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PREDICTING LEADERSHIP STYLES BASED ON ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION
Corresponding Author(s) : Ivana Milinkovic
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 4 (2020): July
Abstract
Purpose: The fields of motivation and leadership are very wide, and there is a large number of factors that mediate their relationships. The research aimed to examine is there a correlation between leaders’ achievement motivation and their leadership styles (transformational, transactional, and passive), and whether the achievement motive can be a predictor of leadership style.
Methodology: Quantitative research was conducted in 4 companies from the territory of Serbia. Leaders and their subordinates completed two questionnaires, MLQ (Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire) and AMI (Achievement Motivation Inventory). The MLQ was used to measure transformational, transactional, and passive leadership style. AMI is a psychological test that was used to evaluate the expression of achievement motivation.
Main Findings: The results showed that there is a correlation between achievement motivation and passive (r = -. 544; p <.01; N = 30), transactional (r = .381; p <.05; N = 30), and transformational leadership style (r = .412; p <.05; N = 30). Regression analysis determined the equations by which those leadership styles can be predicted based on achievement motivation.
Applications: The possibility of predicting leadership styles can contribute to the process of selection of employees in companies, especially those who come directly to management positions, and employee development process.
Novelty/Originality of this study: Assessing motivation for achievement as a personality trait among employees and predicting the type of leadership style based on that.
Keywords
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- Abeh Ukaidi, C.U. (2016). The influence of leadership styles on organizational performance in Nigeria. Global Journal of Human Resource Management, 4(4), 25-34.
- Al Khajeh, E. H., (2018). Impact of leadership styles on organizational performance. Journal of Human Resources Management Research, 2018, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.5171/2018.322892 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5171/2018.322892
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- Andersen, L. B., Bjørnholt, B., Bro, L. L., & Holm-Petersen, C. (2016). Leadership and motivation: A qualitative study of transformational leadership and public service motivation. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 84(4), 675-691. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852316654747 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852316654747
- Anderson, M. H., & Sun, P. Y. (2015). Reviewing leadership styles: Overlaps and the need for a new ‘full-range’ theory. International Journal of Management Reviews, 19(1), 76-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12082 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12082
- Asghar, S., & Oino, I. (2018). Leadership styles and job satisfaction. Market Forces, 13(1), 1-13.
- Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (2004). Multifactor leadership questionnaire. Manual and sampler set (3rd ed.). Redwood City, CA: Mindgarden.
- Bahmanabadi, S. (2015). A case study of the impact of leadership styles on bank employees’ job satisfaction [Unpublished Bachelor’s thesis]. Södertörn University.
- Barbuto, J.E., Scholl, R.W. (1998). Motivation sources inventory: development and validation of new scales to measure an integrative taxonomy of motivation. Psychological Reports, 82. 1011- 1022. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.82.3.1011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.82.3.1011
- Barbuto, Jr., J. E. (2005). Motivation and transactional, charismatic, and transformational leadership: A test of antecedents. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 11(4), 26-40. https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190501100403 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190501100403
- Barbuto, Jr., J. E., Fritz, S. M., Marx, D. (2002). A field examination of two measures of work as predictors of leaders’ influence tactics. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142, 601-616. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540209603921 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540209603921
- Barbuto, Jr., J. E., Scholl, R. W. (1999). Leaders’ motivation and perception of followers’ motivation as predictors of influence tactics. Psychological Reports, 84, 1087-1098. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3c.1087 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3c.1087
- Brandon, C. (2015). McClelland's need theory. Boundless Management.
- Chalfoun, F. & Davidaviciene, V. (2018).Internet and aging population. International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 4(6), 227-234. https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.4.10001-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.4.10001-6
- Chandra, T., & Priyono, L. (2016). The influence of leadership styles, work environment and job satisfaction of employee Performance. International Education Studies, 9 (1), 131-140. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v9n1p131 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v9n1p131
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- Djami, M. E. U, Hardhienata, S., & Tukiran, M. (2019). Improvement of job satisfaction through transformational leadership, personality, and achievement motivation by using scientific identification theory of operation research in education management (SITOREM). International Journal of Managerial Studies and Research, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0349.0704009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0349.0704009
- Fiaz, M., Su, Q., Amir, I., & Saqib, A. (2017). Leadership styles and employees’ motivation: Perspective from an emerging economy. The Journal of Developing Areas, 51(4), 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2017.0093 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2017.0093
- Hansen, J. A., & Pihl-Thingvad, S. (2019). Managing employee innovative behaviour through transformational and transactional leadership styles. Public Management Review, 21(6), 918-944. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2018.1544272 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2018.1544272
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- Jam, F. A., Singh, S. K. G., Ng, B., & Aziz, N. (2018). The interactive effect of uncertainty avoidance cultural values and leadership styles on open service innovation: A look at Malaysian healthcare sector. International Journal of Business and Administrative Studies, 4(5), 208-223. https://doi.org/10.20469/ijbas.4.10003-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20469/ijbas.4.10003-5
- Kehr H.M., Strasser M., Paulus A. (2018) Motivation and volition in the workplace. In: Heckhausen J., Heckhausen H. (eds) Motivation and Action. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65094-4_19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65094-4_19
- Ma, X., & Jiang, W. (2018). Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership, and Employee Creativity in Entrepreneurial Firms. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 54(3), 302-324. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886318764346 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886318764346
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- Masa'deh, R., Obeidat, B.Y. & Tarhini, A. (2016). A Jordanian empirical study of the associations among transformational leadership, transactional leadership, knowledge sharing, job performance, and firm performance: A structural equation modelling approach. Journal of Management Development, 35(5), 681-705. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-09-2015-0134 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-09-2015-0134
- McClelland, D.C. (1961). The achieving society. Free Press. https://doi.org/10.1037/14359-000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/14359-000
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- Metz, J. D. (2018). The impact of achievement motivation, job satisfaction and work-life balance among retail managers. https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/etd/992
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- Nwokocha, I., & Iheriohanma, E.B. (2015). Nexus between leadership styles, employee retention and performance in organizations in Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 11, 1-11.
- Ozcan, O., & Ozturk, I. (2020). Impact of organizational culture and leadership styles on employee performance: A research study on the banking industry. Pressacademia, 7(1), 45-55. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2020.1187 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2020.1187
- Qurratul, A. (2018). Motivation, Commitment and Leadership skill in Affecting Performance Hospital Managers. The Journal of Social Sciences Research, Academic Research Publishing Group, 4(12), 707-710.
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References
Abeh Ukaidi, C.U. (2016). The influence of leadership styles on organizational performance in Nigeria. Global Journal of Human Resource Management, 4(4), 25-34.
Al Khajeh, E. H., (2018). Impact of leadership styles on organizational performance. Journal of Human Resources Management Research, 2018, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.5171/2018.322892 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5171/2018.322892
Anah, S., Widayati, C. C., & W., A. (2020). The effect of transformational leadership style, work motivation and discipline on employee performance. Dinasti International Journal of Digital Business Management, 1(2), 290-301. https://doi.org/10.31933/dijdbm.v1i2.159 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31933/dijdbm.v1i2.159
Andersen, J. A. (2018). Managers’ motivation profiles: Measurement and application. SAGE Open. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018771732 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018771732
Andersen, L. B., Bjørnholt, B., Bro, L. L., & Holm-Petersen, C. (2016). Leadership and motivation: A qualitative study of transformational leadership and public service motivation. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 84(4), 675-691. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852316654747 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852316654747
Anderson, M. H., & Sun, P. Y. (2015). Reviewing leadership styles: Overlaps and the need for a new ‘full-range’ theory. International Journal of Management Reviews, 19(1), 76-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12082 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12082
Asghar, S., & Oino, I. (2018). Leadership styles and job satisfaction. Market Forces, 13(1), 1-13.
Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (2004). Multifactor leadership questionnaire. Manual and sampler set (3rd ed.). Redwood City, CA: Mindgarden.
Bahmanabadi, S. (2015). A case study of the impact of leadership styles on bank employees’ job satisfaction [Unpublished Bachelor’s thesis]. Södertörn University.
Barbuto, J.E., Scholl, R.W. (1998). Motivation sources inventory: development and validation of new scales to measure an integrative taxonomy of motivation. Psychological Reports, 82. 1011- 1022. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.82.3.1011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.82.3.1011
Barbuto, Jr., J. E. (2005). Motivation and transactional, charismatic, and transformational leadership: A test of antecedents. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 11(4), 26-40. https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190501100403 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190501100403
Barbuto, Jr., J. E., Fritz, S. M., Marx, D. (2002). A field examination of two measures of work as predictors of leaders’ influence tactics. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142, 601-616. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540209603921 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540209603921
Barbuto, Jr., J. E., Scholl, R. W. (1999). Leaders’ motivation and perception of followers’ motivation as predictors of influence tactics. Psychological Reports, 84, 1087-1098. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3c.1087 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3c.1087
Brandon, C. (2015). McClelland's need theory. Boundless Management.
Chalfoun, F. & Davidaviciene, V. (2018).Internet and aging population. International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 4(6), 227-234. https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.4.10001-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.4.10001-6
Chandra, T., & Priyono, L. (2016). The influence of leadership styles, work environment and job satisfaction of employee Performance. International Education Studies, 9 (1), 131-140. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v9n1p131 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v9n1p131
Clipa, O., & Serban, M. G. (2018). Relations of style of leadership and achievement motivation for teacher. Revista Romaneasca Pentru Educatie Multidimensionala, 10(4), 55-64. https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/72 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/72
Delegach, M., Kark, R., Katz-Navon, T., & Dijk, D. V. (2017). A focus on commitment: The roles of transformational and transactional leadership and self-regulatory focus in fostering organizational and safety commitment. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(5), 724-740. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2017.1345884 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2017.1345884
Deschamps, C., Rinfret, N., Lagacé, M. C., & Privé, C.(2016). Transformational leadership and change: how leaders influence their followers’ motivation through organizational justice. Journal of Healthcare Management: May 2016, 61 ( 3), 194-213. https://doi.org/10.1097/00115514-201605000-00007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00115514-201605000-00007
Djami, M. E. U, Hardhienata, S., & Tukiran, M. (2019). Improvement of job satisfaction through transformational leadership, personality, and achievement motivation by using scientific identification theory of operation research in education management (SITOREM). International Journal of Managerial Studies and Research, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0349.0704009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0349.0704009
Fiaz, M., Su, Q., Amir, I., & Saqib, A. (2017). Leadership styles and employees’ motivation: Perspective from an emerging economy. The Journal of Developing Areas, 51(4), 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2017.0093 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2017.0093
Hansen, J. A., & Pihl-Thingvad, S. (2019). Managing employee innovative behaviour through transformational and transactional leadership styles. Public Management Review, 21(6), 918-944. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2018.1544272 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2018.1544272
Hofer J., Hagemeyer B. (2018) Social Bonding: Affiliation Motivation and Intimacy Motivation. In: Heckhausen J., Heckhausen H. (eds) Motivation and Action. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65094-4_7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65094-4_7
Ismail, U., Pervaiz, M. K., & Saif-ur-Rehman, M. (2020). Distributive justice towards innovative work behavior with mediating effects of human resource management practices in the hotel industry of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Administrative Studies, 6(3), 136-149. https://doi.org/10.20469/ijbas.6.10002-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20469/ijbas.6.10002-3
