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ADMINISTRATIVE FAILURE TO CURB SECTARIANISM WHILE BRINGING SOCIAL REINTEGRATION INTO WAR-TORN AREA OF DISTRICT HANGU, PAKISTAN
Corresponding Author(s) : Waqar Ahmad
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The present study highlights the administrative causing institutional intra-faith disintegration and its revival to social reintegration in district Hangu-Pakistan.
Methodology: The study proceeded with a sound conceptual framework comprised of the independent variable, i.e., administrative failure to curb sectarianism, and dependent variable, i.e., "social reintegration," bypassing these through a sound statistical operationalization, i.e., chi-square and factor analysis, respectively. A sample size of 306 representing all leading categories of the study was chosen by stratified random sampling procedure to ensure the true representation of the masses living in the study area.
Main Findings: The study disclosed that administrative failure had a strong and significant relationship with disintegration as causative factors and had been identified as a catalyst towards the social reintegration provided. Both literate and illiterate are taken into consideration for their involvement in the reintegration process while restructuring the administrative state of the area, as pointed out by the literate respondents.
Applications of this study: The study recommended that the government should take initiatives by indulging all the stakeholders for greater social inclusion in the study arena, allowing both sects to participate in the common values under the ambit of Islam. A policy of non-interference by the state of Pakistan needs to be designed and communicated accordingly to all forces involving particular reference to the neighboring states.
Novelty/Originality of this study: To the best of my knowledge, little empirical work in this area has been conducted in the Pakistani context. Thus, this study will be helpful in policy planning on both local and international levels.
Keywords
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- Abbas, H. (2010). Shiism and sectarian conflict in Pakistan: identity politics, Iranian influence, and tit-for-tat violence. Combating Terrorism Center at West Point.
- Abbas, S. (2007). Probing the Jihadi mindset. National Book Foundation.
- Afzal, S., Iqbal, H., & Inayat, M. (2012). Sectarianism and its implications for Pakistan security: Policy recommendations using exploratory study. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (JHSS), 4, 19-26. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-0441926 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-0441926
- Ahmad, M. (1997). Revivalism, Islamization, sectarianism and violence in Pakistan. Pakistan, 101-123.
- Ahmad, M. (1998). Islamization and Sectarian violence in Pakistan. Intellectual Discourse, 6(1).
- Ahmar, M. (2007). Sectarian conflicts in Pakistan. Pakistan Vision, 9(1), 1-19.
- Bagozzi, R. P. & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16, 74. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327
- Bansal, A. (2008). Gilgit–Baltistan: The roots of political alienation. Strategic Analysis, 32(1), 81-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/09700160801886355 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09700160801886355
- Bartholomew, D. J., Steele, F., & Moustaki, I. (2008). Analysis of multivariate social science data. CRC press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b15114 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/b15114
- Basit, A. (2013). The Expansion of Sectarian Conflict in Pakistan. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 5(4), 14-16.
- Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (2002). Quantitative data analysis with SPSS release 8 for Windows: a guide for social scientists. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203459621 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203459621
- Cattell, R. B. (1952). The three basic factor-analytic research designs—their interrelations and derivatives. Psychological bulletin, 49(5), 499. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054245 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054245
- Fair, C. C. (2004). Militant recruitment in Pakistan: Implications for Al Qaeda and other organizations. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 27(6), 489-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100490513675 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100490513675
- Fair, C. C., Malhotra, N., & Shapiro, J. N. (2010). Islam, militancy, and politics in Pakistan: Insights from a national sample. Terrorism and Political Violence, 22(4), 495-521. https://doi.org/10.1080/0954 6553.2010.492305 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2010.492305
- FazlI, S. (2012). Sectarianism and conflict: The view from Pakistan. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies, Retrieved, 10(3), 15.
- Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. In: Sage Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150980 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3150980
- Freytag, A., Krüger, J. J., Meierrieks, D., & Schneider, F. (2011). The origins of terrorism: Cross-country estimates of socio-economic determinants of terrorism. European Journal of Political Economy, 27, S5-S16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2011.06.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2011.06.009
- Fruchter, B. (1954). Introduction to factor analysis. Van Nostrand.
