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REFLECTIONS ON POETIC MODELS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE: AN ANALYSIS OF VAN DE VAN’S TYPOLOGY IN LITERARY, LINGUISTIC, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND MANAGERIAL PERSPECTIVE
Corresponding Author(s) : Ayesha Ali
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This article is an attempt to reflect on and locate similarities and develop synchronicity between the fields of organizational change, management, psychology, language, and literature. The reflective learning takes place through reflective practice conducted on literature and organizations to generate new knowledge and ways to comprehend and deal with issues. Thus, the rationale for uniting contributions of management and English can be logically found in the processes of nature and human life.
Methodology: This article is based on rational reasoning and critical analytic comparisons that aptly explain that the four models of organizational change are not new rather proclaimed in poetic expressions several years or a century ago.
Main Findings: The organizational models of change are reflected in literature which has explained how Management by Objectives, organization as systems, mechanistic and organic organizations work and how they can be maneuvered towards increasing organizational productivity and performance.
Applications of this study: This inquiry shall help further examination of various fields to develop new management concepts through bargain and borrowing.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This article, through reasoning and analysis, has developed four life like models i.e., Miltonic, Frostian, Shelleyan, and Eliotic models of organizational change which seem to be preceding the current existing theories on teleological, life cycle, evolutionary and dialectical models of organizational change.
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- Bakker, A. B. (2018). Job crafting among health care professionals: The role of work engagement. Journal of Nursing Management, 26, 321–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12551 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12551
- Baldridge, J. C. (1977). Alternative models of governance in higher education. (Baldridge, G. L. Ed.) Governing academic organizations, 2-25.
- Blair, H. (1853). Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Letters. (Dale., T. Ed.). Dublin: printed for Messrs. Whitestone, Colles, Burnet, Moncrieffe, Gilbert
- Bolman, L. &. (1991). Leadership and management effectiveness: A multi-frame, multi-sector analysis. Human Resource Management. 30(4), 509-534. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930300406 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930300406
- Boonstra, J. (2000). Lopen over water: Over dynamiek van organiseren, vernieuwen en leren (Walking on water: About dynamics of organizing, renewing and learning). Amsterdam: Vossiuspers AUP. https://doi.org/10.5 117/9789056291259 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5117/9789056291259
- Brill, P. & Worth, R. (1997). The four levers of corporate change. New York: AMACOM.
- Cameron, K. S. (1986). Effectiveness as a paradox: Consensus and conflict in conceptions of organizational effectiveness. Management Science, 32(5), 539-553. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.32.5.539 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.32.5.539
- Carnall, C. (1995). Managing Change in Organizations (2nd. Ed.) London: Prentice-Hall.
- Carr, D. & Hard, K. (1996). Managing the change process: A field book for change agents, consultants, team leaders, and reengineering managers. McGraw-Hill Education.
- Clark, D. L. (1954). ed., Shelley’s Prose: or the Trumpet of a Prophecy. University of New Mexico Press.
- Coleman, H. (1998). Man in Devil's Guise: Satan's Exceptional Hunlanity in Milton's Paradise Lost. Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand: University of Canterbury.
- Correani, A. D. (2020). Implementing a digital strategy: Learning from the experience of three digital transformation projects. California Management Review, 62(4), 37–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125620934864 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125620934864
- Cortet, M. R. (2016). PSD2: The digital transformation accelerator for banks’. Journal of Payments Strategy & Systems. 10, 13–27.
- Dery, K. S. (2017). The digital workplace is key to digital innovation’. MIS Quarterly Executive. 16, 135–152.
- Freed, J. K. (1997). A Culture for Academic Excellence. Washington, DC: George Washington University Press.
- French, W. & Bell, C. (1995). Organization development: Behavioral science interventions for organization improvement (5th ed). Prentice-Hall.
- Frost, R. (1915). Collected Poems, Prose, and Plays. New York: The Library of America.
- Gage, John T. (1982). Rhetoric and Dialectic in Robert Frost‟s “A Masque of Reasonâ€, Pacific Coast Philology. 17 (1/2), 82-91. https://doi.org/10.2307/1316397 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1316397
- Goodman, D. (1982). Optimal life histories, optimal notation, and the value of reproductive value. American Naturalist. 119(6), 803–823. https://doi.org/10.1086/283956 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/283956
- Greiner, L. (1972). Evolution and revolution as organizations growâ€, Harvard Business Review, (July/Aug.). 37-46.
- Haire, M. (1959). Modern Organization Theory. John Wiley.
- Hazlitt, W. (1960). On Shakespeare and Milton, Lectures on the English Poets. Project Guttenburg.
