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THE EFFECT OF AUTHENTIC LEADERSHIP ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE: A MODERATING ROLE OF ISLAMIC WORK ETHICS
Corresponding Author(s) : Amjad Ali
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 2 (2021): March
Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to explore the impact of authentic leadership on employee performance and the moderating role of Islamic work ethics. There is little research on authentic leadership and employee performance in Pakistan's higher education sector. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of authentic leadership with Islamic work ethics on employee performance.
Methodology: This is a quantitative study. In this study, the convenience sampling method was used as a sampling technique. The data was collected from the higher education sector in Peshawar, and a questionnaire was circulated to 220 employees working in the various higher education sector in Peshawar. Data were analyzed by using SPSS 22 version.
Results: The results show that authentic leadership has a significant impact on employee performance. Authentic leadership also significantly influences IWE. Similarly, the interactive impact of authentic leadership and Islamic work ethics on employee performance was also found to be significant.
Applications of this study: This research can be very effective for improving authentic leadership strategies to improve the performance of employees in the higher education sector in Peshawar, Pakistan.
The Novelty of the study: The contribution of this research is Islamic work ethics using the first time between authentic leadership and employee performance, which has not been used so far. It has been found that Islamic work ethics positively moderate the link between authentic leadership and employee performance.
Keywords
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- Al-Douri, J. A., Aldabbagh, I., Mohammad, M. M., & Qawasmeh, R. (2020). The impact of Islamic work ethics on job performance with mediating role of intrinsic motivation. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 19(2), 1-11.
- Abdullah, M. I., Sarfraz, M., & Kazmi, S. M. H. (2018). Traits of leadership for efficacious communication of Project Management in Software Industry of Pakistan. Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 21(1), 2223-2613. https://doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2018.21.1.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2018.21.1.5
- Ali, A. J., & Alâ€Owaihan, A. (2008). Islamic work ethic: a critical review. Cross-cultural management: An international Journal, 15(1), 5-19. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600810848791 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600810848791
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- Al-Aidaros, A. H., & Mohd Shamsudin, F. (2013). Ethics and ethical theories from an Islamic perspective. International Journal of Islamic Thought, 4, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.24035/ijit.04.2013.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24035/ijit.04.2013.001
- Al-Qaradawi, Y. (1996). The general characteristics of Islam. Beirut: Darul Al-Research Publication.
- Ahmad, M. S. (2011). Work ethics: an Islamic perspective. Journal of Human Sciences, 8(1), 850-859.
- Ali, A. J., & Alâ€Kazemi, A. A. (2007). Islamic work ethic in Kuwait. Cross cultural management: An international Journal, 14(2), 93-104. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600710745714 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600710745714
- Avolio, B. J., Gardner, W. L., Walumbwa, F. O., Luthans, F., & May, D. R. (2004). Unlocking the mask: A look at the process by which authentic leaders impact follower attitudes and behaviors. The leadership quarterly, 15(6), 801-823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.09.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.09.003
- Block, L. (2003). The leadershipâ€culture connection: an exploratory investigation. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 24(6), 318-334. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730310494293 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730310494293
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- Bliese, P. D., & Jex, S. M. (2002). Incorporating a mulitilevel perspective into occupational stress research: Theoretical, methodological, and practical implications. Journal of occupational health psychology, 7(3), 265. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.7.3.265 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.7.3.265
- ÄŒerne, M., JakliÄ, M., & Å kerlavaj, M. (2013). Authentic leadership, creativity, and innovation: A multilevel perspective. Leadership, 9(1), 63-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715012455130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715012455130
- Den Hartog, D. N., & Belschak, F. D. (2012). When does transformational leadership enhance employee proactive behavior? The role of autonomy and role breadth self-efficacy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(1), 194. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024903 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024903
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- Elnaga, A., & Imran, A. (2013). The effect of training on employee performance. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(4), 137-147.
- Furnham, A. (1990). The Protestant work ethic: The psychology of work-related beliefs and behaviours. Routledge, ISBN- 0415017041
- Gardner, W. L., Avolio, B. J., & Walumbwa, F. O. (Eds.). (2005). Authentic leadership theory and practice: Origins, effects and development (Vol. 3). Elsevier.
- Gardner, W. L., Cogliser, C. C., Davis, K. M., & Dickens, M. P. (2011). Authentic leadership: A review of the literature and research agenda. The leadership quarterly, 22(6), 1120-1145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.le aqua.2011.09.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.09.007
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- Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2011). Relationships between authentic leadership, moral courage, and ethical and pro-social behaviors. Business Ethics Quarterly, 21(4), 555-578. https://doi.org /10.5840/beq201121436 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/beq201121436
- Jensen, S. M., & Luthans, F. (2006). Relationship between entrepreneurs' psychological capital and their authentic leadership. Journal of managerial issues, 254-273.
