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DEMOGRAPHIC PREDICTION TOWARDS LEADERSHIP AND TEACHERS’ COMMITMENT AND MOTIVATION IN THE EDUCATIONAL SECTOR
Corresponding Author(s) : Afshan Jabeen
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The existing research study aimed to investigate the predictive effect of demographic traits, leadership styles on teachers’ job commitment and motivation at the college level, in Punjab, Pakistan.
Methodology: The population of the study consisted of 576 male and female lecturers (PE). The total number of lecturers (PE) working in all Government colleges is 576, male lecturer (PE) is 366, and female lecturers (PE) are 210. Three self cum closed-ended questionnaires were designed for the data collection. Mean, standard deviation, Independent Samples Test, and One-way ANOVA were applied to test the formulated hypotheses.
Main Findings: It was found that there no positive impact of leadership styles of the head of institutions upon professional commitment and motivation of the lecturers based on demographics. It was also found that the study respondents regarding demographic attributes have significant group mean differences in opinion about the research variables under study.
Implications of the study: It was recommended that the most motivated and committed worker is the one who is senior, married, educated, and female, has a sound salary package, has served the institution for a long time- period and has a chance of professional development. It was also found that s/he performs his/her duty under an HOI who has more of a transformational leadership style than the rest and should be more transformational. Therefore HOI of the institutions should adopt a transformational leadership style to get maximum output from the employees.
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- Akar, H. (2018). The relationships between quality of work life, school alienation, burnout, affective commitment and organizational citizenship: A study on teachers. European Journal of Educational Research, 7(2), 169-180. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.7.2.169 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.7.2.169
- Blankenship, S. L. (2010). The consequences of transformational leadership and/or transactional leadership in relationship to job satisfaction and organizational commitment for active duty women serving in the Air Force Medical Service.
- Canrinus, E. T., Helms-Lorenz, M., Beijaard, D., Buitink, J., & Hofman, A. (2012). Self-efficacy, job satisfaction, motivation and commitment: Exploring the relationships between indicators of teachers' professional identity. European journal of psychology of education, 27(1),115-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-011-0069-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-011-0069-2
- Collie, R. J., Shapka, J. D., & Perry, N. E. (2011). Predicting teacher commitment: The impact of school climate and social-emotional learning. Psychology in the Schools, 48(10), 1034-1048. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20611 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20611
- DiPrete, T. A., & Buchmann, C. (2013). The rise of women: The growing gender gap in education and what it means for American schools. Russell Sage Foundation.
- Emery, C. R., & Barker, K. J. (2007). The effect of transactional and transformational leadership styles on the organizational commitment and job satisfaction of customer contact personnel. Journal of organizational culture, communications and conflict, 11(1), 77.
- Ensher, E. A., Grantâ€Vallone, E. J., & Donaldson, S. I. (2001). Effects of perceived discrimination on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and grievances. Human resource development quarterly, 12(1), 53-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/1532-1096(200101/02)12:1<53::AID-HRDQ5>3.0.CO;2-G DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1532-1096(200101/02)12:1<53::AID-HRDQ5>3.0.CO;2-G
- Feather, N. T., & Rauter, K. A. (2004). Organizational citizenship behaviours in relation to job status, job insecurity, organizational commitment and identification, job satisfaction and work values. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 77(1), 81-94. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317904322915928 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/096317904322915928
- Fiaz, M., Su, Q., & Saqib, A. (2017). Leadership styles and employees' motivation: Perspective from an emerging economy. The Journal of Developing Areas, 51(4), 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2017.0093 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2017.0093
- Jena, L. K., Bhattacharyya, P., & Pradhan, S. (2017). Employee engagement and affective organizational commitment: Mediating role of employee voice among Indian service sector employees. Vision, 21(4), 356-366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972262917733170 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972262917733170
- Keskes, I. (2014). Relationship between leadership styles and dimensions of employee organizational commitment: A critical review and discussion of future directions. Intangible Capital, 10(1), 26-51. https://doi.org/10.3926/ic.476 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3926/ic.476
- Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2011). Credibility: How leaders gain and lose it, why people demand it (Vol. 203). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118983867 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118983867
- Leithwood, K. and Jantzi, D. (2006). Transformational School Leadership for Large-Scale Reform: Effects on students, teachers, and their classroom practices. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 17 (2), 201-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243450600565829 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09243450600565829
- Luqman, M. S., Rehman, J. U., Islam, Z. U., & Khan, S. D. (2020). Effect of organizational climate upon the job performance of instructors' physical education. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2020.0204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2020.0204
- Malik, W. U., Javed, M., & Hassan, S. T. (2017). Influence of transformational leadership components on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 11(1), 147-166.
