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GENDER EQUALITY IN ISLAM AND GENDER BIASED DISCRIMINATION IN GLOBAL MUSLIM SOCIETIES: ANALYTIC AND CRITICAL EVALUATION
Corresponding Author(s) : Syed Muhammad Shahid Tirmizi
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The main aim of this study is to stipulate the practical elucidation for the act in spotting sustaining ways of discrimination as well as inequality against the female children, obliterating ways, and practices that are harmful in fulfilling the rights of the females and prescribing an efficient policy for the protection and promotion of these rights.
Methodology: Analytical and critical evaluation techniques have been used in executing this research study. Ongoing gender-based discrimination in societies of Muslim worlds has been analysed through various sources including published journal articles, news articles, and books, etc. These analytical studies are then critically evaluated in the light of the Holy Quran and Sunnah as primary study resources.
Main Findings: Education helps in breaking the model of gender discrimination and creates permanent changes for the females in the developing states inclusive of Pakistan, among others. Pakistan has hardly invested in educational sectors, and specifically in the education of women. The education of girls leads to extensive social changes. Educated females are very significant to terminate this rapidly growing notion of gender discrimination.
Application of study: This study is applicable in the domain of gender studies in the perspective of global Islamic societies, in comprehension of the drawbacks of this norm faced by the societies, and the consequences of gender discrimination.
The novelty of this study: To the best of my knowledge this study explores the concept of gender inequality in the light of the Quran and Sunnah and gender discrimination in the society of Pakistan. Furthermore, it addresses the bill passed by the national assembly of Pakistan in context to the protection of Women’s property rights in 2020 and its religious significances and advantages of observing this bill.
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- Ahmed, A. (2018). Pakistan among worst performers on gender equality: WEF. Daily dawn. December, 19.
- Ahmad, A., & Khan, R. N. (2020). Conflicting and Challenging Patriarchal and Liberal Feminist Ideologies and Norms in Afghanistan: Critical Stylistic Study of Khaled Hosseini’s And the Mountains Echoed. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ), 11(2), 154-167. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol11no2.11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol11no2.11
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- Alikarami, L. (2019). Women and Equality in Iran: Law, Society and Activism. I.B. Tauris. https://doi.org/10 .5040/9781788318853 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781788318853
- Bukhari, M. A. H. S., Gaho, M. G. M., & Soomro, M. K. H. (2019). Gender inequality: Problems & its solutions in Pakistan. The Government-Annual Research Journal of Political Science, 7(7).
- Brenner, S. (2018). Islam and gender politics in late New Order Indonesia. Spirited Politics, 93-118. https://doi .org/10.7591/9781501719486-006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501719486-006
- Cholil, M. (2017). Complexities in dealing with gender inequality: Muslim women and mosque-based social services in East Java Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Islam, 11(2), 459. https://doi.org/10.15 642/JIIS.2017.11.2.459-488 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2017.11.2.459-488
- Cholil, M., & Sudirman, S. (2019). Gender Equality in Islamic Family Law: Breaking the Chain of Domestic Violence to Achieve Harmonious Family. Kafaah: Journal of Gender Studies, 9(2), 131-146. https://doi.org/10 .15548/jk.v9i2.270 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15548/jk.v9i2.270
- Choudhry, A. N., Mutalib, R. A., & Ismail, N. S. A. (2019). Socio-cultural factors affecting women economic empowerment in Pakistan: A situation analysis. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(5), 90-102. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v9-i5/5842 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v9-i5/5842
- Combley, R. (2011). Cambridge Business English Dictionary. Cambridge University Press.
- Griffin, G. (2017). A Dictionary of Gender Studies. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acr ef/9780191834837.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780191834837.001.0001
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- Ibnouf, F. O. (2015). The Gender Equality and Women's Human Rights in Islamic Texts (Quran and Hadith).
- Islamy, A. (2020). Gender Mainstreaming in The Hermeneutics of Islamic Family Law. Al-Bayyinah Jurnal Hukum Islam, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.35673/al-bayyinah.v4i1.686 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35673/al-bayyinah.v4i1.686
- Kaffenberger, M., & Pritchett, L. (2020). Aiming higher: Learning profiles and gender equality in 10 low-and middle-income countries. International Journal of Educational Development, 79, 102272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2020.102272 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2020.102272
- Kiram, M. Z. (2020). Achieving Gender Equality through Understanding; Rethinking and Rebuilding Peace. Rethinking and Rebuilding Peace (January 20, 2020). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3522622
- Koburtay, T., Syed, J., & Haloub, R. (2020). Implications of religion, culture, and legislation for gender equality at work: Qualitative insights from Jordan. Journal of Business Ethics, 164(3), 421-436. https://doi.or g/10.1007/s10551-018-4036-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-4036-6
- Masitoh, D., & Pramesti, F. A. (2020). Gender Inequality in Pakistan Caused by Domestic Factors and Conflict Resolving Based on CEDAW. Nation State Journal of International Studies, 3(2), 240-257. https://doi.org /10.24076/NSJIS.2020v3i2.241 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24076/NSJIS.2020v3i2.241
- Mirshekari, A., & Ghasemi, R. (2019). The study of justice in determining women’s rights in the family according to the Islamic legal system. Journal of Shariah Law Research, 4(2), 201-222.
- Nawawi, I. (2014). Riyad As Salihin: The Gardens of the Righteous. Tughra Books.
- Pervez, S., & Iraqi, K. M. (2018). Gender Discrimination–Prevailing State in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies, 16, 153-170. https://doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v16i1.121 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v16i1.121
- Pramesi, N. A. (2021). Implementation of Maqasid Syari'ah in the Concept of Reforming the Indonesian Marriage Law Based on Gender Equality: Study of the Counter Legal Draft Compilation of Islamic Law. International Journal of Advanced Research in Islamic and Humanities, 3(1), 1-10.
- Rahbari, L. (2021). When gender turns right: racializing Islam and femonationalism in online political discourses in Belgium. Contemporary Politics, 27(1), 41-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2020.1813950 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2020.1813950
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- Samsuri, S., Mursidin, M., & Mujahidin, M. (2018). Character Education Based on Gender Justice in The Islamic Perspective. Al-Hayat: Journal of Islamic Education, 2(2), 202-212.
- Showunmi, V., & Kaparou, M. (2017). The challenge of leadership: Ethnicity and gender among school leaders in England, Malaysia and Pakistan. Cultures of Educational Leadership, 95-119. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58567-7_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58567-7_5
- Supriyadi, T., Julia, J., & Firdaus, E. (2019). The Problems of Gender Equality: A Reconstruction of Islamic Doctrine. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 10(2), 91-110.
- The Holy Quran (2006, July). Minhaj-ul-Quran Publications, Lahore, Pakistan
- True, J., & Eddyono, S. (2021). Preventing Violent Extremism–What Has Gender Got to Do With It? European Psychologist, 26(1), 55–67. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000434 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000434
- Umar, M., & Asghar, Z. (2018). SDG Index for Pakistan at Provincial Level. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/83997/
- Yasin, S. A., & Aslam, S. (2018). School Dropout of Rural Girls in Pakistan: Exploring the Role of Gender Discrimination. Journal of Research & Reflections in Education (JRRE), 12(1).
References
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Ahmad, A., & Khan, R. N. (2020). Conflicting and Challenging Patriarchal and Liberal Feminist Ideologies and Norms in Afghanistan: Critical Stylistic Study of Khaled Hosseini’s And the Mountains Echoed. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ), 11(2), 154-167. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol11no2.11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol11no2.11
Ali, F., & Syed, J. (2017). From rhetoric to reality: A multilevel analysis of gender equality in Pakistani organizations. Gender, Work & Organization, 24(5), 472-486. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12160 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12160
Alikarami, L. (2019). Women and Equality in Iran: Law, Society and Activism. I.B. Tauris. https://doi.org/10 .5040/9781788318853 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781788318853
Bukhari, M. A. H. S., Gaho, M. G. M., & Soomro, M. K. H. (2019). Gender inequality: Problems & its solutions in Pakistan. The Government-Annual Research Journal of Political Science, 7(7).
Brenner, S. (2018). Islam and gender politics in late New Order Indonesia. Spirited Politics, 93-118. https://doi .org/10.7591/9781501719486-006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501719486-006
Cholil, M. (2017). Complexities in dealing with gender inequality: Muslim women and mosque-based social services in East Java Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Islam, 11(2), 459. https://doi.org/10.15 642/JIIS.2017.11.2.459-488 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2017.11.2.459-488
Cholil, M., & Sudirman, S. (2019). Gender Equality in Islamic Family Law: Breaking the Chain of Domestic Violence to Achieve Harmonious Family. Kafaah: Journal of Gender Studies, 9(2), 131-146. https://doi.org/10 .15548/jk.v9i2.270 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15548/jk.v9i2.270
Choudhry, A. N., Mutalib, R. A., & Ismail, N. S. A. (2019). Socio-cultural factors affecting women economic empowerment in Pakistan: A situation analysis. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(5), 90-102. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v9-i5/5842 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v9-i5/5842
Combley, R. (2011). Cambridge Business English Dictionary. Cambridge University Press.
