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US-TALIBAN PEACE TALKS: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
Corresponding Author(s) : Mian Muhammad Azhar
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 2 (2021): March
Abstract
Purpose: The study explores the after-effects of US-Taliban peace talks and how these can bring peace in decades' long war-wracked Afghanistan. It also investigates whether or not the ever-widening trust deficit between the stakeholders be bridged through these talks and in the future, Afghan soil will never be used for transnational activities. How can these talks neutralize and influence militant groups to join mainstream politics?
Methodology: Relevant data were collected from newspaper articles, editorials, websites, journals, research reports, and magazines and minutely analyzed. The research is qualitative and explanatory cum exploratory in nature. Analytical techniques were utilized to evaluate data on the outcomes of the Doha-based US-Taliban peace talks.
Main Findings: The study finds that it's easy to conclude table talks but hard to implement on the ground. Decades' long trust deficit will not come to an end until and unless all the stakeholders move forward positively. Intra-Afghan dialogue is the most important step to bring the political instability to an end and constitutional accommodation be made accordingly to space all these in mainstream politics.
Applications: Findings of the study, to some extent, will be fruitful for the stakeholders to prioritize the steps to bring peace to Afghanistan. It also cautions regional and international actors to pursue their interests without using the soil of Afghanistan for seditious activities in rival countries.
Novelty: The study is unique in the sense that it explores the ways and means through which decades’ long trust deficit can be bridged by looping into the stakeholders for lasting peace to Afghanistan and the region.
Keywords
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- Afghanistan Pledges October date for parliamentary election. (2018, April 1). Retrieved July 20, 2020, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-election-idUSKCN1H810L
- Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy in Brief. (2019, January 16). Retrieved May 10, 2020, from https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20190116_R45122_b891ce4095f1e46bc13b657a94951 84bf6075e54.html
- Afghanistan: Civilian deaths at record high in 2018 - UN. (2019, February 24). Retrieved November 26, 2020, from bbc.com: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47347958
- Afghanistan's Ghani says 45,000 security personnel killed since 2014. (2019, January 25). Retrieved May 6, 2019, from www.bbc.com: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47005558
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- Ahmadzai, M. M. (2017, September 17). Afghanistan and regional cooperation: Opportunities and impediments. Retrieved February 18, 2019, from http://www.afghanistantimes.af/ afghanistan-and-regional-cooperation-opportunities-and-impediments/
- Azami, D. (2018, April 2). Is Russia arming the Afghan Taliban? Retrieved January 21, 2019, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41842285
- Azami, D. (2019, July 14). Afghanistan war: What could peace look like? Retrieved July 20, 2019. from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47733079
- Bew, J., Evan, R., Frampton, M., Porges, M., & Neumann, P. (2013). Talking to the Taliban Hope over History? London: The International Centre for the study of Radicalisation and Political Violence (ICSR).
- Chalk, L. H. (2012). India's and Pakistan's Strategies in Afghanistan: Implications for the United States and the Region. Pittsburgh: Centre for Asia Pacific Policy.
- Chaudhuri, R., & Shende, S. (2020, June 20). Dealing With the Taliban: India’s Strategy in Afghanistan After U.S. Withdrawal. Retrieved June 24, 2020, from https://carnegieindia.org/2020/06/02/dealing-with-taliban-india-s-strategy-in-afghanistan-after-u.s.-withdrawal-pub-81951
- Cordesman, A. H. (2020). Afghanistan: No Real Peace Process and No Progress Towards Definite Real Peace. Washington D.C.: Center for Strategic & International Studies.