- Moses, I., Berry, A., Saab, N., & Admiraal, W. (2017). Who wants to become a teacher? Typology of student-teachers’ commitment to teaching. Journal of Education for tEaching, 43(4), 444-457.
- Naseem, B. Y., Nawaz, A., Khan, H., Khan, F., & Khan, I. (2013). Determining the Demographic impacts on the Organizational Commitment of Academicians in the HEIs of DCs like Pakistan. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 2(2), 117-117. https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2013.v2n2p117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2013.v2n2p117
- Nugroho, A. P., & Haryanto, A. T. (2019). The Role of Job Characteristics and Professional Commitment to Tenure and Performance (Study of Teachers in Public High Schools in Solo Raya). Journal of Indonesian Science Economic Research, 1(1), 26-31.
- Omar, M. K., Self, M. J., Cole, K. L. M., Rashid, A. M., & Puad, M. H. M. (2018). Job satisfaction and motivation to teach: Predicting intrinsic and extrinsic factors towards retaining career-switchers in the teaching profession. International Journal of Education, 3(16), 59-76.
- Ozdem, G. (2012). The relationship between the organizational citizenship behaviors and the organizational and professional commitments of secondary school teachers. Journal of Global strategic management, 6(2), 47-64. https://doi.org/10.20460/JGSM.2012615773 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20460/JGSM.2012615773
- Rast, S., & Tourani, A. (2012). Evaluation of employees' job satisfaction and role of gender difference: An empirical study at airline industry in Iran. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(7).
- Salami, S. O. (2008). Demographic and psychological factors predicting organizational commitment among industrial workers. The anthropologist, 10(1), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2008.11891026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2008.11891026
- Senthamil, R., & Palanichamy, P. (2011). Transformational Leadership Styles and Employee Performance. Journal for Bloomers of Research, 3(2).
- Sezgin, F. (2009). Relationships between teacher organizational commitment, psychological hardiness and some demographic variables in Turkish primary schools. Journal of Educational Administration, 47(5), 630-651. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230910981099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230910981099
- Solà , G. J., i Badia, J. G., Hito, P. D., Osaba, M. A. C., & GarcÃa, J. L. D. V. (2016). Self-perception of leadership styles and behaviour in primary health care. BMC health services research, 16(1), 572. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1819-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1819-2
- Sun, J., Chen, X., & Zhang, S. (2017). A review of research evidence on the antecedents of transformational leadership. Education Sciences, 7(1), 15. h https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci7010015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci7010015
- Tebeian, A. (2012). How to improve employee motivation and group performance through leadership-conceptual model. Annals of the University of Oradea, Economic Science Series, 21(1), 1092-1097.
- Tillman, W. R., & Tillman, C. J. (2008). And you thought it was the apple: A study of job satisfaction among teachers. Academy of educational leadership Journal, 12(3), 1.
- Zakeer, A. K., Munnawar, N. K., Irfan, U. K. (2014). The impact of Leadership Styles on Innovation inthe Health Services. Public Policy and Administration Research, 4 (11), p- 78-84.
References
Akar, H. (2018). The relationships between quality of work life, school alienation, burnout, affective commitment and organizational citizenship: A study on teachers. European Journal of Educational Research, 7(2), 169-180. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.7.2.169 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.7.2.169
Blankenship, S. L. (2010). The consequences of transformational leadership and/or transactional leadership in relationship to job satisfaction and organizational commitment for active duty women serving in the Air Force Medical Service.
Canrinus, E. T., Helms-Lorenz, M., Beijaard, D., Buitink, J., & Hofman, A. (2012). Self-efficacy, job satisfaction, motivation and commitment: Exploring the relationships between indicators of teachers' professional identity. European journal of psychology of education, 27(1),115-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-011-0069-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-011-0069-2
Collie, R. J., Shapka, J. D., & Perry, N. E. (2011). Predicting teacher commitment: The impact of school climate and social-emotional learning. Psychology in the Schools, 48(10), 1034-1048. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20611 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20611
DiPrete, T. A., & Buchmann, C. (2013). The rise of women: The growing gender gap in education and what it means for American schools. Russell Sage Foundation.
Emery, C. R., & Barker, K. J. (2007). The effect of transactional and transformational leadership styles on the organizational commitment and job satisfaction of customer contact personnel. Journal of organizational culture, communications and conflict, 11(1), 77.
