill, emotional stability, and nonlinearity. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 291–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.07.045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.07.045
References
Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., Smith, R. M., & Palmer, N. F. (2010). Impact of positive psychological capital on employee well-being over time. J Occup Health Psychol, 15(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016998 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016998
Bakar, A. Y. A., Hassan, H., & Amat, S. (2020). The reliability study of Personal Wellness Questionnaire (PWQ) to measure self-changes among Malaysian low-performing public service officers. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(1), 350–360. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v10-i1/6855 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v10-i1/6855
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122–147. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122
Bond, T. G., & Fox, C. M. (2007). Applying the Rasch Model: Fundamental measurement in the human Sciences (2nd Ed.). Erlbaum.
Brown, A. P., Marquis, A., & Guiffrida, D. A. (2013). Mindfulness-based interventions in counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 91(1), 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2013.00077.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2013.00077.x
Carmichael, F., Fenton, S-J., Roncancio, M. P., Sadhra, S., & Sing, M. (2014). Workplace wellbeing programmes and their impact on employees and their employing organisations : A scoping review of the evidence base. Birmingham Business School Discussion Paper Series, The University of Birmingham.
Caroll, M. (1996). Workplace counselling: A systematic approach to employee care. SAGE Publications Ltd.
Chandler, C. K., Holden, J. M., & Kolander, C. A. (1992). Counseling for spiritual wellness: Theory and practice. Journal of Counseling & Development, 71(2), 168–175. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1992.tb02193.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1992.tb02193.x
Cheng, F. K. (2012). Workplace counseling in Hong Kong : A pilot study. Journal of International Social Issues, 1(1), 87–105.
Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approach. SAGE Publications.
Cunningham, C. E., Woodward, C. A., Shannon, H. S., Macintosh, J., Lendrum, B., Rosenbloom, D., & Brown, J. (2002). Readiness for organizational change: A longitudinal study of workplace, psychological and behavioural correlates, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75(4), 377–392. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317902321119637 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/096317902321119637
David, O. A., Ionicioiu, I., Imbăruş, A. C., & Sava, F. A. (2016). Coaching banking managers through the financial crisis : Effects on stress, resilience, and performance. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 34, 267–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-016-0244-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-016-0244-0
Dubreuil, P., Forest, J., Gillet, N., Fernet, C., Thibault-Landry, A., Crevier-Braud, L., & Girouard, S. (2016). Facilitating well-being and performance through the development of strengths at work : Results from an intervention program. International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology, 1, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41042-016-0001-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41042-016-0001-8
Fletcher, L. (2015). Training perceptions, engagement, and performance: Comparing work engagement and personal role engagement. Human Resource Development International, 19(1), 4–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2015.1067855 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2015.1067855
Gay, L. R., Mills, G. E., & Airasian, P. W. (2011). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and applications. Pearson Higher Education.
Glasser, W. (1965). Reality therapy. HarperCollins.
Goodwin, P., Cairns, S., Dargay, J., Hanly, M., Parkhurst, G., Stokes, G., & Vythoulkas, P. (2004). Changing travel behaviour. ESRC Transport Studies Unit, University College, London, London, pp. 1-48 http://www2.cege.ucl.ac.uk/cts/tsu/conference/
Hassan, H., Bakar, A. Y. A., & Amat, S. (2019). The validity and reliability of Well-Being Questionnaire (WBQ) for measuring behavioral changes of low-performing civil servants in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(3), 599–608. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v9-i3/5729 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v9-i3/5729
Hutchison, A. J., Breckon, J. D., & Johnston, L. H. (2009). Physical activity behavior change interventions based on the Transtheoretical Model : A systematic review. Health Educ. Behav., 36(5), 829–845. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198108318491 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198108318491
Jabatan Perkhidmatan Awam Malaysia. (2005). Pekeliling Perkhidmatan No. 18: Aplikasi Psikologi dalam Perkhidmatan Awam.
Jafari, S. (2016). Religion and spirituality within counselling/clinical psychology training programmes : A systematic review. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 44(3), 257–267. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2016.1153038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2016.1153038
Jamieson, S. D., & Tuckey, M. R. (2017). Mindfulness interventions in the workplace : A critique of the current state of the literature. J Occup Health Psychol, 22(2), 180–193. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000048
Judge, T. A., & Erez, A. (2007). Interaction and intersection: The constellation of emotional stability and extraversion in predicting performance, Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 573–596. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00084.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00084.x
King, E., & Haar, J. M. (2017). Mindfulness and job performance: A study of Australian leaders. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 55(3), 298–319. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12143 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12143
Kirk , A. K., & Brown, D. F. (2003). Employee assistance programs: A review of the management of stress and wellbeing through workplace counselling and consulting. Australian Psychologist, 38(2), 138–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060310001707137 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060310001707137
Kossek, E. E. (2016). Implementing organizational work-life interventions: Toward a triple bottom line. Community Work & Family, 19(2), 242–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2016.1135540 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2016.1135540
Marsidi, A., & Latip, H. A. (2007). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi komitmen pekerja di organisasi awam. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 10, 56–64.
Martin, A., Karanika-Murray, M., Biron, C., & Sanderson, K. (1999). The psychosocial work environment, employee mental health, and organizational interventions: Improving research and practice by taking a multilevel approach. Stress Health, 32(3), 201–215. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2593 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2593
McCarthy, J. M., Bauer, T. N., Truxillo, D. M., Campion, M. C., Iddekinge, C. H. V., & Campion, M. A. (2017). Using pre-test explanations to improve test-taker reactions: Testing a set of ‘‘wise†interventions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 141, 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2017.04.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2017.04.002
Moynihan, D. P., & Pandey, S. K. (2010). The big question for performance management: Why do managers use performance information? Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 20(4), 849–866. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muq004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muq004
Myers, J. E., Sweeney, T. J., & Witmer, J. M. (2000). The Wheel of Wellness counseling for wellness: A holistic model for treatment planning. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78(3), 251–266. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb01906.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb01906.x
Pignata, S., Boyd, C., Gillespie, N., Provis, C., & Winefield, A. H. (2016). Awareness of stress-reduction interventions : The impact on employees’ well-being and organizational attitudes. Stress Health, 32(3), 231– 243. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2597 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2597
Prochaska, J. O. (2008). Decision making in the Transtheoretical Model of behavior change. Medical Decision Making, 28(6), 845–849. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X08327068 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X08327068
Richardson, M. S. (1993). Work in people’s lives: A location for counseling psychologists. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40(4), 425–433. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.40.4.425 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.40.4.425
Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., & Rhenen, W. V. (2008). Workaholism, burnout, and work engagement: Three of a kind or three different kinds of employee well-being? Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57(2), 173–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00285.x.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00285.x
Sin, N. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009). Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions : A practice-friendly meta-analysis. J Clin Psychol, 65(5), 467–487. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20593 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20593
Sony, M., & Mekoth, N. (2016). The relationship between emotional intelligence, frontline employee adaptability, job satisfaction, and job performance. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 30, 20–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2015.12.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2015.12.003
Tenney, E. R., Poole, J. M., & Diener, E. (2016). Does positivity enhance work performance?: Why, when, and what we don’t know. Research in Organizational Behavior, 36, 27–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2016.11.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2016.11.002
Weiss, L. A., Westerhof, G. J., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2016). Can we increase psychological well-being ? The effects of interventions on psychological well-being : A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One, 11(6), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158092 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158092
Wihler, A., Meurs, J. A., Momm, T. D., John, J., & Blickle, G. (2017). Conscientiousness, extraversion, and field sales performance: Combining narrow personality, social skill, emotional stability, and nonlinearity. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 291–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.07.045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.07.045