- Jaskyte, K. (2004). Transformational leadership, organizational culture, and innovativeness in nonprofit organizations. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 15(2), 153-168. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.59 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.59
- Jalil, A., Azam, F., & Rahman, M. K. (2010). Implementation mechanism of ethics in business organizations. International Business Research, 3(4), 145. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v3n4p145 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v3n4p145
- Khalil, M., & Abuâ€Saad, I. (2009). Islamic work ethic among Arab college students in Israel. Cross cultural management: An international Journal, 16(4), 333-346. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600911000320 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600911000320
- Kumar, N., & Rose, R. C. (2012). The impact of knowledge sharing and Islamic work ethic on innovation capability. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 19(2), 142-165. https://doi.org/10.1108/13 527601211219847 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13527601211219847
- Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2006). The leadership challenge (Vol. 3). John Wiley & Sons.
- Leroy, H., Palanski, M. E., & Simons, T. (2012). Authentic leadership and behavioral integrity as drivers of follower commitment and performance. Journal of business ethics, 107(3), 255-264. https://doi.org/10.100 7/s10551-011-1036-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1036-1
- Morrison, A. (2001). Integrity and global leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 31(1), 65-76. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010789324414 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010789324414
- Mahmood, A., Sarfraz, M., Ramzan, M. A., & Abdullah, M. I. (2018). Impact of creativity on entrepreneurial intentions through Self-efficacy. International Journal of Humanities and Social Development Research, 2(1), 52-73.
- McNeese-Smith, D. K. (1997). The influence of manager behavior on nurses' job satisfaction, productivity, and commitment. JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, 27(9), 47-55. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005110-199709000-00011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005110-199709000-00011
- Marri, M. Y. K., Sadozai, A. M., Zaman, H. M. F., & Ramay, M. I. (2012). The impact of Islamic work ethics on job satisfaction and organizational commitment: a study of agriculture sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Behavioral Sciences, 2(12), 32-45.
- Mead, R. (1998). International management. Blackwell, p-478, ISBN-0631200037.
- Nunnally J.C. (1978) An Overview of Psychological Measurement. In: Wolman B.B. (eds) Clinical Diagnosis of Mental Disorders. Springer, Boston, MA, 97-146. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2490-4_4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2490-4_4
- Parker, S. K., & Collins, C. G. (2010). Taking stock: Integrating and differentiating multiple proactive behaviors. Journal of management, 36(3), 633-662. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308321554 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308321554
- Peterson, S. J., & Luthans, F. (2003). The positive impact and development of hopeful leaders. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 24(1), 26-31. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730310457302 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730310457302
- Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2004). Nursing research: Principles and methods. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- Reiter-Palmon, R., & Illies, J. J. (2004). Leadership and creativity: Understanding leadership from a creative problem-solving perspective. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 55-77. https://doi.org/10.101 6/j.leaqua.2003.12.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.12.005
- Rokhman, W. (2010). The effect of Islamic work ethics on work outcomes. EJBO-Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies. Vol. 15 (1) 9. Retrieved from http://ejbo.jyu.fi
- Rotundo, M., & Sackett, P. R. (2002). The relative importance of task, citizenship, and counterproductive performance to global ratings of job performance: A policy-capturing approach. Journal of applied psychology, 87(1), 66. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.66 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.66
- Rashid, M. Z., & Ibrahim, S. (2008). The effect of culture and religiosity on business ethics: A cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(4), 907-917. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9601-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9601-3
- Spence Laschinger, H. K., & Nosko, A. (2015). Exposure to workplace bullying and postâ€traumatic stress disorder symptomology: the role of protective psychological resources. Journal of nursing management, 23(2), 252-262. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12122 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12122
- Thomas, G., Martin, R., & Riggio, R. E. (2013). Leading groups: Leadership as a group process. Sage publications. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430212462497 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430212462497
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- Walumbwa, F. O., Hartnell, C. A., & Oke, A. (2010). Servant leadership, procedural justice climate, service climate, employee attitudes, and organizational citizenship behavior: a cross-level investigation. Journal of applied psychology, 95(3), 517. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018867 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018867
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- Yaverbaum, E., & Sherman, E. (2008). The Everything Leadership Book: Motivate and inspire yourself and others to succeed at home, at work, and in your community. Simon and Schuster.