- Constable, P., & Salahuddin, s. (2018, October 18). U.S. commander in Afghanistan survives deadly attack at governor’s compound that kills top Afghan police general. Retrieved March 12, 2019, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/gunfire-erupts-in-afghan-governors-compound-after-meeting-with-us-commander/2018/10/18/109fc5e0-d2ce-11e8-b2d2-f397227b43f0_story.html?utm_term=.9529692d0958
- Constable, P., Ryan, M., & Sonne, P. (2019, January 28). U.S., Taliban move closer to deal on American troop exit. Retrieved June 5, 2019, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/afghan-president-calls-for-direct-talks-with-taliban-us-tentatively-agrees-on-framework-that-could-lead-to-troop-withdrawal/2019/01/28/23ecbaba-22f9-11e9-81fd-b7b05d5bed90_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term
- Farr, G. (2020, April 6). The peace agreement and its problems. Retrieved February 10, 2021, from www.e-ir.info: (https://www.e-ir.info/2020/04/06/the-afghan-peace-agreement-and-its-problems/)
- Felbab, D. V. (2016). The Afghanistan Challenge: US Troops Withdrawal and the Stability of Afghanistan. In S. S. Aneel, Evolving Situation in Afghanistan: Role of Major Powers and Regional Countries (p. 177). Islamabad: Islamabad Policy Research Institute.
- Gul, A. (2019, July 16). Pakistan-US Cooperation ‘Has Rekindled Hope’ for Afghan Peace. Retrieved July 19, 2019, from https://www.voanews.com/south-central-asia/pakistan-us-cooperation-has-rekindled-hope-afghan-peace
- Haidari, M. A. (2017, June 28). For Peace in Afghanistan, Listen to Afghans. Retrieved April 14, 2019, from https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/for-peace-in-afghanistan-listen-to-afghans/
- Hossaini, A. Y. (2020, April 30). Looking ahead to Intra-Afghan Negotiations: A scrutiny of different political groups’ plans for peace. Retrieved May 19, 2020, from https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/war-and-peace/intra-afghan-negotiations-a-look-at-various-afghan-peace-plans/
- Hussain, Z. (2019, January 30). Talking Afghan Peace. Retrieved June 18, 2019, from https://www.dawn.com/news/1460713
- Idrees, M., Rehman, A. u., & Naazer, M. A. (2020). Afghan Peace Process and the Role of Pakistan in Engaging the Stakeholders. Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal, 3(2), 20-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/3.2.3
- India using Afghan soil for terrorism in Balochistan says Interior Minister. (2017, November 16). Retrieved March 25, 2019, from https://www.geo.tv/latest/167895-india-using-afghan-soil-for-terrorism-in-baluchistan-says-interior-minister
- Interpreting the U.S. Talks with the Taliban. (2019, January 29). Retrieved July 11, 2019, from https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/afghanistan/interpreting-us-talks-taliban
- Jadoon, A., Jahanbani, N., & Willis, C. (2018). Challenging the ISK Brand in Afghanistan-Pakistan: Rivalries and Divided Loyalties. CTC Sentinel, 11(4), 1-39.
- Jami, M. (2020). Intra-Afghan Peace Talks: A Channel to Peaxe. Glocality, 3(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.5334/glo.18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/glo.18
- Johnson, C. G. (2016). The Rise and Stall of the Islamic State in Afghanistan. Washington D.C.: US Institute of Peace.
- Kaura, V. (2018). Understanding the Complexities of the Afghan Peace Process. Observer Research Foundation, April, 1-30.
- Kazmi, S. S. (2015). Afghan Peace Process: Prospects and Challenges for Pakistan. Journal of Security and Strategic Analysis, 119-143.
- Kenfall, J. (2002). The Incalculable Risk: How the World Trade Center Disaster Accelerated the Evolution of Insurance Terrorism Exclusion. Richmond Law Review, 36(2), 569-596.
- Khan, A. (2016). Prospects of Peace in Afghanistan. Strategic Studies, 36(1), 18-46.
