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A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING SUGARCANE PRODUCTIVITY IN CENTRAL VALLEY OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN
Corresponding Author(s) : Muhammad Nisar
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This research study was designed to analyze various social factors like population dynamics, institutional, land tenure, and gender other than the technological one that affects the production of sugarcane in farming communities.
Methodology: The method of the study was qualitative, where the data was collected through FGDs. Two FGDs were conducted in two districts of the central valley of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan. Each FGD consisted of 10 participants. The data was analyzed through thematic analysis.
Main Findings: The findings of the study revealed that sugarcane productivity is affected by sociological factors like technological ones. The poor socioeconomic status of the farmers, wasting resources in land disputes, frequent land division among heirs, a rapid increase of population growth, unplanned urbanization conversion of fertile agricultural land into the built environment, weakening the role of informal institutions like Jirga and farmers organizations, lack of access to agricultural institutions, the restricted role of women in farming and unfavourable attitude of farmers towards new agrarian technologies, all were the significant contributing factors that negatively influenced sugarcane productivity.
Applications of this study: The findings of the study be used by the agricultural department, NGOs, and the government while taking into consideration the factors responsible for sugarcane productivity.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This study is novel that no study has yet conducted while considering sociological factors in sugarcane production in Pakistan. This research a unique in that provides a base for agricultural scientists to keep in mind social factors as well in agrarian production besides technological factors.
Keywords
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- Ahmad, S., Saleem, S., Zubair, Khalil, M.I.A., Sohil, K., & Rehman, Z.U. (2012). Farmer’ response and yield response of sugarcane in Jhang and Sargodha districts. Sarhad J. Agric. 28(2), 237-243.
- Ahmed, V. & Javed, A. (2016). National Study on Agriculture Investment in Pakistan. Working Paper #157. A publication of the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI).
- Ali, S., M. Ahmad, T. Ali, B. Shahbaz, G.A. Khan, M. Iftikhar & F. Nosheen. (2013). Role of private sector in promoting IPM practices among farming community in Punjab, Pakistan. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 23, 1473-1476.
- Angen, M. J. (2000). Evaluating interpretive inquiry: Reviewing the validity debate and opening the dialogue. Qualitative Health Research, 10, 378–395. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973230001000308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104973200129118516
- Aref, F., Gill, S.S. & Aref, F. (2010). Tourism Development in Local Communities: As a Community Development Approach. Journal of American Sciences, 6(2), 155-162.
- Ashour, M., Billings, L., Gilligan, D., Hoel, J. B., & Karachiwalla, N. (2016). Do beliefs about agricultural inputs counterfeiting correspond with actual rates of counterfeiting? Evidence from Uganda. IFPRI Discussion Paper No. 1552. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
- Bastiaensen, J. & Marchetti, P. (2011). Rural Microfinance and Agricultural Value Chains: Strategies and Perspectives of the Fondo de Desarrollo Local in Nicaragua. World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Beatriz Armendáriz & Marc Labie (ed.), The Handbook Of Microfinance, chapter 22, pages 461-500, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814295666_0022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814295666_0022
- BenYishay A., & Mobarak, A.M. (2013). Communicating with Farmers through Social Networks. Working Papers 1030, Economic Growth Center, Yale University.
- BIF. (2018). Assessment of the Malting Barley Market System in Ethiopia (Report for UK Aid). United Kingdom: Business Innovation Facility publishing.
- Birt, L., Suzanne, S., Debbie, C., Christine, C., & Fiona, W. (2016). Member checking: A tool to enhance trustworthiness or merely a nod to validation? Qualitative Health Research, 26, 1802–1811. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732316654870 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732316654870
- Butt, T.M., Hassan, Z.Y., Mehmood, K., & Muhammad, S. (2010). Role of Women in Agricultural Development and Their Constraints. Journal of Agriculture and Social Sciences, 6(3).
- Carey, M. A., & Smith, M. W. (1994). Capturing the group effect in focus groups: A special concern in analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 4, 123–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973239400400108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104973239400400108
- Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. London, UK: Sage Publications Inc.
- Cole, S. (2007). Tourism, culture and development: Hopes, dreams and realities in East Indonesia. Clevedon, UK: Channel view publications. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781845410711 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781845410711
- Deng, X., Huang, J., Rozelle, S., Zhang, J., & Li, Z. (2015). Impact of urbanization on cultivated land changes in China. Land Use Policy, 45, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.01.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.01.007
- Doyle, S. (2007). Member checking with older women: A framework for negotiating meaning. Health Care for Women International, 28, 888–908. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399330701615325 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07399330701615325
- Eklund, L., & Thompson, D. (2015). Differences in resource management affects drought vulnerability across the borders between Iraq Syria and Turkey Ecol. Soc. Submitted.
