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EXPLORING SELF THROUGH GHAZALIAN THEORY OF SOUL AND FREUDIAN PSYCHOANALYSIS: THE STUDY OF PROFESSOR SOHAIL IN RAJA GIDH
Corresponding Author(s) : Shumaila Mazhar
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 2 (2021): March
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The current study explores the psychological dimensions of Professor Sohail in a famous Pakistani novel Raja Gidh (1981) written by Bano Qudsia. A quick glance at the entire plot of the selected novel strengthens our belief that psychological sufferings or regeneration greatly affect the external life of an individual. For an in-depth analysis, Ghazali, the famous 11th-century scholar of the Muslim world, and Freud, the genius of the 20th century, have provided the conceptual underpinnings.
Methodology: For the thematic analysis of the selected novel, this study has adapted Attride-Stirling’s (2001) model of the textual data analysis, which is divided into three stages i.e., data reduction, exploration, and data complication or interpretation. Ghazalain nafs e ammara, nafs e lawwamma, nafs e mutmainna and aql, and Freudian id, ego and superego have guided the coding and interpretation of the selected character.
Main Findings: A close analysis of the selected character through the lens of these theorists exposes that sometimes nafs e ammara or id makes him fall into the abyss of evils or sometimes nafs e lawwama or superego cause a relentless internal conflict which has been intermediated by aq’l or ego.
Applications of this study: This work, inside the parameter of the selected theories, offers an insight into the relevance of the psychological issues in the modern world, thus, establishing our belief in the similar workings of the human mind, regardless of the variances in time and space. Moreover, it has also revealed that the incorporation of Eastern and Western insights for studying the human mind has the potential of becoming an effective critical approach for psychological analysis in the realm of English literature.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The current study makes the readers dive deep into the darkest abyss of the human mind, to bring to the surface not only his deep-rooted fears and anxieties but also the magnificent gems of spiritual insight.
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- Akhtar, S. (1991). Saga of Urdu Novel-Critical Study. Sange Meel Publications. Lahore.
- Akhtar, S. (2013). Pakistan mein Udu Adab Sal ba Sal. Sang e Meel Publications. Lahore.
- Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research, Qualitative Research, 1(3), 385-405. https://doi.org/10.1177/146879410100100307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/146879410100100307
- Bhadury P. (2013). Beyond the Binary: A Study of the Fiction of William Golding. (Ph.D Thesis. Kumaun University, Nainital).
- Benjamin, L. T. (2009). A history of psychology: Original sources and contemporary research (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Berger, M. (1977). Real and Imagined Worlds: The Novel and Social Science. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674418998 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674418998
- Bradbury, R. (1990). Postmodernism and Barth and the present state of fiction, Critical Quarterly, 32(1), 60-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8705.1990.tb00569.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8705.1990.tb00569.x
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Brooks, P. (1984). Reading for the Plot, Designs and Intentions in Narrative. Clarendon Press Oxford.
- Bukhari, S. K. U. S., Gul, R., Bashir, T., Zakir, S., & Javed, T. (2021). Exploring managerial skills of Pakistan Public Universities (PPUs)’ middle managers for campus sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/20430795.2021.1883985 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20430795.2021.1883985
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- Edelman, G.M. (1992). Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of The Mind. Basic Books. ISBN 0465007643, 9780465007646.
- Eysenck, M. W. (2013). Perspectives on Psychology. Psychology Press. Taylor and Francis Group, New York. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315804705 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315804705
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- Freud, S. (1985). Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego. In Sigmund Freud‘s Civilization and its Discontents and Other Works. Strachey, J. et al (eds.) London: Penguin Books, 12, 91-178.
- Freud, S., & Strachey, J. (2001). The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud: Indexes and bibliographies. Volume 24 of the 358 Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, trans. Strachey, J. & Freud, A.; Vintage, 009942679X, 9780099426790.
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- Friedman, H. S., & Schustack, M. W. (1999). Personality, Classic Theories and Modern Research. Allyn & Bacon. USA.
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References
Akhtar, S. (1991). Saga of Urdu Novel-Critical Study. Sange Meel Publications. Lahore.
Akhtar, S. (2013). Pakistan mein Udu Adab Sal ba Sal. Sang e Meel Publications. Lahore.
Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research, Qualitative Research, 1(3), 385-405. https://doi.org/10.1177/146879410100100307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/146879410100100307
Bhadury P. (2013). Beyond the Binary: A Study of the Fiction of William Golding. (Ph.D Thesis. Kumaun University, Nainital).
Benjamin, L. T. (2009). A history of psychology: Original sources and contemporary research (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
Berger, M. (1977). Real and Imagined Worlds: The Novel and Social Science. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674418998 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674418998
Bradbury, R. (1990). Postmodernism and Barth and the present state of fiction, Critical Quarterly, 32(1), 60-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8705.1990.tb00569.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8705.1990.tb00569.x
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Brooks, P. (1984). Reading for the Plot, Designs and Intentions in Narrative. Clarendon Press Oxford.
Bukhari, S. K. U. S., Gul, R., Bashir, T., Zakir, S., & Javed, T. (2021). Exploring managerial skills of Pakistan Public Universities (PPUs)’ middle managers for campus sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/20430795.2021.1883985 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20430795.2021.1883985
Burns, R.B. (2008). Essential Psychology. Springer Science & Business Media.
Dryden, J. (1668). Of Dramatic Poesy and Other Critical Essays. ed. George Watson, Dent Publisher. Vol 1.
Durant, W. (1985). The Story of Philosophy. Services Book Club ed. James Cutsinger. Bloomington, Indiana: World Wisdom.
Edelman, G.M. (1992). Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of The Mind. Basic Books. ISBN 0465007643, 9780465007646.
Eysenck, M. W. (2013). Perspectives on Psychology. Psychology Press. Taylor and Francis Group, New York. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315804705 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315804705
Freud, S. (1962). Civilization and its discontents. James Strachey, Trans. New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc.
Freud, S. (1985). Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego. In Sigmund Freud‘s Civilization and its Discontents and Other Works. Strachey, J. et al (eds.) London: Penguin Books, 12, 91-178.
Freud, S., & Strachey, J. (2001). The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud: Indexes and bibliographies. Volume 24 of the 358 Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, trans. Strachey, J. & Freud, A.; Vintage, 009942679X, 9780099426790.
Freud, S. (2006). On Metapsychology: The Theory of Psychoanalysis. 'Beyond the Pleasure Principle,' 'The Ego and the Id. James Strachey, Trans. Penguin Books.
Friedman, H. S., & Schustack, M. W. (1999). Personality, Classic Theories and Modern Research. Allyn & Bacon. USA.
Gallagher, M. P. (1965). The Human Image in William Golding. An Irish Quarterly Review, 54(214), 197-216.
Ghazali, A. H. (1993). Revival of Religious Learning. Ihya-ulum- Udin Book 3. Fazal -ul-Karim. Trans., Muhammad Ashraf, Lahore.
Ghazanfar, S.M. (1993). The Economic Thought of Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali and St. Thomas Aquinas: Some Comparative Parallels and Links; History of Political Economy. Duke University Press.
Goldsmith, N. M. (2011). Psychedelic healing: The promise of entheogens for psychotherapy and spiritual development. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press. Goodwin, C. J. (2005). A history of modern psychology (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
Gul, R. & Khilji, G. (2021). Exploring the need for a responsive school curriculum to cope with the Covid-19 pandemic in Pakistan. Prospects. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09540-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09540-8
Gul, R., Ayub, A., Mazhar, S., Uddin, S., S., Khanum, M. (2021). Teachers’ Perceptions on Students’ Cultural and Linguistic Diversity and its Impact on their Approaches towards Culturally Teaching Practices. TESOL International Journal, 16 (3.2).
Gul, R., Khan, S. S., Mazhar, S., & Tahir, T. (2020). Influence of Logical and Spatial Intelligence on Teaching Pedagogies of Secondary School Teachers. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 8(6), 01-09. https://doi.org/ 10.18510/hssr.2020.861 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.861
Gul, R., Kanwal, S., & Khan, S. S. (2020). Preferences of the Teachers in Employing Revised Blooms Taxonomy in their Instructions. Sir Syed Journal of Education & Social Research, 3(2), 258-266. https://doi.org/10.3690 2/sjesr-vol3-iss2-2020(258-266) DOI: https://doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss2-2020(258-266)
Gul, R., Khan, S. S., & Akhtar, S. (2020). Organizational Politics as Antecedent of Stress in Public Sector Universities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. International Review of Management and Business Research, 9(2), 150-161. https://doi.org/10.30543/9-2(2020)-11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30543/9-2(2020)-11
Gul, R., & Rafique, M. (2017). Teachers Preferred Approaches towards Multiple Intelligence Teaching: Enhanced Prospects for Teaching Strategies. Journal of Research & Reflections in Education (JRRE), 11(2),197-203. Available at http://www.ue.edu.pk/jrre
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Hisham, A. (2012 b). Western Psychology and Muslim Psychology in Dialogue: Comparisons Between a Qura‘nic Theory of Personality and Freud‘s and Jung‘s Ideas. Relig Health, 53,326–338, Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-012-9630-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-012-9630-9
Hjelle, L, A., & Ziegler, D. J. (1992). Personality Theories, Assumptions, Research and Applications. McGraw- Hill, Inc.