Griffin, G. (2017). A Dictionary of Gender Studies. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acr ef/9780191834837.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780191834837.001.0001
Hyder, W. (2018, April 25). Pakistan at bottom in gender equality at work index. Pakistan Today. https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/04/25/pakistan-at-bottom-in-gender-equality-at-work-index/
Ibnouf, F. O. (2015). The Gender Equality and Women's Human Rights in Islamic Texts (Quran and Hadith).
Islamy, A. (2020). Gender Mainstreaming in The Hermeneutics of Islamic Family Law. Al-Bayyinah Jurnal Hukum Islam, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.35673/al-bayyinah.v4i1.686 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35673/al-bayyinah.v4i1.686
Kaffenberger, M., & Pritchett, L. (2020). Aiming higher: Learning profiles and gender equality in 10 low-and middle-income countries. International Journal of Educational Development, 79, 102272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2020.102272 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2020.102272
Kiram, M. Z. (2020). Achieving Gender Equality through Understanding; Rethinking and Rebuilding Peace. Rethinking and Rebuilding Peace (January 20, 2020). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3522622
Koburtay, T., Syed, J., & Haloub, R. (2020). Implications of religion, culture, and legislation for gender equality at work: Qualitative insights from Jordan. Journal of Business Ethics, 164(3), 421-436. https://doi.or g/10.1007/s10551-018-4036-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-4036-6
Masitoh, D., & Pramesti, F. A. (2020). Gender Inequality in Pakistan Caused by Domestic Factors and Conflict Resolving Based on CEDAW. Nation State Journal of International Studies, 3(2), 240-257. https://doi.org /10.24076/NSJIS.2020v3i2.241 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24076/NSJIS.2020v3i2.241
Mirshekari, A., & Ghasemi, R. (2019). The study of justice in determining women’s rights in the family according to the Islamic legal system. Journal of Shariah Law Research, 4(2), 201-222.
Nawawi, I. (2014). Riyad As Salihin: The Gardens of the Righteous. Tughra Books.
Pervez, S., & Iraqi, K. M. (2018). Gender Discrimination–Prevailing State in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies, 16, 153-170. https://doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v16i1.121 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v16i1.121
Pramesi, N. A. (2021). Implementation of Maqasid Syari'ah in the Concept of Reforming the Indonesian Marriage Law Based on Gender Equality: Study of the Counter Legal Draft Compilation of Islamic Law. International Journal of Advanced Research in Islamic and Humanities, 3(1), 1-10.
Rahbari, L. (2021). When gender turns right: racializing Islam and femonationalism in online political discourses in Belgium. Contemporary Politics, 27(1), 41-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2020.1813950 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2020.1813950
Saiful, T., & Fendri, A. (2020, March). Gender Equality Perspective and Women Position in Islam. In International Conference on Law, Governance and Islamic Society (ICOLGIS 2019) (pp. 197-200). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200306.212 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200306.212
Samsuri, S., Mursidin, M., & Mujahidin, M. (2018). Character Education Based on Gender Justice in The Islamic Perspective. Al-Hayat: Journal of Islamic Education, 2(2), 202-212.
Showunmi, V., & Kaparou, M. (2017). The challenge of leadership: Ethnicity and gender among school leaders in England, Malaysia and Pakistan. Cultures of Educational Leadership, 95-119. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58567-7_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58567-7_5
Supriyadi, T., Julia, J., & Firdaus, E. (2019). The Problems of Gender Equality: A Reconstruction of Islamic Doctrine. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 10(2), 91-110.
The Holy Quran (2006, July). Minhaj-ul-Quran Publications, Lahore, Pakistan
True, J., & Eddyono, S. (2021). Preventing Violent Extremism–What Has Gender Got to Do With It? European Psychologist, 26(1), 55–67. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000434 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000434
Umar, M., & Asghar, Z. (2018). SDG Index for Pakistan at Provincial Level. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/83997/
Yasin, S. A., & Aslam, S. (2018). School Dropout of Rural Girls in Pakistan: Exploring the Role of Gender Discrimination. Journal of Research & Reflections in Education (JRRE), 12(1).