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TRANSACTIONAL POLITICAL PRACTICES IN THE ASYMMETRIC DECENTRALIZATION SYSTEM IN ACEH (10-YEAR ANALYSIS OF SPECIAL AUTONOMY FUND MANAGEMENT PERIOD 2008-2018)
Corresponding Author(s) : Cut Maya Aprita Sari
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 3 (2020): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: Within 10 years, the central government of Indonesia has granted the special autonomy fund to Aceh as a strategy to improve the welfare of Acehnese. Contrary, the special autonomy funds that cannot be implemented properly-affected to the poverty in Aceh-is not significantly decreased. This study aims to determine the failure of special autonomy funds to decrease poverty in Aceh.
Methodology: This research used descriptive qualitative methods by conducting the primary data through interviews, also secondary data through books, journals, newspapers, and other related sources. The analysis data is doing by using Transactional Political Theory.
Main Findings: The results of this study indicate that asymmetric decentralization can be seen from the weak Regional Economic Growth Rate and the slow improvement of the Quality of Human Development Index (HDI). Thus the failure was caused by two things, namely: the thick Political Content of The Local Political Elite and the Domination of Local Political Elite in the Management of Aceh's Special Autonomy Fund in the Compilation of Planning and Work Programs. The absence of control in the management of special autonomy funds is based on project performance without good planning, and the existence of interest-based planning in the management of special autonomy funds that based on populist activity programs following the wishes of politicians which have an impact on weak regional economic growth, slow index improvement of human development quality, high poverty rates, and high unemployment in Aceh.
Applications of this study: The finding of this study offered the evaluation systems for the government of Aceh to strengthen better local government governance, especially in increasing budget planning and implementation efficiency and strengthening regulations, and implementing an e-planning system to select program activities from the Aceh special autonomy fund.
Novelty/Originality of this study: Based on the literature review conducted, there were limited publications which are focusing on the failure of autonomy funds in Aceh. Therefore this research will enrich the publication that concerns the failure of managing special autonomy funds in Aceh.
Keywords
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- Amrizal., Faisal, R., Budiman, G., Pendasteren, T. (2015). Asymmetric Decentralization Aceh; Governor Consultation and Consideration Context on Central Government Administrative Policy. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 20, Issue 9, Ver. V (Sep. 2015), PP 01-10.
- Ali, S. (2019). The Management Model of Aceh’s Special Autonomy Fund. Jurnal Bina Praja: Journal of Home Affairs Governance. https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.11.2019.159-170 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.11.2019.159-170
- Aspinall, E, and Crouch, H. (2003). The Aceh Peace Process: Why it Failed. Policy Studies 1: The East-West Center Washington.
- Aspinall, E. (2009). Combatants to Contractors: The Political Economy of Peace in Aceh, in Indonesia. JSTOR. (87), 1–34.
- Aziz, NLL. (2018). Politik Pengelolaan Dana Otonomi Khusus dan Istimewa. Jakarta: Yayasan Putra Obor Indonesia.
- Azfar, O., Kähkönen, S., Lanyi, A., Meagher, P., and Rutherford, D. (1999). Decentralization, Governance And Public Services The Impact Of Institutional Arrangements. IRIS Center: University of Maryland, College Park.
- Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). (2015). Aceh Dalam Angka 2015.
- Badan Pusat Statistik Aceh (BPS). (2019). Indikator Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Aceh. BPS Provinsi Aceh.
- Bailey, F. (2001). Stratagems And Spoils. New York: Routledge.
- Bakke, K. M. (2015). Decentralization and intrastate struggles: Chechnya, Punjab, and Québec. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316146125 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316146125
- Barron, P., Rahmant, E., Nugroho, K. (2019). The Contested Corners Of Asia: Subnational Conflict and International Development Assistance. https://www.asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/AcehC aseStudyFullReport.pdf
- Bayo, LN. (2012). Laporan Akhir Desentralisasi Asimetris yang Menyejahterakan: Aceh dan Papua. JPP FISIPOL : Universitas Gadjah Mada.