- Khattak, D. (2019, February 14). Without Regional Cooperation, Afghan Peace Will Remain Elusive. Retrieved July 2, 2019, from https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/without-regional-cooperation-afghan-peace-will-remain-elusive/
- Khattak, Z. U. (2018, November 12). Afghanistan Peace Process, Challenges and Opportunities. Retrieved May 12, 2019, from http://blogs.dunyanews.tv/23629/
- Malkasian, C. (2020, March/April 2020). How the Good War Went Bad, America’s Slow-Motion Failure in Afghanistan. Retrieved November 26, 2020, from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/afghanistan/2020-02-10/how-good-war-went-bad
- Mashal, M. (2020, May 17). Afghan Rivals Sign Power-Sharing Deal as Political Crisis Subsidise. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/17/world/asia/afghanistan-ghani-abdullah.html
- Mashal, M. (2020, February 29). Taliban and U.S. Strike Deal to Withdraw American Troops From Afghanistan. Retrieved August 1, 2020, from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/29/world/asia/us-taliban-deal.html
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- Pandey, S., & Sareen, S. (2020). Between a Republic and an Emirate: The Future of Afghanistan. Observer Research Foundation.
- Qazi, S. (2019, August 13). ‘Peace deal is near’: What we know so far about US-Taliban talks. Retrieved April 10, 2020, from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/8/13/peace-deal-is-near-what-we-know-so-far-about-us-taliban-talks
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- Rahim, N., & Nordland, R. (2018, August 1). Taliban Surge Routs ISIS in Northern Afghanistan. Retrieved March 18, 2019, from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/01/world/asia/afghanistan-taliban-isis.html
- Robin, M. (2002, March). Who Is Responsible for the Taliban? Retrieved November 18, 2019, from https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/who-is-responsible-for-the-taliban
- Sales, N. A. (2019). Countery Reports on Terrorism 2019. Washington D.C.: State Department.
- Schmeidl, S. (2016). The Contradictions of Democracy in Afghanistan: elites, elections and 'people's rule" Post 2001. Conflict, Security & Development, 16(6), 575-594. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2016.1248427 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2016.1248427
- Shams, S. (2019, July 06). Intra-Afghan dialogue-end of war more likely than ever. Retrieved July 12, 2019, from https://www.dw.com/en/intra-afghan-dialogue-end-of-war-more-likely-than-ever/a-49499704
- Sheikh, M. K., & Khan, A. (2019). Prospects of Settlement with the Afghan Taliban Exit, Peace and Governance from the Taliban Perspective. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies.
- Shinwari, A. J. (2019). An Assessment of Peace Negotiation between the United States Government and the Taliban Insurgent Group, 2001-2018. Baltimore, Maryland: John Hopkins University.
- Sheikh, M. K., & Greenwood, M. T. (2013). Taliban Talks: Past, Present and Prospects for the US, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Copenhagen: DIIS: Danish Institute for International Studies.
- Shinn, J., & Dobbins, J. (2019). Afghan Peace Talks: A Primer. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation.
- Taking Stock of the Taliban’s Perspectives on Peace. (2020).Brussels: International Crisis Group.
- Tariq, M. (2020). US-Afghan Talks: Myths and Realities. Global Political Review, V(I), 104-111. https://doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2020(V-I).12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2020(V-I).12
- Their, A. (2019, September 16). What are the Prospects for Power-Sharing in the Afghan Peace Process? Retrieved June 18, 2020, from https://www.usip.org/publications/2019/09/what-are-prospects-power-sharing-afghan-peace-process
- Thomas, C. (2019). Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy: In Brief. Wahington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.
- Tronc, E., & Nahikian, A. (2018). Fragile Future: The Human Cost of Conflict in Afghanistan. Harvard Humanitarian Initiative. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3291982 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3291982
- Twenty-second report of the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team submitted pursuant to resolution 2368 (2017) concerning ISIL (Da’esh), Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entities. (2018). Washington DC: UNO.
- United States Signs Agreement with the Taliban, but Prospects for Its Full Implementation Remain Uncertain. (2020). American Journal of International Law, 114(3), 529-538. https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2020.45 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2020.45
- Vestenskov, D., & Hasan, R. (2018). Approaching Peace Talks in Afghanistan: Stakeholders, Challenges and Prospects. London: Policy Brief-Royal Danish Defence College.
- Wahdatyar, H. (2017, February 14). 4 Reasons Russia Increasingly Favors the Taliban in Afghanistan. Retrieved January 22, 2019, from https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/4-reasons-russia-increasingly-favors-the-taliban-in-afghanistan/
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Kazmi, S. S. (2015). Afghan Peace Process: Prospects and Challenges for Pakistan. Journal of Security and Strategic Analysis, 119-143.