Ensher, E. A., Grantâ€Vallone, E. J., & Donaldson, S. I. (2001). Effects of perceived discrimination on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and grievances. Human resource development quarterly, 12(1), 53-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/1532-1096(200101/02)12:1<53::AID-HRDQ5>3.0.CO;2-G DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1532-1096(200101/02)12:1<53::AID-HRDQ5>3.0.CO;2-G
Feather, N. T., & Rauter, K. A. (2004). Organizational citizenship behaviours in relation to job status, job insecurity, organizational commitment and identification, job satisfaction and work values. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 77(1), 81-94. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317904322915928 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/096317904322915928
Fiaz, M., Su, Q., & Saqib, A. (2017). Leadership styles and employees' motivation: Perspective from an emerging economy. The Journal of Developing Areas, 51(4), 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2017.0093 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2017.0093
Jena, L. K., Bhattacharyya, P., & Pradhan, S. (2017). Employee engagement and affective organizational commitment: Mediating role of employee voice among Indian service sector employees. Vision, 21(4), 356-366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972262917733170 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972262917733170
Keskes, I. (2014). Relationship between leadership styles and dimensions of employee organizational commitment: A critical review and discussion of future directions. Intangible Capital, 10(1), 26-51. https://doi.org/10.3926/ic.476 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3926/ic.476
Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2011). Credibility: How leaders gain and lose it, why people demand it (Vol. 203). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118983867 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118983867
Leithwood, K. and Jantzi, D. (2006). Transformational School Leadership for Large-Scale Reform: Effects on students, teachers, and their classroom practices. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 17 (2), 201-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243450600565829 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09243450600565829
Luqman, M. S., Rehman, J. U., Islam, Z. U., & Khan, S. D. (2020). Effect of organizational climate upon the job performance of instructors' physical education. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2020.0204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2020.0204
Malik, W. U., Javed, M., & Hassan, S. T. (2017). Influence of transformational leadership components on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 11(1), 147-166.
Moses, I., Berry, A., Saab, N., & Admiraal, W. (2017). Who wants to become a teacher? Typology of student-teachers’ commitment to teaching. Journal of Education for tEaching, 43(4), 444-457.
Naseem, B. Y., Nawaz, A., Khan, H., Khan, F., & Khan, I. (2013). Determining the Demographic impacts on the Organizational Commitment of Academicians in the HEIs of DCs like Pakistan. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 2(2), 117-117. https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2013.v2n2p117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2013.v2n2p117
Nugroho, A. P., & Haryanto, A. T. (2019). The Role of Job Characteristics and Professional Commitment to Tenure and Performance (Study of Teachers in Public High Schools in Solo Raya). Journal of Indonesian Science Economic Research, 1(1), 26-31.
Omar, M. K., Self, M. J., Cole, K. L. M., Rashid, A. M., & Puad, M. H. M. (2018). Job satisfaction and motivation to teach: Predicting intrinsic and extrinsic factors towards retaining career-switchers in the teaching profession. International Journal of Education, 3(16), 59-76.
Ozdem, G. (2012). The relationship between the organizational citizenship behaviors and the organizational and professional commitments of secondary school teachers. Journal of Global strategic management, 6(2), 47-64. https://doi.org/10.20460/JGSM.2012615773 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20460/JGSM.2012615773
Rast, S., & Tourani, A. (2012). Evaluation of employees' job satisfaction and role of gender difference: An empirical study at airline industry in Iran. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(7).
Salami, S. O. (2008). Demographic and psychological factors predicting organizational commitment among industrial workers. The anthropologist, 10(1), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2008.11891026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2008.11891026
Senthamil, R., & Palanichamy, P. (2011). Transformational Leadership Styles and Employee Performance. Journal for Bloomers of Research, 3(2).
Sezgin, F. (2009). Relationships between teacher organizational commitment, psychological hardiness and some demographic variables in Turkish primary schools. Journal of Educational Administration, 47(5), 630-651. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230910981099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230910981099
Solà , G. J., i Badia, J. G., Hito, P. D., Osaba, M. A. C., & GarcÃa, J. L. D. V. (2016). Self-perception of leadership styles and behaviour in primary health care. BMC health services research, 16(1), 572. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1819-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1819-2
Sun, J., Chen, X., & Zhang, S. (2017). A review of research evidence on the antecedents of transformational leadership. Education Sciences, 7(1), 15. h https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci7010015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci7010015
Tebeian, A. (2012). How to improve employee motivation and group performance through leadership-conceptual model. Annals of the University of Oradea, Economic Science Series, 21(1), 1092-1097.
Tillman, W. R., & Tillman, C. J. (2008). And you thought it was the apple: A study of job satisfaction among teachers. Academy of educational leadership Journal, 12(3), 1.
Zakeer, A. K., Munnawar, N. K., Irfan, U. K. (2014). The impact of Leadership Styles on Innovation inthe Health Services. Public Policy and Administration Research, 4 (11), p- 78-84.