Hockenbury, D. H., & Sandra, Hockenbury, E. (2011). Discovering Psychology (Fifth Edition), Worth Publishers.
Hoffman, J, F. (1957). Psychology and Literature. The Kenyon Review, 19(4), 605- 619.Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4333802
Holbrook, D. (2013). Human Hope and the Death Instinct: An Exploration of Psychoanalytical Theories of Human Nature and Their Implications for Culture and Education; Elsevier. ISBN 1483145581, 9781483145587
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Hume D. (1740). A Treatise of Human Nature. The Floating Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oseo /instance.00046221 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00046221
Othman, N. (2015). A Preface to the Islamic Personality Psychology: International Journals of Psychological Studies, Vol, 8, No, 1. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v8n1p20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v8n1p20
Jane, A. (1956/ 1817). Northanger Abbey. ed. K. M. Lobb. London: University of London Press.
Kemahlı, Hatice, P. (2017). Four Inclinations in Human Nature: Evaluated in the Light of Al-Ghazzâlî’s Concept of the Heart; Spiritual Psychology and Counselling. Marmara University. 2(1) 9–30. https://doi.org/10.12738 /spc.2017.1.0016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12738/spc.2017.1.0016
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Keren, M. (2003). The Citizen's Voice: Twentieth-century Politics and Literature. University of Calgary Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv6cfpjj DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv6cfpjj
Khokhar, A. (2000). Dunya Ki Naamvar Khavateen. Lahore: Fiction House.
Mazhar, N., & Aslam, F. (2012). Urdu Novel: Tafheem o Tanqeed. Idara Farogh e Qaumi Zuban Pakistan.
Polio, H.R., & Ursiak, M.J. (2005). A thematic analysis of written accounts: Thinking about thoughts. In Fischer, C. T. (Ed) Qualitative research methods for psychologists, Burlington, M.A: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10. 1016/B978-012088470-4/50013-2
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Qudsia, B. (1981). Raja Gidh. Sang –e- Meel Publications.
Rafiabadi, N. H. (2002). Emerging from Darkness: Ghazzali's Impact on the Western Philosophers. Sarup & Sons.
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Sadeed, A. (2008). Bano Qudsia- Shaksiyat aur Fan. Academy Adbiyat Pakistan, Islamabad.
Sahin, Agilkayan, Z., & Streib, Heinz, A., & Hood, R. (2015). Psychology of Religion in Turkey. BRILL. Leiden, The Netherlands.
Schimmel, A. (2003). Mystical Dimension of Islam. Lahore. Sang-e-Meel Publications.
Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, Sydney E. (2004). A history of modern psychology. Belmont: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
Schuon, F. (2006). Sufism: Veil and Quintessence- A New Translation with Selected Letters, World Wisdom. ISBN:1-933316-28-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31826/9781463210687-002
Schwartz, J. (1999). Cassandra’s daughter: A history of psychoanalysis. New York: Viking.
Shah, R. R. (2015). Saint Thomas Aquinas and Imam al-Ghazali on the attainment of happiness. The International Journal of Religion and Spirituality in Society, 6, 15–29. https://doi.org/10.18848/2154-8633/CGP/v06i02/51138 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18848/2154-8633/CGP/v06i02/51138
Smith, M. (1944). Al-Ghazali, the Mystic: A Study of the Life and Personality of AbÅ« HÄmid Muhammad Al-TÅ«sÄ« Al-GhazÄl: Luzac & Company. London.
Stevenson, L. (1987). Seven theories of human nature. New York: Oxford University Press.
Stevenson, L., & Haberman, D. L. (2004). Ten Theories of Human Nature Fourth Edition, Oxford University Press, New York Oxford.
Teklinski, Elizabeth, M. (2016). A Matter of Heart and Soul: Towards an Integral Psychology Framework for Postconventional Development. (Phd Thesis California Institute of Integral Studies San Francisco, California).
Telgen, D. (1997). Novels for Students: Presenting Analysis, Context and Criticism on Commonly Studied Novels. V. 2. Gale Research: Pennsylvania State University.
Vahid, S.A. (1964). Thoughts and Reflections of Iqbal. Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, Lahore.
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