- Boissevain, J. (1978). Friends of Friends: Networks, Manipulators and Coalitions. NewYork: St. Martin’s Press.
- BPK RI. (2013). Laporan Hasil Pemeriksaan Kinerja atas Pengelolaan dan Pertanggungjawaban Dana Otonomi Khusus TA 2008-2012 pada Bidang Pembangunan Jalan dan Jembatan di Dinas Bina Marga dan Cipta Karya Aceh dan Instansi Terkait di Provinsi Aceh. Banda Aceh: BPK RI Perwakilan Aceh.
- Braathen, E. (2008). Decentralization and Poverty Reduction, A review of the linkages in Tanzania and international literature. Norad Report 22b/2008 Discussion, Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation. http://www.norad.no/items/14184/38/2084279701/Decentralisation%20and%20Poverty%20Reduction.pdf
- Brillantes Jr., Alex. (2004). Decentralization Imperatives, Lessons from Some Asian Countries. Journal of International Cooperation Studies, Vo. 12 No. 1, August.
- Brown, G. K. (2009). Federalism, regional autonomy and conflict: Introduction and overview. Ethnopolitics, 8(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449050902738887 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17449050902738887
- Cahyono, H. (2018). Politik Pengelolaan Dana Otonomi Khusus dan Istimewa. Yayasan Putra Obor Indonesia. Jakarta.
- Crook, R., Sverrisson, A. (2001). Decentralization and Poverty Alleviation in Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis, or Is West Bengal Unique? Institute of Development Studies: Brighton.
- Dillinger, W. (1994). Decentralization and Its Implications for Urban Service Delivery. Urban Management Program Discussion Paper 16 (Washington, DC: World Bank), cited in Richard C. Crook and James Manor, Democracy and Decentralization in South-East Asia and West Africa: Participation, Accountability, and Performance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). https://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-2792-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-2792-5
- Effendi, R. (2015). Dana Otsus vs Kesejahteraan. Serambinews.com. http://aceh.tribunnews.com/2015/05/21/dana-otsus-vs-kesejahteraan
- Englebert, P., & Mungongo, E.K. (2016). Misguided and Misdiagnosed: The Failure of Decentralization Reforms in the DR Congo. African Studies Review 59(1), 5-32. https://doi.org/10.1017/asr.2016.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/asr.2016.5
- Falleti, TG. (2004). A Sequential Theory of Decentralization and Its Effects on the Intergovernmental Balance of Power: Latin American Cases In Comparative Perspective. Working Paper #314, July. http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/fat01/fat01.pdf.
- Fjeldstad, OH. (2004). Decentralisation and Corruption: A Review of the Literature. Chr.Michelson Institute: Bergen.
- Fisman, R., Gatti, R. (2002). Decentralization and corruption: evidence across countries. Journal of Public Economics 83(3): 325-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(00)00158-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(00)00158-4
- Hadenius, A. (2003). Decentralization and democratic governance experiences from India, Bolivia and South Africa. Sweden: Almqvist & Wiksell International.
- Huda, N. (2014). Desentralisasi Asimetris Dalam NKRI Kajian Terhadap Daerah Istimewa, Daerah Khusus dan Otonomi Khusus. Nusa Media. Bandung
- Hofman, B., and Kaiser, K. (2006). Decentralization, democratic transition, and local governance in Indonesia. In P. Bardhan & D. Mookherjee (Eds.), Decentralization and local governance in developing countries: a comparative perspective (pp. 81-124). Cambridge, Mass. and London: MIT Press.
- ICG. (2007). Aceh: Post-Conflict Compilations. Jakarta: International Crisis Group.
- Iry, A.G. (2009). Dari Papua Meneropong Indonesia. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia.
- Jack, W. (2004). The organization of public service provision. Journal of Public Economic Theory 6(3), 409–425. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9779.2004.00172.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9779.2004.00172.x
- Jalil, H., Yani, T.A., Yoesoef, M.D. (2006). Implementasi Otonomi Khusus Di Provinsi Aceh Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2006. KANUN No. 51 Edisi Agustus 2010.
- KOMPAK. (2018). Evaluasi Pemanfaatan Dana Otonomi Khusus Aceh 2008-2017. Jakarta.
- Koelble, TA and Siddle, A. 2013. Why Decentralization in South Africa Has Failed. Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions. Vol.26, No.3. July (pp.343-346). https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12022
- Kristiansen, S., and Pratikno. (2006). Decentralising education in Indonesia. International Journal of Educational Development. 26(5), 513-531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2005.12.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2005.12.003
- Litvack, J., Ahmad, J., Bird, R. (1998). Rethinking Decentralization in Developing Countries. Washington, D.C: The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-4350-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-4350-5
- McGibbon, R. (2006). Local Leadership and The Aceh Conflict, in Anthony Reid, ed. 2006, Verandah Of Violence: The Background to the Aceh Problem. Singapore University Press. Pp. 315-59.
- McGibbon, R. (2004). Secessionist Challenges in Aceh and Papua: Is Special Autonomy the Solution. Policy Studies 10.Washington: The East-West Center.
- McLean, K, and Elizabeth, K. (1999). Decentralization of the Education Sector in World Bank Institute (ed.), Decentralization Briefing Notes. WBI Working Papers. Available online http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/publications/wbi37142.pdf
- Melbourne Forum on Constitution-Building. (2018). Asymmetric Territorial Arrangements in Decentralized Systems. Constitutional INSIGHT No.3 October 2018. The University Of Melbourne. https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/asymmetric-territorial-arrangements-in-decentralized-systems.pdf
- Nasution, I. (2016). The Challenge of Decentralization in Indonesia Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Debate. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 6(9), 691-697. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijssh.2016.6.9.734 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7763/IJSSH.2016.V6.734
- Olum, Y. (2014). Decentralisation in Developing Countries: Preconditions for Successful Implementation. Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance (CJLG) 2014, 0, 4061. https://doi.org/10.5130/cjlg.v0i0.4061 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5130/cjlg.v0i0.4061
- Research Team at Syiah Kuala University, Malikulsaleh University, & DSF World Bank Staff (Decentralization Support Facility). (2011). Kajian Pengelolaan dan Pemanfaatan Dana Otsus Aceh. Jakarta: DSF.
- Rodden, J. (2003). Reviving Leviathan: fiscal federalism and the growth of government. International Organization 57, 695–730. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818303574021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818303574021
- Rodriguez-Pose, A., Tijmstra, S., Bwire, A., (2009). Fiscal decentralization, efficiency, and growth. Environment and Planning A 41, 2041–2062. https://doi.org/10.1068/a4087 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1068/a4087
- Rondinelli, D. (2007). Parallel and Partnership Approaches to Decentralized Governance: Experience in Weak States. In Cheema G. & Rondinelli D. (Eds.), Decentralizing Governance: Emerging Concepts and Practices (pp. 21-42). Brookings Institution Press.
- Ryan, Jeffrey J. (2004). Decentralization and Democratic Instability: The Case of Costa Rica. Public Administration Review. Vol. 64, Issue 1 – January. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00348.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00348.x
- Steffensen, J., Tidemand, P., Naitore, H., Ssewankambo, E., and Mwaipopo, E. (2004). Final Synthesis Report: A Comparative Analysis of Decentralisation in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda (NCG), August.
- Suharyo, Suharyo. (2016). Otonomi Khusus di Papua dan Aceh Sebagai Perwujudan Implementasi Peranan Hukum dalam Kesejahteraan Masyarakat. Jurnal RechtsVinding. 5 (3): 323-337. https://rechtsvinding.bphn.go.id/artikel/ART%203%20JRV%205.3%20WATERMARK.pdf
- Takeshi, I. (2006), The Dynamics of Local Governance Reform in Decentralizing Indonesia: Participatory Planning and Village Empowerment in Bandung, West Java. Journal of Asian and African Area Studies. 5 (2): 137-8.
- Tarlton, C. (1965). Symmetry and Asymmetry as Elements of Federalism: A Theoretical Speculation. The Journal of Politics, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Nov. 1965), pp. 861-874.The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/2128123 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2128123
- Tommasi, M., Weinschelbaum, F. (2007). Centralization vs. decentralization: a principal-agent analysis. Journal of Public Economic Theory 9(2), 369-389. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9779.2007.00311.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9779.2007.00311.x
- World Bank. (2006). Aceh Public Expenditure Analysis Spending For Construction And Poverty Reduction. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/Publication/280016-1152870963030 /APEA.pdf
- World Bank. (2001). Decentralization and Governance: Does Decentralization Improve Public Service Delivery? in PremNotes No. 55. http://www1.worldbank.org/prem/PREMNotes/premnote55.pdf
References
Amrizal., Faisal, R., Budiman, G., Pendasteren, T. (2015). Asymmetric Decentralization Aceh; Governor Consultation and Consideration Context on Central Government Administrative Policy. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 20, Issue 9, Ver. V (Sep. 2015), PP 01-10.
Ali, S. (2019). The Management Model of Aceh’s Special Autonomy Fund. Jurnal Bina Praja: Journal of Home Affairs Governance. https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.11.2019.159-170 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.11.2019.159-170
Aspinall, E, and Crouch, H. (2003). The Aceh Peace Process: Why it Failed. Policy Studies 1: The East-West Center Washington.
Aspinall, E. (2009). Combatants to Contractors: The Political Economy of Peace in Aceh, in Indonesia. JSTOR. (87), 1–34.
Aziz, NLL. (2018). Politik Pengelolaan Dana Otonomi Khusus dan Istimewa. Jakarta: Yayasan Putra Obor Indonesia.
Azfar, O., Kähkönen, S., Lanyi, A., Meagher, P., and Rutherford, D. (1999). Decentralization, Governance And Public Services The Impact Of Institutional Arrangements. IRIS Center: University of Maryland, College Park.
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). (2015). Aceh Dalam Angka 2015.
Badan Pusat Statistik Aceh (BPS). (2019). Indikator Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Aceh. BPS Provinsi Aceh.
Bailey, F. (2001). Stratagems And Spoils. New York: Routledge.
Bakke, K. M. (2015). Decentralization and intrastate struggles: Chechnya, Punjab, and Québec. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316146125 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316146125
Barron, P., Rahmant, E., Nugroho, K. (2019). The Contested Corners Of Asia: Subnational Conflict and International Development Assistance. https://www.asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/AcehC aseStudyFullReport.pdf
Bayo, LN. (2012). Laporan Akhir Desentralisasi Asimetris yang Menyejahterakan: Aceh dan Papua. JPP FISIPOL : Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Boissevain, J. (1978). Friends of Friends: Networks, Manipulators and Coalitions. NewYork: St. Martin’s Press.
BPK RI. (2013). Laporan Hasil Pemeriksaan Kinerja atas Pengelolaan dan Pertanggungjawaban Dana Otonomi Khusus TA 2008-2012 pada Bidang Pembangunan Jalan dan Jembatan di Dinas Bina Marga dan Cipta Karya Aceh dan Instansi Terkait di Provinsi Aceh. Banda Aceh: BPK RI Perwakilan Aceh.
Braathen, E. (2008). Decentralization and Poverty Reduction, A review of the linkages in Tanzania and international literature. Norad Report 22b/2008 Discussion, Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation. http://www.norad.no/items/14184/38/2084279701/Decentralisation%20and%20Poverty%20Reduction.pdf
Brillantes Jr., Alex. (2004). Decentralization Imperatives, Lessons from Some Asian Countries. Journal of International Cooperation Studies, Vo. 12 No. 1, August.
