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ASSESSING AWARENESS LEVEL OF IN-SERVICE COLLEGE TEACHERS REGARDING PROFESSIONALISM
Corresponding Author(s) : Amna Saleem
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 2 (2021): March
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The study's intended purpose was to examine the attitude of college teachers towards professionalism and investigate factors affecting teachers' professionalism at the college level.
Methodology: This research nature was descriptive; a simple random sampling technique was used to pick the sample for this research. On a five-point Lickert scale, researchers built a questionnaire and collected data from 340 respondents, including 99 males, 241 females. The researcher employed descriptive and inferential statistics such as mean, frequency, one-way ANOVA, and z-test for data analysis with the help of SPSS.
Main Findings: The study's essential results indicate that teachers develop practical lessons by organizing instructional activities and materials intelligently and explaining them in multiple ways and they utilize appropriate inquiry tools according to the nature of the subject and promote self-reflection among students and motivate them to solve their problems themselves.
Applications of this study: The study will be beneficial for the stakeholders in developing an understanding of professionalism. It will provide the prospective teachers with the guidelines regarding constituents of professionalism. The study will provide feedback about the current status of professionalism. The study will highlight missing elements in professionalism to be valued in the future professionalizing project.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This study contributes to helping teachers to understand the meaning of professionalism and factors associated with it and help them to understand their responsibilities in a better way and improve their teaching efficiency.
Keywords
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- Barber, B. M., Odean, T., & Zheng, L. (2005). Out of sight, out of mind: The effects of expenses on mutual fund flows. The Journal of Business, 78(6), 2095-2120. https://doi.org/10.1086/497042 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/497042
- Beaton, G. R. (2010). Why professionalism is still relevant. U of Melbourne Legal Studies Research Paper, (445). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1545509 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1545509
- Campbell-Barr, V. (2018). The silencing of the knowledge-base in early childhood education and care professionalism. International Journal of Early Years Education, 26(1), 75-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/096697 60.2017.1414689 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2017.1414689
- Colmer, K. (2017). Collaborative professional learning: Contributing to the growth of leadership, professional identity and professionalism. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 25(3), 436-449. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2017.1308167 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2017.1308167
- Creasy, K. L. (2015). Defining Professionalism in Teacher Education Programs. Online Submission, 2(2), 23-25.
- Davies, R. (2017). Ethics and professionalism. In Paradoxes in Education (pp. 93-110). SensePublishers, Rotterdam. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6351-185-8_6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6351-185-8_6
- Eryaman, M. Y. (2007). From Reflective Practice to Practical Wisdom: Toward a Post-Foundational Teacher Education. International Journal of Progressive Education, 3(1), n1.
- Evans, L. (2008). Professionalism, professionality and the development of education professionals. British journal of educational studies, 56(1), 20-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8527.2007.00392.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8527.2007.00392.x
- Evetts, J. (2014). The concept of professionalism: Professional work, professional practice and learning. In International handbook of research in professional and practice-based learning (pp. 29-56). Springer, Dordrecht.Falmer). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8902-8_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8902-8_2
- Flores, M. A. (2018). Teacher resilience in adverse contexts: Issues of professionalism and professional identity. In Resilience in education (pp. 167-184). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76690-4_10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76690-4_10
- Freidson, E. (2001). Professionalism, the third logic: On the practice of knowledge. University of Chicago press.
- Goodwin, A. L. (2021). Teaching standards, globalisation, and conceptions of teacher professionalism. European Journal of Teacher Education, 44(1), 5-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/0261 9768.2020.1833855 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1833855
- Guskey, T. R. (2002). Professional development and teacher change. Teachers and teaching, 8(3), 381-391. https://doi.org/10.1080/135406002100000512 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/135406002100000512
- Hafferty, F. W., & Castellani, B. (2010). The increasing complexities of professionalism. Academic Medicine, 85(2), 288-301. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181c85b43 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181c85b43
- Hargreaves, A. (2000). Four ages of professionalism and professional learning. Teachers and teaching, 6(2), 151-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/713698714 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/713698714
- Harwood, D., & Tukonic, S. (2016). Babysitter or professional? Perceptions of professionalism narrated by Ontario early childhood educators. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 8(4), 589-600.
- Hoodbhoy, P. (2004). Can Pakistan Work-A Country in Search of Itself. Foreign Aff., 83, 122. https://doi.org/10.2307/20034142 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/20034142
- Ingersoll, R., Merrill, L., & May, H. (2011). What are the effects of teacher education and preparation on beginning math and science teacher attrition? In Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans.
- Keddie, A. (2017). Primary school leadership in England: performativity and matters of professionalism. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 38(8), 1245-1257. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2016.1273758 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2016.1273758
- Knapp, S., Gottlieb, M. C., & Handelsman, M. M. (2017). Enhancing professionalism through self-reflection. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 48(3), 167. https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000135 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000135
- Malm, M. (2009). Towards a new professionalism. Journal of Education for Teaching. 35. 77-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607470802587160 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02607470802587160
- Marom, L. (2019). Under the cloak of professionalism: Covert racism in teacher education. Race Ethnicity and Education, 22(3), 319-337. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2018.1468748 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2018.1468748
- Maxwell, B., & Schwimmer, M. (2016). Seeking the elusive ethical base of teacher professionalism in Canadian codes of ethics. Teaching and Teacher Education, 59, 468-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2 016.07.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.07.015
- Mayer, D., & Mills, M. (2021). Professionalism and teacher education in Australia and England. European Journal of Teacher Education, 44(1), 45-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1832987 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1832987
- Menter, I., & Flores, M. A. (2021). Connecting research and professionalism in teacher education. European Journal of Teacher Education, 44(1), 115-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1856811 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1856811
- Mukeredzi, T. G. (2013). Professional Development Through Teacher Roles: Conceptions of Professionally Unqualified Teachers in Rural South Africa and Zimbabwe. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 28(11).1-17.
- Newlyn, D. (2014). Should school teaching be classified as a profession? A twenty-first-century look at this classic question. International Journal Of English And Education, 3(1). 531-540.
- Noordegraaf, M. (2007). From “pure†to “hybrid†professionalism: Present-day professionalism in ambiguous public domains. Administration & Society, 39(6), 761-785. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399707304434 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399707304434
- Pearson, L. C., & Moomaw, W. (2005). The relationship between teacher autonomy and stress, work satisfaction, empowerment, and professionalism. Educational research quarterly, 29(1), 38-54.
- Price, H. E., & Weatherby, K. (2018). The global teaching profession: how treating teachers as knowledge workers improves the esteem of the teaching profession. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 29(1), 113-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2017.1394882 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2017.1394882
- Rizvi, M., & Elliot, B. (2005). Teachers' perceptions of their professionalism in government primary schools in Karachi, Pakistan. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 33(1), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866052000341115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866052000341115
- Ro, J. (2020). Curriculum, standards and professionalisation: The policy discourse on teacher professionalism in Singapore. Teaching and Teacher Education, 91, 103056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103056 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103056
- Sachs, J. (2016). Teacher professionalism: Why are we still talking about it?. Teachers and teaching, 22(4), 413-425. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2015.1082732 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2015.1082732
- Sambell, K., Brown, S., & Graham, L. (2017). Professionalism in practice: key directions in higher education learning, teaching and assessment. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54552-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54552-3
- Sethy, S. S. (2018). Academic ethics: Teaching profession and teacher professionalism in higher education settings. Journal of Academic Ethics, 16(4), 287-299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-018-9313-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-018-9313-6
- Snoek, M., Swennen, A., & Van der Klink, M. (2009, May). The teacher educator: a neglected factor in the contemporary debate on teacher education. In Proceedings of the TEPE 3rd annual conference teacher education policy in Europe: Quality in teacher education (pp. 288-299). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8874-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8874-2
- Tatto, M. T. (2021). Professionalism in teaching and the role of teacher education. European Journal of Teacher Education, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1849130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1849130
- Tichenor, M. S., & Tichenor, J. M. (2009). Understanding teachers' perspectives on professionalism. Professional Educator, 27, 89-95.