- George, D. (2011). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple study guide and reference, 17.0 update, 10/e. Pearson Education India.
- George, D., & Mallery, P. (2006). SPSS for windows Step by Step a Simple Guide and Reference 13.0 update sixth Edition Pearson Education. In: Inc.
- Gishkori, Z. (2015). 212 organisations formally banned by Pakistan. The Express Tribune.
- Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. (2006). Multivariate data analysis. Uppersaddle River. In: NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
- Hussain, Z. (2008). Frontline Pakistan: the struggle with militant Islam. Columbia University Press.
- Ismail, A., & Amjad, S. (2014). Determinants of terrorism in Pakistan: An empirical investigation. Economic Modelling, 37, 320-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.11.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.11.012
- Jamal, A. (2009). Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir. Melville Publishing House.
- Kaplan, R. D. (2012). What’s Wrong with Pakistan?’ Foreign Policy, 194, 94.
- Khan, A. H. (1997). “Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan: Policies and Trends†The Pakistan Development Review, 36(4), 959-985. https://doi.org/10.30541/v36i4IIpp.959-985 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30541/v36i4IIpp.959-985
- Kim, W., & Walker, M. (2012). Measuring the social impacts associated with Super Bowl XLIII: Preliminary development of a psychic income scale. Sport Management Review, 15(1), 91-108. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.smr.2011.05.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2011.05.007
- Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International.
- Looney, R. (2004). Failed economic take-offs and terrorism in Pakistan: Conceptualizing a proper role for US assistance. Asian Survey, 44(6), 771-793. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2004.44.6.771 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2004.44.6.771
- Mahsood, A., & Kamran, M. (2017). Dynamics of Sectarian Violence in Pakistan: Recommendations to the Policy Makers. Arts and Social Sciences Journal, 8(3), 1. https://doi.org/10.4172/2151-6200.1000283 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2151-6200.1000283
- Malik, I. (1999). Islam, nationalism and the West: Issues of identity in Pakistan. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1 057/9780230375390 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230375390_1
- McCall, R. B. (1975). Fundamental statistics for psychology (2nd ed.). Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., New York. 303-304.
- Mir, A. (2004). The true face of jehadis. Mashal Books.
- Mir, A. (2008). The fluttering flag of Jehad. Mashal Books.
- Murphy, E., & Malik, A. R. (2009). Pakistan Jihad: The making of religious terrorism. IPRI Journal, 1(2), 17-19.
- Nachmias, D., & Nachmias, C. (1976). Research methods in the social sciences.
- Nachmias, D., & Nachmias, C. (1987). Research Methods in the Social Sciences. 3rd Edn., St. In: Martin's Press, New York, USA.
- Nasir, M., Ali, A., & Rehman, F. U. (2011). Determinants of terrorism: a panel data analysis of selected South Asian countries. The Singapore Economic Review, 56(02), 175-187. https://doi.org/10.1142/ S0217590811004225 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217590811004225
- Rafiq, A. (2014). Pakistan's Resurgent Sectarian War. United States Institute of Peace.
- Rana, M. A. (2004). A to Z of Jehadi Organizations in Pakistan, trans. Saba Ansari, Lahore, Pakistan: Mashal Books.
- Rashid, A. (2009). Descent into chaos: the world's most unstable region and the threat to global security: Penguin UK.
- Raza, S. (2015). Crisis in Yemen: threats of another proxy war in Pakistan? Conflict and Peace Studies, 17.
- Sekaran, U. (2003). The Sampling Process of Research Methods for Business. In: USA: Hermitage Publishing Services.
- Shah, M. N. (2014). Evolution of sectarianism in Pakistan: A threat to the state and society. South Asian Studies A Research Journal of South Asian Studies, 29(2), 441-459.