- FAO. (2016). Food and Agriculture Organization.
- Francis, Z. N., Dinye, R. D. & Kasanga, R. K. (2013). Urbanization and its Impact on Agricultural Lands in Growing Cities in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Tamale in Ghana. Modern Social Science Journal, 2(2), 256-287.
- Gabre-Madhin, Z. & Haggblade, S. (2001). Success in African Agriculture: Results of an Expert Survey. International Food Policy Research Institute. Washington DC.
- Glaser, B.G. (1978). Theoretical Sensitivity. Mill Valley, CA, USA: Sociology Press.
- GOKP. (2018). Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
- GOP. (2018). Ministry of Finance Division, Economic Advisor’s Wing, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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- Hassan, M. (2000). Role of Agha Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP) in dissemination of new agriculture technologies in Gilgit. M.Sc (H) Thesis, Department of Agricultural Extention education and communication, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan.
- Iheke, O. R. (2009). Effects of Sustainable Land Management Practices on Agricultural Production: The Case of Arable Crop Farmers in Abia State, Nigeria. Internal Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 11(2), 39-44.
- Kasenge, V. (1998). Socio-economic factors influencing the level of Soil Management Practices on Fragile Land. In Proceedings of the 16th Conference of Soil Science Society of East Africa (Eds.: ShayoNgowi, A.J., G. Ley and F.B.R Rwehumbiza), 13th-19th, December 1998, Tanga, Tanzania pp.102- 112.
- Khan, M. & Deshmukh, I. (2015). Sugar Sector. Journal of Management and Social Sciences.
- Khan, M., Sajjad, M., Hameed, B., Khan, M.N., & Jan, A. (2012). Participation of Women in Agriculture Activities in District Peshawar. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 28(1).
- Khan, M.Z., Javidullah, Ahmad, S., & Qasim, M. (2012). Assessing Professional Capabilities of Agriculture Officers for Weed Control: A Case Study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science, 18, 79-90.
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- Malik, R., & Ali, M. (2015). The Impact of Urbanization on Agriculture Sector: A Case Study of Peshawar, Pakistan. Journal of Resources Development and Management, (8), 79-85.
- Mignouna, B., Manyong, M., Rusike, J., Mutabazi, S., & Senkondo, M. (2011). Determinants of Adopting Imazapyr-Resistant Maize Technology and its Impact on Household Income in Western Kenya: AgBioforum, 14(3), 158-163.
- Hall, B. and Khan, B. (2002). Adoption of new technology. New Economy Handbook. https://doi.org/10.3386/ w9730
- Morgan, D.L. (1988). Focus group as qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications Inc.
- Morgan, D.L. (1995). Why things (sometimes) go wrong in focus groups. Qualitative Health Research, 5, 516–523. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973239500500411 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104973239500500411
- Muawanah, U. (2018). Does Land Conflict Matter to Farm Productivity? A Case Study of Cambodia, The Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Jakarta, Indonesia. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, 15(2), 77-92.
- Mughal, M. A. Z. (2019). Rural urbanization, land, and agriculture in Pakistan. ASIAN Geographer, 36 (1), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10225706.2018.1476255 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10225706.2018.1476255
- Muyanga, M. & Gitau, R. (2013). Do Land Disputes Affect Smallholder Agricultural Productivity? Evidence from Kenya. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 4(14), 112-121.
- Nazir, A., Jariko, G. A. & Junejo, M. A. (2013). Factors Affecting Sugarcane Production in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 7 (1), 128-140.
- Okezie, C., Ulunma, A.C. & Sulaiman, J. (2012). Exploring the Link between Land Fragmentation and Agricultural Productivity. International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 2(1), 30-34. https://doi.org/10 .5923/j.ijaf.20120201.05 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijaf.20120201.05
- Pakistan Bureau of Statistics .(2008).
- Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. (2017).
- Pakistan Sugar Mills Association (PSMA). (2019).
- Perviaz. U., F. Khan, D. Jan, Z. Huma & M. Zafarullah. (2013). An Analysis of Sugarcane Production With Reference to Extension Services in Union Council Malakandher-Peshawar. SJA, 29(1), 37-42.
- RDI. (2007). Women & Land – An Avenue to Poverty Alleviation. International Women’s Day Breakfast Forum.
- Reza, S. M., Riazi, M. H. & Khan, M. M. H. (2016). Productivity and Profitability of Sugarcane Production in Northern Bangladesh. Indian Journal of Commerce & Management Studies, VII (1), Available from:
- Saadi, H., Madhei, K.N. & Movahedi, R. (2008). Surveying on the Wheat Farmers Access and Confidence to Information and Communication Channels (ICCs) about Controlling Eurygaster integriceps in Hamedan Province, Iran. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 3, 497-501. https://doi.org/10.38 44/ajabssp.2008.497.501 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3844/ajabssp.2008.497.501
- Samiullah, M.A. Khan and A. Rehman. (2018). Spatial and temporal analysis of landholdings and farm fragmentation in Peshawar city district, Pakistan. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 34(3), 550-562. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2018/34.3.550.562 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2018/34.3.550.562
- Sharif Uddin, A.B.M., Rahman, M.M., Alam, M.B., & Kamaly, M.H.K. (2014). Factors contribution to the adoption of production technologies by potato growers in northwest bangladesh. J. Agribus. Rural Dev. 3, 283–297.
- Singh, A., K. & S. Narian. (2008). Effectiveness of public and private extension system in delivering services. Indian Research Journal of Extension Education, 8, 2-3.
- Song, W. and B. C. Pijanowski. (2014). The effects of China’s cultivated land balance program on potential land productivity at a national scale. Applied Geography, 46, 158–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j .apgeog.2013.11.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.11.009
- Strauss, A.L. (1987). Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511557842
- Tefera, D. A., Bijman, J. & Slingerland, M. (2016). Smallholder integration into modern agrifood value chains: A case study of the Ethiopian malt barley industry (IBM Working paper 2016-01). Wageningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen University and Research.
- Uaiene, R., Arndt, C., & Masters, W. (2009). Determinants of Agricultural Technology Adoption in Mozambique. Discussion papers No. 67E.
- Ullah, R., Khan, Z,M., Ullah, K. & Butt, T. M. (2010). Model Farm Services Center Approach: An Implication to Boost Farmer’s Yield. Agricultural Sciences, 6, 953-960. https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2015.69092 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2015.69092
- WB & DRC (The World Bank and the Development Research Center of the State Council, P. R. China). (2014). Urban China: Toward Efficient, Inclusive, and Sustainable Urbanization. Washington DC.
- Zaidi, S.M.R., A. Saeed & S.M. Shahid. (2013). Impact of low-sugar-cane-yield on sugar industry of Pakistan. Interdisciplin. J. Cont. Res. Bus. 4(12), 58-86.
References
Ahmad, S., Saleem, S., Zubair, Khalil, M.I.A., Sohil, K., & Rehman, Z.U. (2012). Farmer’ response and yield response of sugarcane in Jhang and Sargodha districts. Sarhad J. Agric. 28(2), 237-243.
Ahmed, V. & Javed, A. (2016). National Study on Agriculture Investment in Pakistan. Working Paper #157. A publication of the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI).
Ali, S., M. Ahmad, T. Ali, B. Shahbaz, G.A. Khan, M. Iftikhar & F. Nosheen. (2013). Role of private sector in promoting IPM practices among farming community in Punjab, Pakistan. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 23, 1473-1476.
Angen, M. J. (2000). Evaluating interpretive inquiry: Reviewing the validity debate and opening the dialogue. Qualitative Health Research, 10, 378–395. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973230001000308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104973200129118516
Aref, F., Gill, S.S. & Aref, F. (2010). Tourism Development in Local Communities: As a Community Development Approach. Journal of American Sciences, 6(2), 155-162.
Ashour, M., Billings, L., Gilligan, D., Hoel, J. B., & Karachiwalla, N. (2016). Do beliefs about agricultural inputs counterfeiting correspond with actual rates of counterfeiting? Evidence from Uganda. IFPRI Discussion Paper No. 1552. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
Bastiaensen, J. & Marchetti, P. (2011). Rural Microfinance and Agricultural Value Chains: Strategies and Perspectives of the Fondo de Desarrollo Local in Nicaragua. World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Beatriz Armendáriz & Marc Labie (ed.), The Handbook Of Microfinance, chapter 22, pages 461-500, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814295666_0022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814295666_0022
BenYishay A., & Mobarak, A.M. (2013). Communicating with Farmers through Social Networks. Working Papers 1030, Economic Growth Center, Yale University.