Brown, G. K. (2009). Federalism, regional autonomy and conflict: Introduction and overview. Ethnopolitics, 8(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449050902738887 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17449050902738887
Cahyono, H. (2018). Politik Pengelolaan Dana Otonomi Khusus dan Istimewa. Yayasan Putra Obor Indonesia. Jakarta.
Crook, R., Sverrisson, A. (2001). Decentralization and Poverty Alleviation in Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis, or Is West Bengal Unique? Institute of Development Studies: Brighton.
Dillinger, W. (1994). Decentralization and Its Implications for Urban Service Delivery. Urban Management Program Discussion Paper 16 (Washington, DC: World Bank), cited in Richard C. Crook and James Manor, Democracy and Decentralization in South-East Asia and West Africa: Participation, Accountability, and Performance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). https://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-2792-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-2792-5
Effendi, R. (2015). Dana Otsus vs Kesejahteraan. Serambinews.com. http://aceh.tribunnews.com/2015/05/21/dana-otsus-vs-kesejahteraan
Englebert, P., & Mungongo, E.K. (2016). Misguided and Misdiagnosed: The Failure of Decentralization Reforms in the DR Congo. African Studies Review 59(1), 5-32. https://doi.org/10.1017/asr.2016.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/asr.2016.5
Falleti, TG. (2004). A Sequential Theory of Decentralization and Its Effects on the Intergovernmental Balance of Power: Latin American Cases In Comparative Perspective. Working Paper #314, July. http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/fat01/fat01.pdf.
Fjeldstad, OH. (2004). Decentralisation and Corruption: A Review of the Literature. Chr.Michelson Institute: Bergen.
Fisman, R., Gatti, R. (2002). Decentralization and corruption: evidence across countries. Journal of Public Economics 83(3): 325-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(00)00158-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(00)00158-4
Hadenius, A. (2003). Decentralization and democratic governance experiences from India, Bolivia and South Africa. Sweden: Almqvist & Wiksell International.
Huda, N. (2014). Desentralisasi Asimetris Dalam NKRI Kajian Terhadap Daerah Istimewa, Daerah Khusus dan Otonomi Khusus. Nusa Media. Bandung
Hofman, B., and Kaiser, K. (2006). Decentralization, democratic transition, and local governance in Indonesia. In P. Bardhan & D. Mookherjee (Eds.), Decentralization and local governance in developing countries: a comparative perspective (pp. 81-124). Cambridge, Mass. and London: MIT Press.
ICG. (2007). Aceh: Post-Conflict Compilations. Jakarta: International Crisis Group.
Iry, A.G. (2009). Dari Papua Meneropong Indonesia. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia.
Jack, W. (2004). The organization of public service provision. Journal of Public Economic Theory 6(3), 409–425. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9779.2004.00172.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9779.2004.00172.x
Jalil, H., Yani, T.A., Yoesoef, M.D. (2006). Implementasi Otonomi Khusus Di Provinsi Aceh Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2006. KANUN No. 51 Edisi Agustus 2010.
KOMPAK. (2018). Evaluasi Pemanfaatan Dana Otonomi Khusus Aceh 2008-2017. Jakarta.
Koelble, TA and Siddle, A. 2013. Why Decentralization in South Africa Has Failed. Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions. Vol.26, No.3. July (pp.343-346). https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12022
Kristiansen, S., and Pratikno. (2006). Decentralising education in Indonesia. International Journal of Educational Development. 26(5), 513-531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2005.12.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2005.12.003
Litvack, J., Ahmad, J., Bird, R. (1998). Rethinking Decentralization in Developing Countries. Washington, D.C: The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-4350-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-4350-5
McGibbon, R. (2006). Local Leadership and The Aceh Conflict, in Anthony Reid, ed. 2006, Verandah Of Violence: The Background to the Aceh Problem. Singapore University Press. Pp. 315-59.