Jam, F. A., Singh, S. K. G., Ng, B., & Aziz, N. (2018). The interactive effect of uncertainty avoidance cultural values and leadership styles on open service innovation: A look at Malaysian healthcare sector. International Journal of Business and Administrative Studies, 4(5), 208-223. https://doi.org/10.20469/ijbas.4.10003-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20469/ijbas.4.10003-5
Kehr H.M., Strasser M., Paulus A. (2018) Motivation and volition in the workplace. In: Heckhausen J., Heckhausen H. (eds) Motivation and Action. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65094-4_19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65094-4_19
Ma, X., & Jiang, W. (2018). Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership, and Employee Creativity in Entrepreneurial Firms. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 54(3), 302-324. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886318764346 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886318764346
Manik, E. (2016). The influence of transformational leadership on achievement motivation and organizational climate and employee performance. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 6(12). https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v6-i12/2522 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v6-i12/2522
Masa'deh, R., Obeidat, B.Y. & Tarhini, A. (2016). A Jordanian empirical study of the associations among transformational leadership, transactional leadership, knowledge sharing, job performance, and firm performance: A structural equation modelling approach. Journal of Management Development, 35(5), 681-705. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-09-2015-0134 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-09-2015-0134
McClelland, D.C. (1961). The achieving society. Free Press. https://doi.org/10.1037/14359-000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/14359-000
McClelland, D.C. (1985). How motives, skills, and values determine what people do. American Psychological Association, Inc. 40(7), 812-825. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.40.7.812 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.40.7.812
Metz, J. D. (2018). The impact of achievement motivation, job satisfaction and work-life balance among retail managers. https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/etd/992
Nucharee, S., & Teeradej, P. (2019). Roles of expectancy on employee engagement and job performance. Journal of Administrative and Business Studies, 5(2), 88-98. https://doi.org/10.20474/jabs-5.2.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20474/jabs-5.2.3
Nwokocha, I., & Iheriohanma, E.B. (2015). Nexus between leadership styles, employee retention and performance in organizations in Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 11, 1-11.
Ozcan, O., & Ozturk, I. (2020). Impact of organizational culture and leadership styles on employee performance: A research study on the banking industry. Pressacademia, 7(1), 45-55. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2020.1187 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2020.1187
Qurratul, A. (2018). Motivation, Commitment and Leadership skill in Affecting Performance Hospital Managers. The Journal of Social Sciences Research, Academic Research Publishing Group, 4(12), 707-710.
Riedle, D. (2015). Transformational vs. transactional leaders: How different leadership behaviors and communication styles affect levels of employee motivation in the financial industry. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1696043546?accountid=1 42908
Rose-Grant, L. (2016). Exploring the relationships between leadership styles and job satisfaction among employees of nonprofit organizations (Unpublished PhD thesis). Regents University.
Rusliza Y., Fawzy, E. (2016). Leadership styles and organizational commitment: Literature review. Journal of Management Development, 35(2), 190-216. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-01-2015-0004
Sayed, M. H. (2018). Employees satisfaction of government and non-government banks in Tangail City, Bangladesh. Journal of Investment and Management, 7(2), 53-58. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jim.20180702.12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jim.20180702.12
Schuler, H., Thornton, G.C.III., Frintrup, A., Mueller-Hanson, R. (2002). Achievement Motivation Inventory (AMI). Hans Huber Publishers.
Sejera, S. G. (2018). Culturally derived leadership qualities: Dispositional resilience among societies. Journal of Administrative and Business Studies, 4(2), 81-89. https://doi.org/10.20474/jabs-4.2.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20474/jabs-4.2.3
Sengphet, P., Hui, L., & Phong, L. B. (2019). The pathway to improve innovation capacity for Lao firms: The roles of transformational leadership and psychological resources of employees. International Journal of Business and Administrative Studies, 5(2), 224-239. https://doi.org/10.20469/ijbas.5.10004-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20469/ijbas.5.10004-4
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