BIF. (2018). Assessment of the Malting Barley Market System in Ethiopia (Report for UK Aid). United Kingdom: Business Innovation Facility publishing.
Birt, L., Suzanne, S., Debbie, C., Christine, C., & Fiona, W. (2016). Member checking: A tool to enhance trustworthiness or merely a nod to validation? Qualitative Health Research, 26, 1802–1811. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732316654870 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732316654870
Butt, T.M., Hassan, Z.Y., Mehmood, K., & Muhammad, S. (2010). Role of Women in Agricultural Development and Their Constraints. Journal of Agriculture and Social Sciences, 6(3).
Carey, M. A., & Smith, M. W. (1994). Capturing the group effect in focus groups: A special concern in analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 4, 123–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973239400400108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104973239400400108
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. London, UK: Sage Publications Inc.
Cole, S. (2007). Tourism, culture and development: Hopes, dreams and realities in East Indonesia. Clevedon, UK: Channel view publications. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781845410711 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781845410711
Deng, X., Huang, J., Rozelle, S., Zhang, J., & Li, Z. (2015). Impact of urbanization on cultivated land changes in China. Land Use Policy, 45, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.01.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.01.007
Doyle, S. (2007). Member checking with older women: A framework for negotiating meaning. Health Care for Women International, 28, 888–908. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399330701615325 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07399330701615325
Eklund, L., & Thompson, D. (2015). Differences in resource management affects drought vulnerability across the borders between Iraq Syria and Turkey Ecol. Soc. Submitted.
FAO. (2016). Food and Agriculture Organization.
Francis, Z. N., Dinye, R. D. & Kasanga, R. K. (2013). Urbanization and its Impact on Agricultural Lands in Growing Cities in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Tamale in Ghana. Modern Social Science Journal, 2(2), 256-287.
Gabre-Madhin, Z. & Haggblade, S. (2001). Success in African Agriculture: Results of an Expert Survey. International Food Policy Research Institute. Washington DC.
Glaser, B.G. (1978). Theoretical Sensitivity. Mill Valley, CA, USA: Sociology Press.
GOKP. (2018). Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
GOP. (2018). Ministry of Finance Division, Economic Advisor’s Wing, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Habib, N., Rani, S., Siddiqui, S., Zaman, S. & Anwar, M. Z. (2014). Impact of MAJOR Farm Inputs on Productivity of Sugarcane: A Case Study in Tehsil KOT Addu, Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan J. Agric. Res. 27(4), 325-330.
Hassan, M. (2000). Role of Agha Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP) in dissemination of new agriculture technologies in Gilgit. M.Sc (H) Thesis, Department of Agricultural Extention education and communication, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan.
Iheke, O. R. (2009). Effects of Sustainable Land Management Practices on Agricultural Production: The Case of Arable Crop Farmers in Abia State, Nigeria. Internal Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 11(2), 39-44.
Kasenge, V. (1998). Socio-economic factors influencing the level of Soil Management Practices on Fragile Land. In Proceedings of the 16th Conference of Soil Science Society of East Africa (Eds.: ShayoNgowi, A.J., G. Ley and F.B.R Rwehumbiza), 13th-19th, December 1998, Tanga, Tanzania pp.102- 112.
Khan, M. & Deshmukh, I. (2015). Sugar Sector. Journal of Management and Social Sciences.
Khan, M., Sajjad, M., Hameed, B., Khan, M.N., & Jan, A. (2012). Participation of Women in Agriculture Activities in District Peshawar. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 28(1).
Khan, M.Z., Javidullah, Ahmad, S., & Qasim, M. (2012). Assessing Professional Capabilities of Agriculture Officers for Weed Control: A Case Study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science, 18, 79-90.
Leech, N. L., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2007). An array of qualitative data analysis tools: A call for data analysis triangulation. School Psychology Quarterly, 22, 557–584. https://doi.org/10.1037/1045-3830.22.4.557 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1045-3830.22.4.557
Malik, R., & Ali, M. (2015). The Impact of Urbanization on Agriculture Sector: A Case Study of Peshawar, Pakistan. Journal of Resources Development and Management, (8), 79-85.
Mignouna, B., Manyong, M., Rusike, J., Mutabazi, S., & Senkondo, M. (2011). Determinants of Adopting Imazapyr-Resistant Maize Technology and its Impact on Household Income in Western Kenya: AgBioforum, 14(3), 158-163.
