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KNOWLEDGE SHARING STRATEGIES AMONGST ACADEMICS IN INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING, KENYA
Corresponding Author(s) : Nancy M. Kimile
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 4 (2020): July
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The study investigated strategies and the integration of technology in knowledge sharing amongst academics in selected institutions of higher learning in Kenya.
Methodology: The study utilized a descriptive survey design and adopted a qualitative approach. Semi-structured interview schedules were used to collect data from a sample of four public universities from which 54 respondents were purposely selected and successfully interviewed. The collected data was analyzed thematically.
Main Findings: The findings of the study revealed that universities shared knowledge through various strategies/ forums such as conferences, teaching, seminars, workshops, mentorship of the novice by the experts, especially in the science-based disciplines and institutional repository, among others. The study identified the existence of communities of practice, which were mainly informal, and policies were the primary inhibitor to knowledge sharing. The study established the integration of information technology in knowledge sharing as mostly asynchronous.
Applications of this study: The study findings can be applied in both the public and private sectors. They contribute to research in Knowledge Management as a discipline and as a business strategy.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The study provides data to the limited visible research in knowledge sharing strategies in institutions of higher learning, especially in Kenya.
Keywords
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- Abbas, D. K. (2017). Knowledge Sharing and Dissemination among Academics in Nigerian Universities: Patterns and Trends. Journal of Balkan Libraries Union, 5, (1), 21-27.
- Adamseged, H. Y., & Hong, J. J. (2018). Knowledge Sharing among University Faculty members. Journal of Education & Practice, 9(24), 121-134.
- Al Kurdi, O. Haddadeh, R., & Eldabi, T. (2018). Knowledge Sharing in Higher Education Institutions: A Systematic Review. Journal of Enterprise Information Management. 31. 00-00. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-09-2017-0129 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-09-2017-0129
- Albach, H. & Meffert, H., Pinkwart, A. & Reichwald, R. (2015). Management of Permanent Change. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-05014-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-05014-6
- Alhawary, F., Aburumman, A., & Aishamaileh, M. (2017). Determinant factors of knowledge sharing among academic staff in the Jordanian Universities. European Journal of Social Sciences, 55(44).
- Amin, A., Basri, S., Hassan, M. F., & Rehman, M. (2011). Occupational stress, knowledge sharing and GSD communication barriers as predictors of software engineer's creativity. Paper presented at 2011 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM), Singapore, 6–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEM.2011.6117946 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEM.2011.6117946
- Annabi, H., & McGann, S. T. (2013). Social media as the missing link: Connecting communities of practice to business strategy. Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 23(1-2), 56-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2013.748608 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2013.748608
- Bartol, K. M., & Srivastava, A. (2002). Encouraging knowledge sharing: The role of organizational reward systems. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9, 64-76. https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190200900105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190200900105
- Bhattacherjee, A. (2012). Social Science Research: Principles, Methods, and Practices. Textbooks Collection. 3. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/oa_textbooks/3
- Boddy, C. R. (2016). Qualitative Market Research, 19(4): 426-432. https://doi.org/10.1108/QMR-06-2016-0053 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/QMR-06-2016-0053
- Boyatzis, R. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. Sage: Thousand oaks, C.A.
- Chikono, A. N. (2018). Knowledge sharing practices amongst academics at the Zimbabwe Open University (Unpublished Masters Thesis), University of Western Cape, Zimbabwe.
- Corcoran, N., & Duane, A. (2018). Research on Recent Advances in Social Media Social Media & Knowledge Sharing in HEIs. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 22, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3127/ajis.v22i0.1647 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3127/ajis.v22i0.1647
- Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. (1994). Handbook of qualitative research, California: Sage Publication.
- Eysenbach, G. (2011). Can tweets predict citations? Metrics of social impact based on Twitter and correlation with traditional metrics of scientific impact. Journal of medical Internet research, 13(4), e123. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2012
- Fullwood, R. & Rowley, J. & Delbridge, R. (2013). Knowledge sharing amongst academics in UK universities. Journal of Knowledge Management. 17(1), 123-136. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673271311300831 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13673271311300831
- Fullwood, R. Rowley, J., & McLean, J. (2018). Exploring factors that influence knowledge sharing between academics. Journal of Further & Higher Education, 43(8). https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2018.1448928 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2018.1448928
- Guevara, L. & Achim, S. (2016). External validity of artefactual field experiments: A study on cooperation, impatience and sustainability in an artisanal fishery in Colombia. Ecological Economics. 128, 187-201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.04.022
- Hussein, A. H., & Nassuora, A. B. (2011). Academic Attitudes towards the Use of Mobile Phone Technologies for Knowledge Sharing in Higher Education Institutions: An Exploratory Survey. American Academic & Scholarly Research, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.04.022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.04.022
- Janus, S. S. (2016) Becoming a knowledge sharing organization: a handbook for scaling up solutions through capturing and sharing, Washington, DC: international book for reconstruction and development. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0943-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0943-9
- Javenpaa, S. L., & Staples, D. S. (2001). Exploring perceptions of organizational ownership of information and expertise. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18, 151-183. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2001.11045673 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2001.11045673
- Jeon, S., Kim, Y. G., & Koh, J. (2011). An integrative model for knowledge sharing in communities of practice. Journal of Knowledge Management, 15(2), 251–269. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673271111119682 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13673271111119682
- Kahinga, W. E. (2014). Knowledge Sharing Practices among Crop Researchers at the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute. (Unpublished Masters thesis) University of Nairobi, Kenya.
- Kamal, K. J., Manjit, S. S., & Gurvinder, K.S. (2007). Knowledge sharing among academic staff: A case study of business schools in Klang Valley, Malaysia. UCSI JASA, 2, 23-29.
- Kerno, S. J. (2008). Limitations of Communities of Practice a Consideration of Unresolved Issues and Difficulties in the Approach. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 15(1), 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051808317998 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051808317998
- Lee, J. (2018).The effects of knowledge sharing on individual's creativity in Higher education Institutions: Socio-technical view. Administrative Sciences, 8(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci8020021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci8020021
- Leidner, D. E., & Jarvenpaa, S. L. (1995). The use of information technology to enhance management school Education, a theoretical view. MIS Quartely, 19 (3). https://doi.org/10.2307/249596 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/249596
- Ling, C. W., Sandhu, M. S., & Kamal, K. J. (2009). Knowledge sharing in an American multinational company based in Malaysia. Journal of Workplace Learning, 21(2), 125-142. https://doi.org/10.1108/13665620910934825 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13665620910934825
- Long, D., & Fahey, L. (2000). Diagnosing Cultural Barriers to Knowledge Management. Academy of Management Executive. 14. 113-127. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2000.3979820 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2000.3979820
- Mahmood, A., Qureshi, M. A., & Shahbaz, Q. (2011). An examination of the quality of tacit knowledge sharing through the theory of reasoned action. Journal of Quality and Technology Management, 7(1), 39-55.
- Maiga, Z. B. (2017). Knowledge Sharing Among Academics in Selected Universities in Tanzania. (Unpublished Ph.D Dissertation). University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, South Africa.
- Mugalavai, A. K., & Muleke, V. (2016). Communities of practice in selected public universities in Kenya. Information & Knowledge Management, 6(80), 61-66.
- Nonaka, I. (1994). A dynamic theory of organizational creation. Organizational science, 5(1). 14-37. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.5.1.14 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.5.1.14
- Nonaka, I., & Konno, (1998). The concept of `BA' ± building a foundation for knowledge creation, California. Management Review, 40 (3):40-54. https://doi.org/10.2307/41165942 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/41165942
- Noor, K. B. M. (2008). Case Study Research Methodology. American journal of applied Sciences, 5(11): 1602-1604. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2008.1602.1604 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2008.1602.1604
- Osterloh, M., & Frey, B. S. (2000). Motivation, knowledge transfer, and organizational forms. Organizational Science, 11(5), 538-550. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.11.5.538.15204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.11.5.538.15204
- Owino, O., Cheruiyot, K., & Jagogo, A. (2012). Institutionalization of knowledge management in manufacturing enterprises in Kenya. Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 3(10).
- Parry, K. W. (2010). Leadership and organization theory. In A. Bryman, D. Collinson, K. Grint, B. Jackson & M. Uhl-Bien (Eds.), Sage handbook of leadership. London: Sage Publications.
- Polanyi, M. (1962). Personal knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical philosophy. Chicago: university of Chicago press.
- Riege, A. (2005). Three-dozen knowledge-sharing barriers managers must consider. Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(1), 18–35. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270510602746 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270510602746
- Sandhu, M., Jain, K., & Ahmad, I. (2011). Knowledge sharing among public sector employees: Evidence from Malaysia. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 24. 206-226. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513551111121347 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09513551111121347
- Santosh, S., & Panda, S. (2016). Sharing of Knowledge in Mega Open University, Open Praxis, 8(3), 247-264. https://doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.8.3.317 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.8.3.317
- Santos, P., & Sanjaya, M. (2016). ELearning in a Mega Open University: Faculty attitude, barriers and motivators. Educational Media International. 44. 323-338. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523980701680854 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523980701680854
- Savita, G. (2012). Knowledge sharing among university teaching staff: A case study. SDCMJM. 21-32.
- Slay, H., Siebörger, I., & Hodgkinson-Williams, C. (2008a). A feasibility study on the use of ‗smart 'pens in South African teaching and learning environments. South African Computer Journal, 40, 83-94.
- Tsui, A., Zhang, Z., Wang, H., Xin, R., & Wu, J. (2006). Unpacking the Relationship between CEO Leadership Behavior and Organizational Culture. The Leadership Quarterly. 17, 113-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.12.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.12.001
- Wamitu, S. (2015). Tacit Knowledge Sharing in Public Sector Departments in Kenya. Open Journal of Business and Management, 3, 109-118. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2015.31011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2015.31011
- Wang, S., & Noe, R. A. (2010). Knowledge sharing: a review and directions for the future. Human Resource Management Review, 20: 115-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.10.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.10.001
- Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511803932
- Wenger, E., McDermont, R., & Snyder, W. M. (2002). Cultivating communities of practice. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School.
- Yang, J. (2007). The impact of knowledge sharing on organizational learning and effectiveness. Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(2), 83-90. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270710738933 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270710738933
- Yusof, H., Yusof, R., Norwani, N., & Mansor, M. (2015). Knowledge Management Experience in Malaysian Schools. International Business Education Journal, 8(1),22-29. http://ejournal.upsi.edu.my/index.ph p/IBEJ/article/view/1366
- Yusuf, M., & Wanjau, K. (2014). Factors affecting implementation of knowledge practices in state corporations in the National treasury in Kenya, Journal of Management Technology, 2(1), 45-54.
References
Abbas, D. K. (2017). Knowledge Sharing and Dissemination among Academics in Nigerian Universities: Patterns and Trends. Journal of Balkan Libraries Union, 5, (1), 21-27.
Adamseged, H. Y., & Hong, J. J. (2018). Knowledge Sharing among University Faculty members. Journal of Education & Practice, 9(24), 121-134.
Al Kurdi, O. Haddadeh, R., & Eldabi, T. (2018). Knowledge Sharing in Higher Education Institutions: A Systematic Review. Journal of Enterprise Information Management. 31. 00-00. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-09-2017-0129 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-09-2017-0129
Albach, H. & Meffert, H., Pinkwart, A. & Reichwald, R. (2015). Management of Permanent Change. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-05014-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-05014-6
Alhawary, F., Aburumman, A., & Aishamaileh, M. (2017). Determinant factors of knowledge sharing among academic staff in the Jordanian Universities. European Journal of Social Sciences, 55(44).
Amin, A., Basri, S., Hassan, M. F., & Rehman, M. (2011). Occupational stress, knowledge sharing and GSD communication barriers as predictors of software engineer's creativity. Paper presented at 2011 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM), Singapore, 6–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEM.2011.6117946 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEM.2011.6117946
Annabi, H., & McGann, S. T. (2013). Social media as the missing link: Connecting communities of practice to business strategy. Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 23(1-2), 56-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2013.748608 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2013.748608
Bartol, K. M., & Srivastava, A. (2002). Encouraging knowledge sharing: The role of organizational reward systems. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9, 64-76. https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190200900105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190200900105
Bhattacherjee, A. (2012). Social Science Research: Principles, Methods, and Practices. Textbooks Collection. 3. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/oa_textbooks/3
Boddy, C. R. (2016). Qualitative Market Research, 19(4): 426-432. https://doi.org/10.1108/QMR-06-2016-0053 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/QMR-06-2016-0053
Boyatzis, R. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. Sage: Thousand oaks, C.A.
Chikono, A. N. (2018). Knowledge sharing practices amongst academics at the Zimbabwe Open University (Unpublished Masters Thesis), University of Western Cape, Zimbabwe.
Corcoran, N., & Duane, A. (2018). Research on Recent Advances in Social Media Social Media & Knowledge Sharing in HEIs. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 22, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3127/ajis.v22i0.1647 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3127/ajis.v22i0.1647
Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. (1994). Handbook of qualitative research, California: Sage Publication.
Eysenbach, G. (2011). Can tweets predict citations? Metrics of social impact based on Twitter and correlation with traditional metrics of scientific impact. Journal of medical Internet research, 13(4), e123. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2012
Fullwood, R. & Rowley, J. & Delbridge, R. (2013). Knowledge sharing amongst academics in UK universities. Journal of Knowledge Management. 17(1), 123-136. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673271311300831 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13673271311300831
Fullwood, R. Rowley, J., & McLean, J. (2018). Exploring factors that influence knowledge sharing between academics. Journal of Further & Higher Education, 43(8). https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2018.1448928 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2018.1448928
Guevara, L. & Achim, S. (2016). External validity of artefactual field experiments: A study on cooperation, impatience and sustainability in an artisanal fishery in Colombia. Ecological Economics. 128, 187-201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.04.022
Hussein, A. H., & Nassuora, A. B. (2011). Academic Attitudes towards the Use of Mobile Phone Technologies for Knowledge Sharing in Higher Education Institutions: An Exploratory Survey. American Academic & Scholarly Research, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.04.022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.04.022
Janus, S. S. (2016) Becoming a knowledge sharing organization: a handbook for scaling up solutions through capturing and sharing, Washington, DC: international book for reconstruction and development. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0943-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0943-9
Javenpaa, S. L., & Staples, D. S. (2001). Exploring perceptions of organizational ownership of information and expertise. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18, 151-183. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2001.11045673 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2001.11045673
Jeon, S., Kim, Y. G., & Koh, J. (2011). An integrative model for knowledge sharing in communities of practice. Journal of Knowledge Management, 15(2), 251–269. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673271111119682 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13673271111119682
Kahinga, W. E. (2014). Knowledge Sharing Practices among Crop Researchers at the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute. (Unpublished Masters thesis) University of Nairobi, Kenya.
Kamal, K. J., Manjit, S. S., & Gurvinder, K.S. (2007). Knowledge sharing among academic staff: A case study of business schools in Klang Valley, Malaysia. UCSI JASA, 2, 23-29.
Kerno, S. J. (2008). Limitations of Communities of Practice a Consideration of Unresolved Issues and Difficulties in the Approach. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 15(1), 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051808317998 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051808317998
Lee, J. (2018).The effects of knowledge sharing on individual's creativity in Higher education Institutions: Socio-technical view. Administrative Sciences, 8(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci8020021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci8020021
Leidner, D. E., & Jarvenpaa, S. L. (1995). The use of information technology to enhance management school Education, a theoretical view. MIS Quartely, 19 (3). https://doi.org/10.2307/249596 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/249596
Ling, C. W., Sandhu, M. S., & Kamal, K. J. (2009). Knowledge sharing in an American multinational company based in Malaysia. Journal of Workplace Learning, 21(2), 125-142. https://doi.org/10.1108/13665620910934825 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13665620910934825
Long, D., & Fahey, L. (2000). Diagnosing Cultural Barriers to Knowledge Management. Academy of Management Executive. 14. 113-127. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2000.3979820 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2000.3979820
Mahmood, A., Qureshi, M. A., & Shahbaz, Q. (2011). An examination of the quality of tacit knowledge sharing through the theory of reasoned action. Journal of Quality and Technology Management, 7(1), 39-55.
Maiga, Z. B. (2017). Knowledge Sharing Among Academics in Selected Universities in Tanzania. (Unpublished Ph.D Dissertation). University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, South Africa.
Mugalavai, A. K., & Muleke, V. (2016). Communities of practice in selected public universities in Kenya. Information & Knowledge Management, 6(80), 61-66.
Nonaka, I. (1994). A dynamic theory of organizational creation. Organizational science, 5(1). 14-37. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.5.1.14 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.5.1.14
Nonaka, I., & Konno, (1998). The concept of `BA' ± building a foundation for knowledge creation, California. Management Review, 40 (3):40-54. https://doi.org/10.2307/41165942 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/41165942
Noor, K. B. M. (2008). Case Study Research Methodology. American journal of applied Sciences, 5(11): 1602-1604. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2008.1602.1604 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2008.1602.1604
Osterloh, M., & Frey, B. S. (2000). Motivation, knowledge transfer, and organizational forms. Organizational Science, 11(5), 538-550. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.11.5.538.15204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.11.5.538.15204
Owino, O., Cheruiyot, K., & Jagogo, A. (2012). Institutionalization of knowledge management in manufacturing enterprises in Kenya. Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 3(10).
Parry, K. W. (2010). Leadership and organization theory. In A. Bryman, D. Collinson, K. Grint, B. Jackson & M. Uhl-Bien (Eds.), Sage handbook of leadership. London: Sage Publications.
Polanyi, M. (1962). Personal knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical philosophy. Chicago: university of Chicago press.
Riege, A. (2005). Three-dozen knowledge-sharing barriers managers must consider. Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(1), 18–35. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270510602746 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270510602746
Sandhu, M., Jain, K., & Ahmad, I. (2011). Knowledge sharing among public sector employees: Evidence from Malaysia. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 24. 206-226. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513551111121347 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09513551111121347
Santosh, S., & Panda, S. (2016). Sharing of Knowledge in Mega Open University, Open Praxis, 8(3), 247-264. https://doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.8.3.317 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.8.3.317
Santos, P., & Sanjaya, M. (2016). ELearning in a Mega Open University: Faculty attitude, barriers and motivators. Educational Media International. 44. 323-338. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523980701680854 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523980701680854
Savita, G. (2012). Knowledge sharing among university teaching staff: A case study. SDCMJM. 21-32.
Slay, H., Siebörger, I., & Hodgkinson-Williams, C. (2008a). A feasibility study on the use of ‗smart 'pens in South African teaching and learning environments. South African Computer Journal, 40, 83-94.
Tsui, A., Zhang, Z., Wang, H., Xin, R., & Wu, J. (2006). Unpacking the Relationship between CEO Leadership Behavior and Organizational Culture. The Leadership Quarterly. 17, 113-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.12.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.12.001
Wamitu, S. (2015). Tacit Knowledge Sharing in Public Sector Departments in Kenya. Open Journal of Business and Management, 3, 109-118. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2015.31011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2015.31011
Wang, S., & Noe, R. A. (2010). Knowledge sharing: a review and directions for the future. Human Resource Management Review, 20: 115-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.10.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.10.001
Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511803932
Wenger, E., McDermont, R., & Snyder, W. M. (2002). Cultivating communities of practice. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School.
Yang, J. (2007). The impact of knowledge sharing on organizational learning and effectiveness. Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(2), 83-90. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270710738933 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270710738933
Yusof, H., Yusof, R., Norwani, N., & Mansor, M. (2015). Knowledge Management Experience in Malaysian Schools. International Business Education Journal, 8(1),22-29. http://ejournal.upsi.edu.my/index.ph p/IBEJ/article/view/1366
Yusuf, M., & Wanjau, K. (2014). Factors affecting implementation of knowledge practices in state corporations in the National treasury in Kenya, Journal of Management Technology, 2(1), 45-54.