- Torres, A. C., & Weiner, J. (2018). The new professionalism? Charter teachers’ experiences and qualities of the teaching profession. education policy analysis archives, 26, 19. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.26.3049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.26.3049
- Wardoyo, C., & Herdiani, A. (2017). Teacher Professionalism: Analysis of Professionalism Phases. International Education Studies, 10(4), 90-100. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v10n4p90 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v10n4p90
- Whitty, M. T. (2008). Revealing the ‘real’me, searching for the ‘actual you: Presentations of self on an internet dating site. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(4), 1707-1723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2007.07.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2007.07.002
References
Barber, B. M., Odean, T., & Zheng, L. (2005). Out of sight, out of mind: The effects of expenses on mutual fund flows. The Journal of Business, 78(6), 2095-2120. https://doi.org/10.1086/497042 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/497042
Beaton, G. R. (2010). Why professionalism is still relevant. U of Melbourne Legal Studies Research Paper, (445). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1545509 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1545509
Campbell-Barr, V. (2018). The silencing of the knowledge-base in early childhood education and care professionalism. International Journal of Early Years Education, 26(1), 75-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/096697 60.2017.1414689 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2017.1414689
Colmer, K. (2017). Collaborative professional learning: Contributing to the growth of leadership, professional identity and professionalism. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 25(3), 436-449. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2017.1308167 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2017.1308167
Creasy, K. L. (2015). Defining Professionalism in Teacher Education Programs. Online Submission, 2(2), 23-25.
Davies, R. (2017). Ethics and professionalism. In Paradoxes in Education (pp. 93-110). SensePublishers, Rotterdam. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6351-185-8_6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6351-185-8_6
Eryaman, M. Y. (2007). From Reflective Practice to Practical Wisdom: Toward a Post-Foundational Teacher Education. International Journal of Progressive Education, 3(1), n1.
Evans, L. (2008). Professionalism, professionality and the development of education professionals. British journal of educational studies, 56(1), 20-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8527.2007.00392.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8527.2007.00392.x
Evetts, J. (2014). The concept of professionalism: Professional work, professional practice and learning. In International handbook of research in professional and practice-based learning (pp. 29-56). Springer, Dordrecht.Falmer). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8902-8_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8902-8_2
Flores, M. A. (2018). Teacher resilience in adverse contexts: Issues of professionalism and professional identity. In Resilience in education (pp. 167-184). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76690-4_10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76690-4_10
Freidson, E. (2001). Professionalism, the third logic: On the practice of knowledge. University of Chicago press.
Goodwin, A. L. (2021). Teaching standards, globalisation, and conceptions of teacher professionalism. European Journal of Teacher Education, 44(1), 5-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/0261 9768.2020.1833855 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1833855
Guskey, T. R. (2002). Professional development and teacher change. Teachers and teaching, 8(3), 381-391. https://doi.org/10.1080/135406002100000512 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/135406002100000512
Hafferty, F. W., & Castellani, B. (2010). The increasing complexities of professionalism. Academic Medicine, 85(2), 288-301. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181c85b43 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181c85b43
Hargreaves, A. (2000). Four ages of professionalism and professional learning. Teachers and teaching, 6(2), 151-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/713698714 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/713698714
Harwood, D., & Tukonic, S. (2016). Babysitter or professional? Perceptions of professionalism narrated by Ontario early childhood educators. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 8(4), 589-600.
Hoodbhoy, P. (2004). Can Pakistan Work-A Country in Search of Itself. Foreign Aff., 83, 122. https://doi.org/10.2307/20034142 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/20034142
Ingersoll, R., Merrill, L., & May, H. (2011). What are the effects of teacher education and preparation on beginning math and science teacher attrition? In Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans.
