Issue
Authors retain the copyright without restrictions for their published content in this journal. HSSR is a SHERPA ROMEO Green Journal.
Publishing License
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of
THE EXTENT OF PREVAILING STIGMA AMONG HEPATITIS C PATIENTS IN PESHAWAR KHYBER PUKHTUNKHWA PAKISTAN
Corresponding Author(s) : Younas Khan
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study was conducted with the sole aim to assess the prevalence of stigma in patients with Hepatitis C and to assess the association between them through the quantitative measure, i.e. chi-square test.
Methodology: A cross-sectional-based study was designed from 361 sampled respondents (Hepatitis C patients) in 3 teaching hospitals in Peshawar-Pakistan. Data was collected on a three-level Likert Scale interview schedule covering both the study variables. A conceptual framework comprised of the dependent variable health-related quality of life among HCV patients was cross-tabulated and indexed with the independent variable social stigma disease carry through the application of chi-square test statistics.
Principal Findings: The association of Health-Related Quality of Life was found significant with perceiving shaking hands with HCV patients as a cause of the disease (P=0.018), people hesitate in embracing HCV patients (P=0.000), people were uncomfortable while sitting beside HCV patients (P=0.001), family members are reluctant in carrying out HCV test for other family members (P=0.028), patients were given due attention at family (0.007), patients shared their problem with others without any fear (P=0.014), patients telling people about their disease (P=0.000), patients blamed themselves for disease (p=0.009) and patients participated in social activities (P=0.000).
Applications of this study: Raising awareness, through reliable sources, among masses, especially with relation to symptoms and causes of HCV, to reduce the reluctance of people in contacting HCV patients and training families of HCV patients to adopt the allowable social interaction with HCV patients were some of the recommendations in light of the study.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This cross-sectional study is designed to assess the prevalence of stigma in patients with Hepatitis C and to assess the association between them through the quantitative measure, i.e. chi-square test. This research has come under the domain of medical sociology, social psychology, along with diagnosing the hidden dilemma, which exists since its existence.
Keywords
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Ali, S. M. M., Suan, M. A. M., Mustafa, M. F., & Hassan, M. R. A. (2020). Understanding, Acceptance, and Disclosure of Status Among Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Qualitative Analysis. A Epidemiol Public Health, 3(1), 1024.
- Chu, C. E., Wu, F., He, X., Zhou, K., Cheng, Y., Cai, W., ... & Tucker, J. D. (2016). Hepatitis C virus treatment access among human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-Coinfected people who inject drugs in Guangzhou, China: implications for HCV treatment expansion. In Open forum infectious diseases (Vol. 3, No. 2, p. ofw065). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofw065 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofw065
- Cinar, S., Ozdogan, O. C., & Alahdab, Y. (2015). Impact of education provided by nurses on quality of life, anxiety, and depression in patients receiving hepatitis C virus therapy. Gastroenterology Nursing, 38(5), 343-347. https://doi.org/10.1097/SGA.0000000000000130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/SGA.0000000000000130
- Fokuo, J. K., