Authors retain the copyright without restrictions for their published content in this journal. HSSR is a SHERPA ROMEO Green Journal.
Publishing License
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of
LEVEL OF EDUCATION AND RENEWABLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION NEXUS IN SAUDI ARABIA
Corresponding Author(s) : Haider Mahmood
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 5 (2020): September
Abstract
Purpose: A level of education may change the energy consumption habits of people. Further, economic growth may also demand cleaner energy consumption for better environmental quality. This research explores the impacts of education and economic growth on the renewable energy consumption of Saudi Arabia.
Methodology: This research utilizes the unit root test of Dickey & Fuller (1981), cointegration test of Pesaran et al. (2001), and bound testing values of Kripfganz & Schneider (2020).
Main Findings: Income and secondary education increase Renewable Energy Consumption (REC) in the long and short run. Primary education reduces REC in the long run, and the lag of primary education has a positive effect on REC.
Implication: This research recommends to increase the level of education to promote renewable energy consumption for a cleaner environment.
Novelty: Educational level and renewable energy consumption nexus have not been investigated in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, we claim an empirical contribution.
Keywords
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Alkhateeb, T., & Mahmood, H. (2019). Energy Consumption and Trade Openness Nexus in Egypt: Asymmetry Analysis. Energies, 12(10), 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12102018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en12102018
- Alkhatlan, K., & Javed, M. (2013). Energy consumption, carbon emissions, and economic growth in Saudi Arabia: An aggregate and disaggregate analysis. Energy Policy, 62, 1525-1532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.068 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.068
- Al-Mulali, U., & Tang, C. (2013). Investigating the Validity of Pollution Haven Hypothesis in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries. Energy Policy. 60, 813-819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.055 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.055
- Balaguer, J., & Cantavella, M. (2018). The Role of Education in the Environmental Kuznets Curve, Evidence from Australian Data. Energy Economics, 70(1), 289-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.01.021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.01.021
- Bano, S., Zhao, Y., Ahmad, A., Wang, S. & Liu, Y. (2018). Identifying the Impacts of Human Capital on Carbon Emissions in Pakistan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 183, 1082-1092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.008
- Bekaroo, G., Bakhoree, C., Ramsamy, P. & Moedeen, W. (2019). Investigating Personal Carbon Emissions of Employees of Higher Education Institutions: Insights from Mauritius. Journal of Cleaner Production, 209, 581-594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.238 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.238
- Bekhet, H.A., Matar, A. & Yasmin, T. (2017). CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, and financial development in GCC countries: Dynamic simultaneous equation models. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 117-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.089 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.089
- Chen, Y., & Fang, Z. (2018). Industrial Electricity Consumption, Human Capital Investment, and Economic Growth in Chinese Cities. Economic Modeling, 69, 205-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2017.09.021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2017.09.021
- Constant, K. (2019). Environmental Policy and Human Capital Inequality: A Matter of Life and Death. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 97(1), 134-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2018.04.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2018.04.009
- Dickey, D.A., & Fuller, W.A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49, 1057-1072. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912517 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1912517
- Ergen, B., & Ergen, Z. (2011). How Does Education Affect Environmental Knowledge: A Survey in Urban and Regional Planning Education? US-China Education Review, 7, 924-931.
- Government of Saudi Arabia (2020). Yearly Statistics 2020. Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, Riyadh. http://Sama.gov.sa/en-US/EconomicReports/Pages/YearlyStatistics.aspx
- Grossman, G.M., & Krueger, A.B. (1991). Environmental impacts of the North American Free Trade Agreement. NBER, Working paper 3914. https://doi.org/10.3386/w3914 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w3914
- Jankal, R., & Jankalova, M. (2017). Social Responsibility of the Educational Institution. Human Resources Management & Ergonomics, 11(2), 51-58. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322594208_Soc ial_Responsibility_of_the_Educational_Institution
- Kripfganz, S., & Schneider, D. C. (2020). Response surface regressions for critical value bounds and approximate p-values in equilibrium correction models. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, forthcoming. https://doi.org/10.1111/obes.12377 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/obes.12377
- Ma, S., Dai, J., & Wen, H. (2019). The Influence of Trade Openness on the Level of Human Capital in China: On the Basis of Environmental Regulation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 225(1), 340-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.238 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.238
- Mahmood, H., Alkhateeb, T.T.Y., Al-Qahtani, M.M.Z., Allam, Z., Ahmad, N. & Furqan, M. (2019). Agriculture Development and CO2 Emissions Nexus in Saudi Arabia. PLoS ONE, 14(12), e0225865. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225865 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225865
- Mahmood, H., & Furqan, M. (2020). Oil Rents and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Spatial Analysis of Gulf Cooperation Council Countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00869-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00869-w
- Mahmood, H., Alkhateeb, T.T.Y., & Furqan, M. (2020). Industrialization, urbanization and CO2 emissions in Saudi Arabia: Asymmetry analysis. Energy Reports, 6, 1553-1560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.06.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.06.004
- Mahmood, H., Alrasheed, A., & Furqan, M. (2018). Financial Market Development and Pollution Nexus in Saudi Arabia: Asymmetrical Analysis. Energies, 11(12), 3462. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123462 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123462
- Mahmood, H., Furqan, M., & Bagais, O. (2019). Environmental Accounting of Financial Development and Foreign Investment: Spatial Analyses of East Asia. Sustainability, 11(1), 0013. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010013
- Mahmood, H., Maalel, N., & Zarrad, O. (2019). Trade Openness and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Tunisia. Sustainability, 11(12), 3295. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123295 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123295
- Omri, A., Euchi, J., Hasaballah, A., & Al-Tit, A. (2019). Determinants of Environmental Sustainability: Evidence from Saudi Arabia. Science of the Total Environment, 657(1), 1592-1601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.111 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.111
- Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R.J. (2001). Structural analysis of vector error correction models with exogenous I(1) variables. Journal of Econometrics, 97(2), 293-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(99)00073-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(99)00073-1
- Ponce, P., Alvarado, R., Ponce, K., Alvarado, R., Granda, D., & Yaguana, K. (2019). Green Returns of Labor Income and Human Capital: Empirical Evidence of the Environmental Behavior of Households in Developing Countries. Ecological Economics, 160, 105-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.02.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.02.012
- Qudrat-Ullah, H., & Kayal, A. (2018). How to Improve Learners' (Mis) Understanding of CO2 Accumulations through the Use of Human-Facilitated Interactive Learning Environments. Journal of Cleaner Production, 184, 188-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.244 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.244
- Shields, R. (2019). The Sustainability of International Higher Education: Student Mobility and Global Climate Change. Journal of Cleaner Production, 217, 594-602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.291 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.291
- Taylor, A., Curnow, R., Fletcher, T., & Lewis, J. (2007). Education Campaigns to Reduce Stormwater Pollution in Commercial Areas: Do They Work? Journal of Environmental Management, 84, 323-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.06.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.06.002
- World Bank (2020). World Development Indicators. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. http://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/
- Yao, Y., Ivanovski, K., Inekwe, J., & Smyth, R. (2019). Human Capital and Energy Consumption: Evidence from OECD Countries. Energy Economics, 84, 104534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104534 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104534
- Yong, J., Yusliza, M., Ramayah, T., & Fawehinmi, O. (2019). Nexus between Green Intellectual Capital and Green Human Resource Management. Journal of Cleaner Production, 215(1), 364-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.306 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.306
- Zafar, M.W., Zaidi, S.A.H., Khan, N.R., Mirza, F.M., Hou, F., & Kirmani, S.A.A. (2019). The Impact of Natural Resources, Human Capital, and Foreign Direct Investment on the Ecological Footprint: The Case of the United States. Resources Policy, 63, 101-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101428 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101428
References
Alkhateeb, T., & Mahmood, H. (2019). Energy Consumption and Trade Openness Nexus in Egypt: Asymmetry Analysis. Energies, 12(10), 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12102018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en12102018
Alkhatlan, K., & Javed, M. (2013). Energy consumption, carbon emissions, and economic growth in Saudi Arabia: An aggregate and disaggregate analysis. Energy Policy, 62, 1525-1532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.068 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.068
Al-Mulali, U., & Tang, C. (2013). Investigating the Validity of Pollution Haven Hypothesis in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries. Energy Policy. 60, 813-819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.055 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.055
Balaguer, J., & Cantavella, M. (2018). The Role of Education in the Environmental Kuznets Curve, Evidence from Australian Data. Energy Economics, 70(1), 289-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.01.021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.01.021
Bano, S., Zhao, Y., Ahmad, A., Wang, S. & Liu, Y. (2018). Identifying the Impacts of Human Capital on Carbon Emissions in Pakistan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 183, 1082-1092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.008
Bekaroo, G., Bakhoree, C., Ramsamy, P. & Moedeen, W. (2019). Investigating Personal Carbon Emissions of Employees of Higher Education Institutions: Insights from Mauritius. Journal of Cleaner Production, 209, 581-594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.238 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.238
Bekhet, H.A., Matar, A. & Yasmin, T. (2017). CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, and financial development in GCC countries: Dynamic simultaneous equation models. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 117-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.089 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.089
Chen, Y., & Fang, Z. (2018). Industrial Electricity Consumption, Human Capital Investment, and Economic Growth in Chinese Cities. Economic Modeling, 69, 205-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2017.09.021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2017.09.021
Constant, K. (2019). Environmental Policy and Human Capital Inequality: A Matter of Life and Death. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 97(1), 134-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2018.04.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2018.04.009
Dickey, D.A., & Fuller, W.A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49, 1057-1072. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912517 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1912517
Ergen, B., & Ergen, Z. (2011). How Does Education Affect Environmental Knowledge: A Survey in Urban and Regional Planning Education? US-China Education Review, 7, 924-931.
Government of Saudi Arabia (2020). Yearly Statistics 2020. Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, Riyadh. http://Sama.gov.sa/en-US/EconomicReports/Pages/YearlyStatistics.aspx
Grossman, G.M., & Krueger, A.B. (1991). Environmental impacts of the North American Free Trade Agreement. NBER, Working paper 3914. https://doi.org/10.3386/w3914 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w3914
Jankal, R., & Jankalova, M. (2017). Social Responsibility of the Educational Institution. Human Resources Management & Ergonomics, 11(2), 51-58. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322594208_Soc ial_Responsibility_of_the_Educational_Institution
Kripfganz, S., & Schneider, D. C. (2020). Response surface regressions for critical value bounds and approximate p-values in equilibrium correction models. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, forthcoming. https://doi.org/10.1111/obes.12377 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/obes.12377
Ma, S., Dai, J., & Wen, H. (2019). The Influence of Trade Openness on the Level of Human Capital in China: On the Basis of Environmental Regulation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 225(1), 340-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.238 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.238
Mahmood, H., Alkhateeb, T.T.Y., Al-Qahtani, M.M.Z., Allam, Z., Ahmad, N. & Furqan, M. (2019). Agriculture Development and CO2 Emissions Nexus in Saudi Arabia. PLoS ONE, 14(12), e0225865. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225865 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225865
Mahmood, H., & Furqan, M. (2020). Oil Rents and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Spatial Analysis of Gulf Cooperation Council Countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00869-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00869-w
Mahmood, H., Alkhateeb, T.T.Y., & Furqan, M. (2020). Industrialization, urbanization and CO2 emissions in Saudi Arabia: Asymmetry analysis. Energy Reports, 6, 1553-1560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.06.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.06.004
Mahmood, H., Alrasheed, A., & Furqan, M. (2018). Financial Market Development and Pollution Nexus in Saudi Arabia: Asymmetrical Analysis. Energies, 11(12), 3462. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123462 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123462
Mahmood, H., Furqan, M., & Bagais, O. (2019). Environmental Accounting of Financial Development and Foreign Investment: Spatial Analyses of East Asia. Sustainability, 11(1), 0013. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010013
Mahmood, H., Maalel, N., & Zarrad, O. (2019). Trade Openness and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Tunisia. Sustainability, 11(12), 3295. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123295 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123295
Omri, A., Euchi, J., Hasaballah, A., & Al-Tit, A. (2019). Determinants of Environmental Sustainability: Evidence from Saudi Arabia. Science of the Total Environment, 657(1), 1592-1601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.111 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.111
Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R.J. (2001). Structural analysis of vector error correction models with exogenous I(1) variables. Journal of Econometrics, 97(2), 293-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(99)00073-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(99)00073-1
Ponce, P., Alvarado, R., Ponce, K., Alvarado, R., Granda, D., & Yaguana, K. (2019). Green Returns of Labor Income and Human Capital: Empirical Evidence of the Environmental Behavior of Households in Developing Countries. Ecological Economics, 160, 105-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.02.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.02.012
Qudrat-Ullah, H., & Kayal, A. (2018). How to Improve Learners' (Mis) Understanding of CO2 Accumulations through the Use of Human-Facilitated Interactive Learning Environments. Journal of Cleaner Production, 184, 188-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.244 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.244
Shields, R. (2019). The Sustainability of International Higher Education: Student Mobility and Global Climate Change. Journal of Cleaner Production, 217, 594-602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.291 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.291
Taylor, A., Curnow, R., Fletcher, T., & Lewis, J. (2007). Education Campaigns to Reduce Stormwater Pollution in Commercial Areas: Do They Work? Journal of Environmental Management, 84, 323-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.06.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.06.002
World Bank (2020). World Development Indicators. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. http://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/
Yao, Y., Ivanovski, K., Inekwe, J., & Smyth, R. (2019). Human Capital and Energy Consumption: Evidence from OECD Countries. Energy Economics, 84, 104534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104534 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104534
Yong, J., Yusliza, M., Ramayah, T., & Fawehinmi, O. (2019). Nexus between Green Intellectual Capital and Green Human Resource Management. Journal of Cleaner Production, 215(1), 364-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.306 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.306
Zafar, M.W., Zaidi, S.A.H., Khan, N.R., Mirza, F.M., Hou, F., & Kirmani, S.A.A. (2019). The Impact of Natural Resources, Human Capital, and Foreign Direct Investment on the Ecological Footprint: The Case of the United States. Resources Policy, 63, 101-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101428 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101428