- Hinings, B. G. (2018). Digital innovation and transformation: An institutional perspective. Information and Organization. 28, 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2018.02.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2018.02.004
- Hrebiniak, L. W. (1985). Organizational adaptation: Strategic choice and environmental determinism. Administration Science Quarterly, 30(3), 336-349. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392666 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2392666
- Huang, J. H. (2017 ). Growing on steroids: Rapidly scaling the user base of digital ventures through digital innovation. MIS Quarterly, 41, 301–14. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2017/41.1.16 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2017/41.1.16
- Hutt, M. W. (1995). Hurdle the Cross-Functional Barriers to Strategic Change, Sloan Management Review. 36 (3), 22-30.
- Jacobides, M. C. (2018). Towards a theory of ecosystems. Strategic Management Journal,(39), 2255–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2904 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2904
- Jansen, K. J., Shipp A. J. & Michael J. H. (2016). Champions, converts, doubters and defectors: The impact of shifting perceptions on momentum for change. Personnel Psychology, 69, 673–707. https://doi.org/10.111 1/peps.12120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12120
- Kezar, A. (2001). Understanding and Facilitating Organizational Change in the 21st Century: Recent Research and Conceptualizations. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report, 28(4). Jossey-Bass Higher and Adult Education Series.
- Kieser, A. (1989 ). Organizational, Institutional, and Societal Evolution: Medieval Craft Guilds and the Genesis of Formal Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34 (4), 540-64. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393566 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2393566
- Kopalle, P. K. (2020). How legacy firms can embrace the digital ecosystem via digital customer orientation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48, 114–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-019-00694-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-019-00694-2
- Kotera, Y. C.-V. (2020). Psychological impacts of the New Ways of Working (NWW): A systematic review. . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145080 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145080
- Kotter, J.P. (1995). Leading change: why transformation efforts fail. Harvard Business Review. 73 (2):59-67.
- Leonardi, P.M. (2017). Out of the Poole and into the Ocean: Understanding Processes of Organizational Change Through the Work of Marshall Scott Poole. In: Szabla D., Pasmore W., Barnes M., Gipson A. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Organizational Change Thinkers. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49820-1_88-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52878-6_88
- Leonardi, P. M. (2017). How to build high impact theories of organizational communication: Strategies of discovery and reconceptualization. Management Communication Quarterly, 31(1), 123–129. https://doi.org/10.11 77/0893318916675426 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318916675426
- Levy, A. & Merry, U. (1986). Organizational transformation: Approaches, strategies, theories. Greenwood Publishing Group.
- McKinsey (2020). The Digitalâ€Led Recovery from COVIDâ€19: Five Questions for CEOs. https://www.mckinsey.com/businessâ€functions/mckinseyâ€digital/ourâ€insights/theâ€digitalâ€ledâ€recoveryâ€fromâ€covidâ€19â€fiveâ€questionsâ€forâ€ceos#
- Miller D, F. P. (1980). Momentum and revolution in organizational adaptation. Academy of Management Journal, 23(4), 591-614. https://doi.org/10.5465/255551 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/255551
- Morgan, G. (1986). Images of organization. Beverly Hills CA: Sage.
- Nadler, D. A., & Tushman, M. L. (1990). Beyond the Charismatic Leader: Leadership and Organizational Change. California Management Review, 32(2), 77–97. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166606 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/41166606
- Oreg, S., Bartunek, J, M., Lee, G. & Do B, (2016 ). An affect-based model of recipients’ responses to organizational change events. Academy of Management Review, 43(1), 65–86. https://doi.org/10.546 5/amr.2014.0335 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2014.0335
- Pilny, A., Schecter, A., Poole M., Contractor, N. (2016). An illustration of the relational event model to analyze group interaction processes. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice. 20(3), 181–195. https://doi.org/10. 1037/gdn0000042 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/gdn0000042
- Rajagopalan, N., & Spreitzer, G. (1997). Toward a Theory of Strategic Change: A Multi-lens Perspective and Integrative Framework. The Academy of Management Review, 22(1), 48-79. https://doi.org/10.2307/259224 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1997.9707180259
- Ruiz, J. L. (1999). Cambio estratégico y renovación organizativa: utilización de las capacidades latentes y periféricas (Strategic change and organizational renewal: use of latent and peripheral capabilities). Revista Europea de Dirección y EconomÃa de la Empresa, 8 (4), 71-82.
- Schalk, R., Campbell, W.J., & Freese, C. (1998). Change and employee behavior. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 19(3), 157-163. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437739810210202 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01437739810210202
- Schaufeli, W. B. (2015). Engaging leadership in the job demands-resources model. Career Development International. 20, 446–463. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-02-2015-0025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-02-2015-0025
- Shelley, P. (1944). A Defence of Poetry. Modern Language Quarterly.
- Sporn, B. (1999). Adaptive University Structures: an analysis of adaptation to socioeconomic environments of US and European universities. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
- Steadman, J. (1967). The Idea of Satan as the Hero of "Paradise Lost". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Symposium on John Milton (Aug. 13, 1976), 120(4), 253-294.