Keddie, A. (2017). Primary school leadership in England: performativity and matters of professionalism. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 38(8), 1245-1257. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2016.1273758 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2016.1273758
Knapp, S., Gottlieb, M. C., & Handelsman, M. M. (2017). Enhancing professionalism through self-reflection. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 48(3), 167. https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000135 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000135
Malm, M. (2009). Towards a new professionalism. Journal of Education for Teaching. 35. 77-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607470802587160 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02607470802587160
Marom, L. (2019). Under the cloak of professionalism: Covert racism in teacher education. Race Ethnicity and Education, 22(3), 319-337. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2018.1468748 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2018.1468748
Maxwell, B., & Schwimmer, M. (2016). Seeking the elusive ethical base of teacher professionalism in Canadian codes of ethics. Teaching and Teacher Education, 59, 468-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2 016.07.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.07.015
Mayer, D., & Mills, M. (2021). Professionalism and teacher education in Australia and England. European Journal of Teacher Education, 44(1), 45-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1832987 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1832987
Menter, I., & Flores, M. A. (2021). Connecting research and professionalism in teacher education. European Journal of Teacher Education, 44(1), 115-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1856811 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1856811
Mukeredzi, T. G. (2013). Professional Development Through Teacher Roles: Conceptions of Professionally Unqualified Teachers in Rural South Africa and Zimbabwe. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 28(11).1-17.
Newlyn, D. (2014). Should school teaching be classified as a profession? A twenty-first-century look at this classic question. International Journal Of English And Education, 3(1). 531-540.
Noordegraaf, M. (2007). From “pure†to “hybrid†professionalism: Present-day professionalism in ambiguous public domains. Administration & Society, 39(6), 761-785. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399707304434 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399707304434
Pearson, L. C., & Moomaw, W. (2005). The relationship between teacher autonomy and stress, work satisfaction, empowerment, and professionalism. Educational research quarterly, 29(1), 38-54.
Price, H. E., & Weatherby, K. (2018). The global teaching profession: how treating teachers as knowledge workers improves the esteem of the teaching profession. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 29(1), 113-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2017.1394882 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2017.1394882
Rizvi, M., & Elliot, B. (2005). Teachers' perceptions of their professionalism in government primary schools in Karachi, Pakistan. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 33(1), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866052000341115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866052000341115
Ro, J. (2020). Curriculum, standards and professionalisation: The policy discourse on teacher professionalism in Singapore. Teaching and Teacher Education, 91, 103056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103056 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103056
Sachs, J. (2016). Teacher professionalism: Why are we still talking about it?. Teachers and teaching, 22(4), 413-425. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2015.1082732 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2015.1082732
Sambell, K., Brown, S., & Graham, L. (2017). Professionalism in practice: key directions in higher education learning, teaching and assessment. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54552-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54552-3
Sethy, S. S. (2018). Academic ethics: Teaching profession and teacher professionalism in higher education settings. Journal of Academic Ethics, 16(4), 287-299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-018-9313-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-018-9313-6
Snoek, M., Swennen, A., & Van der Klink, M. (2009, May). The teacher educator: a neglected factor in the contemporary debate on teacher education. In Proceedings of the TEPE 3rd annual conference teacher education policy in Europe: Quality in teacher education (pp. 288-299). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8874-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8874-2
Tatto, M. T. (2021). Professionalism in teaching and the role of teacher education. European Journal of Teacher Education, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1849130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1849130
Tichenor, M. S., & Tichenor, J. M. (2009). Understanding teachers' perspectives on professionalism. Professional Educator, 27, 89-95.
Torres, A. C., & Weiner, J. (2018). The new professionalism? Charter teachers’ experiences and qualities of the teaching profession. education policy analysis archives, 26, 19. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.26.3049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.26.3049
Wardoyo, C., & Herdiani, A. (2017). Teacher Professionalism: Analysis of Professionalism Phases. International Education Studies, 10(4), 90-100. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v10n4p90 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v10n4p90
Whitty, M. T. (2008). Revealing the ‘real’me, searching for the ‘actual you: Presentations of self on an internet dating site. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(4), 1707-1723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2007.07.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2007.07.002