- Yukl, G. (1989). Managerial leadership: A review of theory and research. Journal of management, 15(2), 251-289. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638901500207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638901500207
- Yousef, D. A. (2000). Organizational commitment as a mediator of the relationship between Islamic work ethic and attitudes toward organizational change. Human relations, 53(4), 513-537. https://doi.org/10.11 77/0018726700534003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726700534003
- Yesil, S., & Dogan, O. (2012). An investigation into the implications of Islamic work ethic (IWE) in the workplace. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 4(11), 612-624. https://doi.org/10.22610 /jebs.v4i11.362 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v4i11.362
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References
Al-Douri, J. A., Aldabbagh, I., Mohammad, M. M., & Qawasmeh, R. (2020). The impact of Islamic work ethics on job performance with mediating role of intrinsic motivation. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 19(2), 1-11.
Abdullah, M. I., Sarfraz, M., & Kazmi, S. M. H. (2018). Traits of leadership for efficacious communication of Project Management in Software Industry of Pakistan. Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 21(1), 2223-2613. https://doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2018.21.1.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2018.21.1.5
Ali, A. J., & Alâ€Owaihan, A. (2008). Islamic work ethic: a critical review. Cross-cultural management: An international Journal, 15(1), 5-19. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600810848791 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600810848791
Avolio, B. J., & Gardner, W. L. (2005). Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. The leadership quarterly, 16(3), 315-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.001
Al-Aidaros, A. H., & Mohd Shamsudin, F. (2013). Ethics and ethical theories from an Islamic perspective. International Journal of Islamic Thought, 4, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.24035/ijit.04.2013.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24035/ijit.04.2013.001
Al-Qaradawi, Y. (1996). The general characteristics of Islam. Beirut: Darul Al-Research Publication.
Ahmad, M. S. (2011). Work ethics: an Islamic perspective. Journal of Human Sciences, 8(1), 850-859.
Ali, A. J., & Alâ€Kazemi, A. A. (2007). Islamic work ethic in Kuwait. Cross cultural management: An international Journal, 14(2), 93-104. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600710745714 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600710745714
Avolio, B. J., Gardner, W. L., Walumbwa, F. O., Luthans, F., & May, D. R. (2004). Unlocking the mask: A look at the process by which authentic leaders impact follower attitudes and behaviors. The leadership quarterly, 15(6), 801-823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.09.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.09.003
Block, L. (2003). The leadershipâ€culture connection: an exploratory investigation. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 24(6), 318-334. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730310494293 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730310494293
Beekun, R. I. (1997). Islamic business ethics (No. 2). International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvk8w1zv DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvk8w1zv
Bliese, P. D., & Jex, S. M. (2002). Incorporating a mulitilevel perspective into occupational stress research: Theoretical, methodological, and practical implications. Journal of occupational health psychology, 7(3), 265. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.7.3.265 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.7.3.265
ÄŒerne, M., JakliÄ, M., & Å kerlavaj, M. (2013). Authentic leadership, creativity, and innovation: A multilevel perspective. Leadership, 9(1), 63-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715012455130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715012455130
Den Hartog, D. N., & Belschak, F. D. (2012). When does transformational leadership enhance employee proactive behavior? The role of autonomy and role breadth self-efficacy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(1), 194. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024903 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024903
Deng, B.-H., Bligh, M. C., & Kohles, J. C. (2010). To err is human, to lead is divine? The role of leaders in learning from workplace mistakes. In B. Schyns & T. Hansbrough (Eds.), When leadership goes wrong: Destructive leadership, mistakes, and ethical failures, IAP Information Age Publishing, 445–475.
Elnaga, A., & Imran, A. (2013). The effect of training on employee performance. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(4), 137-147.
Furnham, A. (1990). The Protestant work ethic: The psychology of work-related beliefs and behaviours. Routledge, ISBN- 0415017041
Gardner, W. L., Avolio, B. J., & Walumbwa, F. O. (Eds.). (2005). Authentic leadership theory and practice: Origins, effects and development (Vol. 3). Elsevier.
Gardner, W. L., Cogliser, C. C., Davis, K. M., & Dickens, M. P. (2011). Authentic leadership: A review of the literature and research agenda. The leadership quarterly, 22(6), 1120-1145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.le aqua.2011.09.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.09.007
Hsiung, H. H. (2012). Authentic leadership and employee voice behavior: A multi-level psychological process. Journal of business ethics, 107(3), 349-361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1043-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1043-2
Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2011). Relationships between authentic leadership, moral courage, and ethical and pro-social behaviors. Business Ethics Quarterly, 21(4), 555-578. https://doi.org /10.5840/beq201121436 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/beq201121436
Jensen, S. M., & Luthans, F. (2006). Relationship between entrepreneurs' psychological capital and their authentic leadership. Journal of managerial issues, 254-273.