- Van de Ven, A., & Poole, M. (1995). Explaining Development and Change in Organizations. The Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 510-540. https://doi.org/10.2307/258786 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1995.9508080329
- Verhoef, P. C., Broekhuizen, T., Bart, Y., Bhattacharya, A., Dong, J. Q., Fabian, N., & Haenlein, M. (2021). Digital Transformation: A Multidisciplinary Reflection and Research Agenda. Journal of Business Research, 122, 889-901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.022
- Waldock, A. J. (1947). Paradise Lost and its Critics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Weill, P. & Woerner, S. L. (2018 ). Is your company ready for a digital future? MIT Sloan Management Review, 21-25.
References
Bakker, A. B. (2018). Job crafting among health care professionals: The role of work engagement. Journal of Nursing Management, 26, 321–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12551 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12551
Baldridge, J. C. (1977). Alternative models of governance in higher education. (Baldridge, G. L. Ed.) Governing academic organizations, 2-25.
Blair, H. (1853). Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Letters. (Dale., T. Ed.). Dublin: printed for Messrs. Whitestone, Colles, Burnet, Moncrieffe, Gilbert
Bolman, L. &. (1991). Leadership and management effectiveness: A multi-frame, multi-sector analysis. Human Resource Management. 30(4), 509-534. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930300406 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930300406
Boonstra, J. (2000). Lopen over water: Over dynamiek van organiseren, vernieuwen en leren (Walking on water: About dynamics of organizing, renewing and learning). Amsterdam: Vossiuspers AUP. https://doi.org/10.5 117/9789056291259 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5117/9789056291259
Brill, P. & Worth, R. (1997). The four levers of corporate change. New York: AMACOM.
Cameron, K. S. (1986). Effectiveness as a paradox: Consensus and conflict in conceptions of organizational effectiveness. Management Science, 32(5), 539-553. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.32.5.539 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.32.5.539
Carnall, C. (1995). Managing Change in Organizations (2nd. Ed.) London: Prentice-Hall.
Carr, D. & Hard, K. (1996). Managing the change process: A field book for change agents, consultants, team leaders, and reengineering managers. McGraw-Hill Education.
Clark, D. L. (1954). ed., Shelley’s Prose: or the Trumpet of a Prophecy. University of New Mexico Press.
Coleman, H. (1998). Man in Devil's Guise: Satan's Exceptional Hunlanity in Milton's Paradise Lost. Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand: University of Canterbury.
Correani, A. D. (2020). Implementing a digital strategy: Learning from the experience of three digital transformation projects. California Management Review, 62(4), 37–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125620934864 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125620934864
Cortet, M. R. (2016). PSD2: The digital transformation accelerator for banks’. Journal of Payments Strategy & Systems. 10, 13–27.
Dery, K. S. (2017). The digital workplace is key to digital innovation’. MIS Quarterly Executive. 16, 135–152.
Freed, J. K. (1997). A Culture for Academic Excellence. Washington, DC: George Washington University Press.
French, W. & Bell, C. (1995). Organization development: Behavioral science interventions for organization improvement (5th ed). Prentice-Hall.
Frost, R. (1915). Collected Poems, Prose, and Plays. New York: The Library of America.
Gage, John T. (1982). Rhetoric and Dialectic in Robert Frost‟s “A Masque of Reasonâ€, Pacific Coast Philology. 17 (1/2), 82-91. https://doi.org/10.2307/1316397 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1316397
Goodman, D. (1982). Optimal life histories, optimal notation, and the value of reproductive value. American Naturalist. 119(6), 803–823. https://doi.org/10.1086/283956 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/283956
Greiner, L. (1972). Evolution and revolution as organizations growâ€, Harvard Business Review, (July/Aug.). 37-46.
Haire, M. (1959). Modern Organization Theory. John Wiley.
Hazlitt, W. (1960). On Shakespeare and Milton, Lectures on the English Poets. Project Guttenburg.
Hinings, B. G. (2018). Digital innovation and transformation: An institutional perspective. Information and Organization. 28, 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2018.02.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2018.02.004
Hrebiniak, L. W. (1985). Organizational adaptation: Strategic choice and environmental determinism. Administration Science Quarterly, 30(3), 336-349. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392666 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2392666
Huang, J. H. (2017 ). Growing on steroids: Rapidly scaling the user base of digital ventures through digital innovation. MIS Quarterly, 41, 301–14. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2017/41.1.16 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2017/41.1.16
Hutt, M. W. (1995). Hurdle the Cross-Functional Barriers to Strategic Change, Sloan Management Review. 36 (3), 22-30.