Kenfall, J. (2002). The Incalculable Risk: How the World Trade Center Disaster Accelerated the Evolution of Insurance Terrorism Exclusion. Richmond Law Review, 36(2), 569-596.
Khan, A. (2016). Prospects of Peace in Afghanistan. Strategic Studies, 36(1), 18-46.
Khattak, D. (2019, February 14). Without Regional Cooperation, Afghan Peace Will Remain Elusive. Retrieved July 2, 2019, from https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/without-regional-cooperation-afghan-peace-will-remain-elusive/
Khattak, Z. U. (2018, November 12). Afghanistan Peace Process, Challenges and Opportunities. Retrieved May 12, 2019, from http://blogs.dunyanews.tv/23629/
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Miller, L. E., & Blake, J. S. (2019). Envisioning a Comprehensive Peace Agreement for Afghanistan. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. https://doi.org/10.7249/RR2937 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7249/RR2937
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Qazi, S. (2019, August 13). ‘Peace deal is near’: What we know so far about US-Taliban talks. Retrieved April 10, 2020, from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/8/13/peace-deal-is-near-what-we-know-so-far-about-us-taliban-talks
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Robin, M. (2002, March). Who Is Responsible for the Taliban? Retrieved November 18, 2019, from https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/who-is-responsible-for-the-taliban
Sales, N. A. (2019). Countery Reports on Terrorism 2019. Washington D.C.: State Department.
Schmeidl, S. (2016). The Contradictions of Democracy in Afghanistan: elites, elections and 'people's rule" Post 2001. Conflict, Security & Development, 16(6), 575-594. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2016.1248427 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2016.1248427
Shams, S. (2019, July 06). Intra-Afghan dialogue-end of war more likely than ever. Retrieved July 12, 2019, from https://www.dw.com/en/intra-afghan-dialogue-end-of-war-more-likely-than-ever/a-49499704
Sheikh, M. K., & Khan, A. (2019). Prospects of Settlement with the Afghan Taliban Exit, Peace and Governance from the Taliban Perspective. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies.
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Sheikh, M. K., & Greenwood, M. T. (2013). Taliban Talks: Past, Present and Prospects for the US, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Copenhagen: DIIS: Danish Institute for International Studies.
Shinn, J., & Dobbins, J. (2019). Afghan Peace Talks: A Primer. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation.
Taking Stock of the Taliban’s Perspectives on Peace. (2020).Brussels: International Crisis Group.
Tariq, M. (2020). US-Afghan Talks: Myths and Realities. Global Political Review, V(I), 104-111. https://doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2020(V-I).12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2020(V-I).12
Their, A. (2019, September 16). What are the Prospects for Power-Sharing in the Afghan Peace Process? Retrieved June 18, 2020, from https://www.usip.org/publications/2019/09/what-are-prospects-power-sharing-afghan-peace-process
Thomas, C. (2019). Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy: In Brief. Wahington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.
Tronc, E., & Nahikian, A. (2018). Fragile Future: The Human Cost of Conflict in Afghanistan. Harvard Humanitarian Initiative. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3291982 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3291982
Twenty-second report of the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team submitted pursuant to resolution 2368 (2017) concerning ISIL (Da’esh), Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entities. (2018). Washington DC: UNO.
United States Signs Agreement with the Taliban, but Prospects for Its Full Implementation Remain Uncertain. (2020). American Journal of International Law, 114(3), 529-538. https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2020.45 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2020.45
Vestenskov, D., & Hasan, R. (2018). Approaching Peace Talks in Afghanistan: Stakeholders, Challenges and Prospects. London: Policy Brief-Royal Danish Defence College.
Wahdatyar, H. (2017, February 14). 4 Reasons Russia Increasingly Favors the Taliban in Afghanistan. Retrieved January 22, 2019, from https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/4-reasons-russia-increasingly-favors-the-taliban-in-afghanistan/