McGibbon, R. (2004). Secessionist Challenges in Aceh and Papua: Is Special Autonomy the Solution. Policy Studies 10.Washington: The East-West Center.
McLean, K, and Elizabeth, K. (1999). Decentralization of the Education Sector in World Bank Institute (ed.), Decentralization Briefing Notes. WBI Working Papers. Available online http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/publications/wbi37142.pdf
Melbourne Forum on Constitution-Building. (2018). Asymmetric Territorial Arrangements in Decentralized Systems. Constitutional INSIGHT No.3 October 2018. The University Of Melbourne. https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/asymmetric-territorial-arrangements-in-decentralized-systems.pdf
Nasution, I. (2016). The Challenge of Decentralization in Indonesia Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Debate. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 6(9), 691-697. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijssh.2016.6.9.734 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7763/IJSSH.2016.V6.734
Olum, Y. (2014). Decentralisation in Developing Countries: Preconditions for Successful Implementation. Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance (CJLG) 2014, 0, 4061. https://doi.org/10.5130/cjlg.v0i0.4061 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5130/cjlg.v0i0.4061
Research Team at Syiah Kuala University, Malikulsaleh University, & DSF World Bank Staff (Decentralization Support Facility). (2011). Kajian Pengelolaan dan Pemanfaatan Dana Otsus Aceh. Jakarta: DSF.
Rodden, J. (2003). Reviving Leviathan: fiscal federalism and the growth of government. International Organization 57, 695–730. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818303574021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818303574021
Rodriguez-Pose, A., Tijmstra, S., Bwire, A., (2009). Fiscal decentralization, efficiency, and growth. Environment and Planning A 41, 2041–2062. https://doi.org/10.1068/a4087 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1068/a4087
Rondinelli, D. (2007). Parallel and Partnership Approaches to Decentralized Governance: Experience in Weak States. In Cheema G. & Rondinelli D. (Eds.), Decentralizing Governance: Emerging Concepts and Practices (pp. 21-42). Brookings Institution Press.
Ryan, Jeffrey J. (2004). Decentralization and Democratic Instability: The Case of Costa Rica. Public Administration Review. Vol. 64, Issue 1 – January. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00348.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00348.x
Steffensen, J., Tidemand, P., Naitore, H., Ssewankambo, E., and Mwaipopo, E. (2004). Final Synthesis Report: A Comparative Analysis of Decentralisation in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda (NCG), August.
Suharyo, Suharyo. (2016). Otonomi Khusus di Papua dan Aceh Sebagai Perwujudan Implementasi Peranan Hukum dalam Kesejahteraan Masyarakat. Jurnal RechtsVinding. 5 (3): 323-337. https://rechtsvinding.bphn.go.id/artikel/ART%203%20JRV%205.3%20WATERMARK.pdf
Takeshi, I. (2006), The Dynamics of Local Governance Reform in Decentralizing Indonesia: Participatory Planning and Village Empowerment in Bandung, West Java. Journal of Asian and African Area Studies. 5 (2): 137-8.
Tarlton, C. (1965). Symmetry and Asymmetry as Elements of Federalism: A Theoretical Speculation. The Journal of Politics, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Nov. 1965), pp. 861-874.The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/2128123 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2128123
Tommasi, M., Weinschelbaum, F. (2007). Centralization vs. decentralization: a principal-agent analysis. Journal of Public Economic Theory 9(2), 369-389. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9779.2007.00311.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9779.2007.00311.x
World Bank. (2006). Aceh Public Expenditure Analysis Spending For Construction And Poverty Reduction. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/Publication/280016-1152870963030 /APEA.pdf
World Bank. (2001). Decentralization and Governance: Does Decentralization Improve Public Service Delivery? in PremNotes No. 55. http://www1.worldbank.org/prem/PREMNotes/premnote55.pdf