Hall, B. and Khan, B. (2002). Adoption of new technology. New Economy Handbook. https://doi.org/10.3386/ w9730
Morgan, D.L. (1988). Focus group as qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications Inc.
Morgan, D.L. (1995). Why things (sometimes) go wrong in focus groups. Qualitative Health Research, 5, 516–523. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973239500500411 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104973239500500411
Muawanah, U. (2018). Does Land Conflict Matter to Farm Productivity? A Case Study of Cambodia, The Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Jakarta, Indonesia. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, 15(2), 77-92.
Mughal, M. A. Z. (2019). Rural urbanization, land, and agriculture in Pakistan. ASIAN Geographer, 36 (1), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10225706.2018.1476255 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10225706.2018.1476255
Muyanga, M. & Gitau, R. (2013). Do Land Disputes Affect Smallholder Agricultural Productivity? Evidence from Kenya. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 4(14), 112-121.
Nazir, A., Jariko, G. A. & Junejo, M. A. (2013). Factors Affecting Sugarcane Production in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 7 (1), 128-140.
Okezie, C., Ulunma, A.C. & Sulaiman, J. (2012). Exploring the Link between Land Fragmentation and Agricultural Productivity. International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 2(1), 30-34. https://doi.org/10 .5923/j.ijaf.20120201.05 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijaf.20120201.05
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics .(2008).
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. (2017).
Pakistan Sugar Mills Association (PSMA). (2019).
Perviaz. U., F. Khan, D. Jan, Z. Huma & M. Zafarullah. (2013). An Analysis of Sugarcane Production With Reference to Extension Services in Union Council Malakandher-Peshawar. SJA, 29(1), 37-42.
RDI. (2007). Women & Land – An Avenue to Poverty Alleviation. International Women’s Day Breakfast Forum.
Reza, S. M., Riazi, M. H. & Khan, M. M. H. (2016). Productivity and Profitability of Sugarcane Production in Northern Bangladesh. Indian Journal of Commerce & Management Studies, VII (1), Available from:
Saadi, H., Madhei, K.N. & Movahedi, R. (2008). Surveying on the Wheat Farmers Access and Confidence to Information and Communication Channels (ICCs) about Controlling Eurygaster integriceps in Hamedan Province, Iran. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 3, 497-501. https://doi.org/10.38 44/ajabssp.2008.497.501 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3844/ajabssp.2008.497.501
Samiullah, M.A. Khan and A. Rehman. (2018). Spatial and temporal analysis of landholdings and farm fragmentation in Peshawar city district, Pakistan. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 34(3), 550-562. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2018/34.3.550.562 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2018/34.3.550.562
Sharif Uddin, A.B.M., Rahman, M.M., Alam, M.B., & Kamaly, M.H.K. (2014). Factors contribution to the adoption of production technologies by potato growers in northwest bangladesh. J. Agribus. Rural Dev. 3, 283–297.
Singh, A., K. & S. Narian. (2008). Effectiveness of public and private extension system in delivering services. Indian Research Journal of Extension Education, 8, 2-3.
Song, W. and B. C. Pijanowski. (2014). The effects of China’s cultivated land balance program on potential land productivity at a national scale. Applied Geography, 46, 158–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j .apgeog.2013.11.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.11.009
Strauss, A.L. (1987). Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511557842
Tefera, D. A., Bijman, J. & Slingerland, M. (2016). Smallholder integration into modern agrifood value chains: A case study of the Ethiopian malt barley industry (IBM Working paper 2016-01). Wageningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen University and Research.
Uaiene, R., Arndt, C., & Masters, W. (2009). Determinants of Agricultural Technology Adoption in Mozambique. Discussion papers No. 67E.
Ullah, R., Khan, Z,M., Ullah, K. & Butt, T. M. (2010). Model Farm Services Center Approach: An Implication to Boost Farmer’s Yield. Agricultural Sciences, 6, 953-960. https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2015.69092 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2015.69092
WB & DRC (The World Bank and the Development Research Center of the State Council, P. R. China). (2014). Urban China: Toward Efficient, Inclusive, and Sustainable Urbanization. Washington DC.
Zaidi, S.M.R., A. Saeed & S.M. Shahid. (2013). Impact of low-sugar-cane-yield on sugar industry of Pakistan. Interdisciplin. J. Cont. Res. Bus. 4(12), 58-86.