Jacobides, M. C. (2018). Towards a theory of ecosystems. Strategic Management Journal,(39), 2255–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2904 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2904
Jansen, K. J., Shipp A. J. & Michael J. H. (2016). Champions, converts, doubters and defectors: The impact of shifting perceptions on momentum for change. Personnel Psychology, 69, 673–707. https://doi.org/10.111 1/peps.12120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12120
Kezar, A. (2001). Understanding and Facilitating Organizational Change in the 21st Century: Recent Research and Conceptualizations. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report, 28(4). Jossey-Bass Higher and Adult Education Series.
Kieser, A. (1989 ). Organizational, Institutional, and Societal Evolution: Medieval Craft Guilds and the Genesis of Formal Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34 (4), 540-64. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393566 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2393566
Kopalle, P. K. (2020). How legacy firms can embrace the digital ecosystem via digital customer orientation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48, 114–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-019-00694-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-019-00694-2
Kotera, Y. C.-V. (2020). Psychological impacts of the New Ways of Working (NWW): A systematic review. . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145080 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145080
Kotter, J.P. (1995). Leading change: why transformation efforts fail. Harvard Business Review. 73 (2):59-67.
Leonardi, P.M. (2017). Out of the Poole and into the Ocean: Understanding Processes of Organizational Change Through the Work of Marshall Scott Poole. In: Szabla D., Pasmore W., Barnes M., Gipson A. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Organizational Change Thinkers. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49820-1_88-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52878-6_88
Leonardi, P. M. (2017). How to build high impact theories of organizational communication: Strategies of discovery and reconceptualization. Management Communication Quarterly, 31(1), 123–129. https://doi.org/10.11 77/0893318916675426 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318916675426
Levy, A. & Merry, U. (1986). Organizational transformation: Approaches, strategies, theories. Greenwood Publishing Group.
McKinsey (2020). The Digitalâ€Led Recovery from COVIDâ€19: Five Questions for CEOs. https://www.mckinsey.com/businessâ€functions/mckinseyâ€digital/ourâ€insights/theâ€digitalâ€ledâ€recoveryâ€fromâ€covidâ€19â€fiveâ€questionsâ€forâ€ceos#
Miller D, F. P. (1980). Momentum and revolution in organizational adaptation. Academy of Management Journal, 23(4), 591-614. https://doi.org/10.5465/255551 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/255551
Morgan, G. (1986). Images of organization. Beverly Hills CA: Sage.
Nadler, D. A., & Tushman, M. L. (1990). Beyond the Charismatic Leader: Leadership and Organizational Change. California Management Review, 32(2), 77–97. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166606 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/41166606
Oreg, S., Bartunek, J, M., Lee, G. & Do B, (2016 ). An affect-based model of recipients’ responses to organizational change events. Academy of Management Review, 43(1), 65–86. https://doi.org/10.546 5/amr.2014.0335 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2014.0335
Pilny, A., Schecter, A., Poole M., Contractor, N. (2016). An illustration of the relational event model to analyze group interaction processes. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice. 20(3), 181–195. https://doi.org/10. 1037/gdn0000042 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/gdn0000042
Rajagopalan, N., & Spreitzer, G. (1997). Toward a Theory of Strategic Change: A Multi-lens Perspective and Integrative Framework. The Academy of Management Review, 22(1), 48-79. https://doi.org/10.2307/259224 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1997.9707180259
Ruiz, J. L. (1999). Cambio estratégico y renovación organizativa: utilización de las capacidades latentes y periféricas (Strategic change and organizational renewal: use of latent and peripheral capabilities). Revista Europea de Dirección y EconomÃa de la Empresa, 8 (4), 71-82.
Schalk, R., Campbell, W.J., & Freese, C. (1998). Change and employee behavior. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 19(3), 157-163. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437739810210202 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01437739810210202
Schaufeli, W. B. (2015). Engaging leadership in the job demands-resources model. Career Development International. 20, 446–463. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-02-2015-0025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-02-2015-0025
Shelley, P. (1944). A Defence of Poetry. Modern Language Quarterly.
Sporn, B. (1999). Adaptive University Structures: an analysis of adaptation to socioeconomic environments of US and European universities. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Steadman, J. (1967). The Idea of Satan as the Hero of "Paradise Lost". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Symposium on John Milton (Aug. 13, 1976), 120(4), 253-294.
Van de Ven, A., & Poole, M. (1995). Explaining Development and Change in Organizations. The Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 510-540. https://doi.org/10.2307/258786 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1995.9508080329
Verhoef, P. C., Broekhuizen, T., Bart, Y., Bhattacharya, A., Dong, J. Q., Fabian, N., & Haenlein, M. (2021). Digital Transformation: A Multidisciplinary Reflection and Research Agenda. Journal of Business Research, 122, 889-901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.022
Waldock, A. J. (1947). Paradise Lost and its Critics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Weill, P. & Woerner, S. L. (2018 ). Is your company ready for a digital future? MIT Sloan Management Review, 21-25.