- Shahbaz, M., Shabbir, M. S., Malik, M. N., & Wolters, M. E. (2013). An analysis of a causal relationship between economic growth and terrorism in Pakistan. Economic Modelling, 35, 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.econmod.2013.06.031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.06.031
- Shakil, A. S. (2017). Jirgas in the North? Friday Times. https://www.thefridaytimes.com/jirgas-in-the-north/
- Syed, S. H., Saeed, L., & Martin, R. P. (2015). Causes and incentives for terrorism in Pakistan. Journal of Applied Security Research, 10(2), 181-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361610.2015.1004606 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19361610.2015.1004606
- Ullah, A., & Muhammad, N. (2020). Prevalence of mental health problems among youth involved in street crimes. Rawal Medical Journal, 45(4), 938-942.
- Waseem, M., Kamran, T., Ali, M. A., & Riikonen, K. (2010). Dilemmas of pride and pain: sectarian conflict and conflict transformation in Pakistan.
- Yusuf, H. (2015). “Sindh’s Sectarian Challenge,†The South Asia Channel. Foreign Policy. http://foreignpolic y.com/2015/02/05/sindhs-sectarian-challenge/
References
Abbas, H. (2010). Shiism and sectarian conflict in Pakistan: identity politics, Iranian influence, and tit-for-tat violence. Combating Terrorism Center at West Point.
Abbas, S. (2007). Probing the Jihadi mindset. National Book Foundation.
Afzal, S., Iqbal, H., & Inayat, M. (2012). Sectarianism and its implications for Pakistan security: Policy recommendations using exploratory study. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (JHSS), 4, 19-26. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-0441926 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-0441926
Ahmad, M. (1997). Revivalism, Islamization, sectarianism and violence in Pakistan. Pakistan, 101-123.
Ahmad, M. (1998). Islamization and Sectarian violence in Pakistan. Intellectual Discourse, 6(1).
Ahmar, M. (2007). Sectarian conflicts in Pakistan. Pakistan Vision, 9(1), 1-19.
Bagozzi, R. P. & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16, 74. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327
Bansal, A. (2008). Gilgit–Baltistan: The roots of political alienation. Strategic Analysis, 32(1), 81-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/09700160801886355 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09700160801886355
Bartholomew, D. J., Steele, F., & Moustaki, I. (2008). Analysis of multivariate social science data. CRC press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b15114 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/b15114
Basit, A. (2013). The Expansion of Sectarian Conflict in Pakistan. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 5(4), 14-16.
Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (2002). Quantitative data analysis with SPSS release 8 for Windows: a guide for social scientists. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203459621 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203459621
Cattell, R. B. (1952). The three basic factor-analytic research designs—their interrelations and derivatives. Psychological bulletin, 49(5), 499. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054245 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054245
Fair, C. C. (2004). Militant recruitment in Pakistan: Implications for Al Qaeda and other organizations. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 27(6), 489-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100490513675 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100490513675
Fair, C. C., Malhotra, N., & Shapiro, J. N. (2010). Islam, militancy, and politics in Pakistan: Insights from a national sample. Terrorism and Political Violence, 22(4), 495-521. https://doi.org/10.1080/0954 6553.2010.492305 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2010.492305
FazlI, S. (2012). Sectarianism and conflict: The view from Pakistan. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies, Retrieved, 10(3), 15.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. In: Sage Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150980 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3150980
Freytag, A., Krüger, J. J., Meierrieks, D., & Schneider, F. (2011). The origins of terrorism: Cross-country estimates of socio-economic determinants of terrorism. European Journal of Political Economy, 27, S5-S16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2011.06.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2011.06.009
Fruchter, B. (1954). Introduction to factor analysis. Van Nostrand.
George, D. (2011). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple study guide and reference, 17.0 update, 10/e. Pearson Education India.
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2006). SPSS for windows Step by Step a Simple Guide and Reference 13.0 update sixth Edition Pearson Education. In: Inc.
Gishkori, Z. (2015). 212 organisations formally banned by Pakistan. The Express Tribune.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. (2006). Multivariate data analysis. Uppersaddle River. In: NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hussain, Z. (2008). Frontline Pakistan: the struggle with militant Islam. Columbia University Press.
Ismail, A., & Amjad, S. (2014). Determinants of terrorism in Pakistan: An empirical investigation. Economic Modelling, 37, 320-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.11.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.11.012
Jamal, A. (2009). Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir. Melville Publishing House.