Jaskyte, K. (2004). Transformational leadership, organizational culture, and innovativeness in nonprofit organizations. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 15(2), 153-168. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.59 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.59
Jalil, A., Azam, F., & Rahman, M. K. (2010). Implementation mechanism of ethics in business organizations. International Business Research, 3(4), 145. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v3n4p145 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v3n4p145
Khalil, M., & Abuâ€Saad, I. (2009). Islamic work ethic among Arab college students in Israel. Cross cultural management: An international Journal, 16(4), 333-346. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600911000320 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600911000320
Kumar, N., & Rose, R. C. (2012). The impact of knowledge sharing and Islamic work ethic on innovation capability. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 19(2), 142-165. https://doi.org/10.1108/13 527601211219847 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13527601211219847
Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2006). The leadership challenge (Vol. 3). John Wiley & Sons.
Leroy, H., Palanski, M. E., & Simons, T. (2012). Authentic leadership and behavioral integrity as drivers of follower commitment and performance. Journal of business ethics, 107(3), 255-264. https://doi.org/10.100 7/s10551-011-1036-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1036-1
Morrison, A. (2001). Integrity and global leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 31(1), 65-76. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010789324414 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010789324414
Mahmood, A., Sarfraz, M., Ramzan, M. A., & Abdullah, M. I. (2018). Impact of creativity on entrepreneurial intentions through Self-efficacy. International Journal of Humanities and Social Development Research, 2(1), 52-73.
McNeese-Smith, D. K. (1997). The influence of manager behavior on nurses' job satisfaction, productivity, and commitment. JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, 27(9), 47-55. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005110-199709000-00011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005110-199709000-00011
Marri, M. Y. K., Sadozai, A. M., Zaman, H. M. F., & Ramay, M. I. (2012). The impact of Islamic work ethics on job satisfaction and organizational commitment: a study of agriculture sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Behavioral Sciences, 2(12), 32-45.
Mead, R. (1998). International management. Blackwell, p-478, ISBN-0631200037.
Nunnally J.C. (1978) An Overview of Psychological Measurement. In: Wolman B.B. (eds) Clinical Diagnosis of Mental Disorders. Springer, Boston, MA, 97-146. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2490-4_4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2490-4_4
Parker, S. K., & Collins, C. G. (2010). Taking stock: Integrating and differentiating multiple proactive behaviors. Journal of management, 36(3), 633-662. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308321554 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308321554
Peterson, S. J., & Luthans, F. (2003). The positive impact and development of hopeful leaders. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 24(1), 26-31. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730310457302 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730310457302
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2004). Nursing research: Principles and methods. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Reiter-Palmon, R., & Illies, J. J. (2004). Leadership and creativity: Understanding leadership from a creative problem-solving perspective. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 55-77. https://doi.org/10.101 6/j.leaqua.2003.12.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.12.005
Rokhman, W. (2010). The effect of Islamic work ethics on work outcomes. EJBO-Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies. Vol. 15 (1) 9. Retrieved from http://ejbo.jyu.fi
Rotundo, M., & Sackett, P. R. (2002). The relative importance of task, citizenship, and counterproductive performance to global ratings of job performance: A policy-capturing approach. Journal of applied psychology, 87(1), 66. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.66 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.66
Rashid, M. Z., & Ibrahim, S. (2008). The effect of culture and religiosity on business ethics: A cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(4), 907-917. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9601-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9601-3
Spence Laschinger, H. K., & Nosko, A. (2015). Exposure to workplace bullying and postâ€traumatic stress disorder symptomology: the role of protective psychological resources. Journal of nursing management, 23(2), 252-262. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12122 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12122
Thomas, G., Martin, R., & Riggio, R. E. (2013). Leading groups: Leadership as a group process. Sage publications. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430212462497 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430212462497
Walumbwa, F. O., Avolio, B. J., Gardner, W. L., Wernsing, T. S., & Peterson, S. J. (2008). Authentic leadership: Development and validation of a theory-based measure. Journal of management, 34(1), 89-126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307308913 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307308913
Walumbwa, F. O., Hartnell, C. A., & Oke, A. (2010). Servant leadership, procedural justice climate, service climate, employee attitudes, and organizational citizenship behavior: a cross-level investigation. Journal of applied psychology, 95(3), 517. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018867 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018867
Weber, M. (1958). The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism, trans. T. Parsons. Charles Scribner’s Sons.[SA].
Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. (1991). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors. Journal of management, 17(3), 601-617. https://doi.org/1 0.1177/014920639101700305 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700305
Yaverbaum, E., & Sherman, E. (2008). The Everything Leadership Book: Motivate and inspire yourself and others to succeed at home, at work, and in your community. Simon and Schuster.
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