Kaplan, R. D. (2012). What’s Wrong with Pakistan?’ Foreign Policy, 194, 94.
Khan, A. H. (1997). “Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan: Policies and Trends†The Pakistan Development Review, 36(4), 959-985. https://doi.org/10.30541/v36i4IIpp.959-985 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30541/v36i4IIpp.959-985
Kim, W., & Walker, M. (2012). Measuring the social impacts associated with Super Bowl XLIII: Preliminary development of a psychic income scale. Sport Management Review, 15(1), 91-108. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.smr.2011.05.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2011.05.007
Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International.
Looney, R. (2004). Failed economic take-offs and terrorism in Pakistan: Conceptualizing a proper role for US assistance. Asian Survey, 44(6), 771-793. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2004.44.6.771 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2004.44.6.771
Mahsood, A., & Kamran, M. (2017). Dynamics of Sectarian Violence in Pakistan: Recommendations to the Policy Makers. Arts and Social Sciences Journal, 8(3), 1. https://doi.org/10.4172/2151-6200.1000283 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2151-6200.1000283
Malik, I. (1999). Islam, nationalism and the West: Issues of identity in Pakistan. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1 057/9780230375390 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230375390_1
McCall, R. B. (1975). Fundamental statistics for psychology (2nd ed.). Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., New York. 303-304.
Mir, A. (2004). The true face of jehadis. Mashal Books.
Mir, A. (2008). The fluttering flag of Jehad. Mashal Books.
Murphy, E., & Malik, A. R. (2009). Pakistan Jihad: The making of religious terrorism. IPRI Journal, 1(2), 17-19.
Nachmias, D., & Nachmias, C. (1976). Research methods in the social sciences.
Nachmias, D., & Nachmias, C. (1987). Research Methods in the Social Sciences. 3rd Edn., St. In: Martin's Press, New York, USA.
Nasir, M., Ali, A., & Rehman, F. U. (2011). Determinants of terrorism: a panel data analysis of selected South Asian countries. The Singapore Economic Review, 56(02), 175-187. https://doi.org/10.1142/ S0217590811004225 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217590811004225
Rafiq, A. (2014). Pakistan's Resurgent Sectarian War. United States Institute of Peace.
Rana, M. A. (2004). A to Z of Jehadi Organizations in Pakistan, trans. Saba Ansari, Lahore, Pakistan: Mashal Books.
Rashid, A. (2009). Descent into chaos: the world's most unstable region and the threat to global security: Penguin UK.
Raza, S. (2015). Crisis in Yemen: threats of another proxy war in Pakistan? Conflict and Peace Studies, 17.
Sekaran, U. (2003). The Sampling Process of Research Methods for Business. In: USA: Hermitage Publishing Services.
Shah, M. N. (2014). Evolution of sectarianism in Pakistan: A threat to the state and society. South Asian Studies A Research Journal of South Asian Studies, 29(2), 441-459.
Shahbaz, M., Shabbir, M. S., Malik, M. N., & Wolters, M. E. (2013). An analysis of a causal relationship between economic growth and terrorism in Pakistan. Economic Modelling, 35, 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.econmod.2013.06.031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.06.031
Shakil, A. S. (2017). Jirgas in the North? Friday Times. https://www.thefridaytimes.com/jirgas-in-the-north/
Syed, S. H., Saeed, L., & Martin, R. P. (2015). Causes and incentives for terrorism in Pakistan. Journal of Applied Security Research, 10(2), 181-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361610.2015.1004606 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19361610.2015.1004606
Ullah, A., & Muhammad, N. (2020). Prevalence of mental health problems among youth involved in street crimes. Rawal Medical Journal, 45(4), 938-942.
Waseem, M., Kamran, T., Ali, M. A., & Riikonen, K. (2010). Dilemmas of pride and pain: sectarian conflict and conflict transformation in Pakistan.
Yusuf, H. (2015). “Sindh’s Sectarian Challenge,†The South Asia Channel. Foreign Policy. http://foreignpolic y.com/2015/02/05/sindhs-sectarian-challenge/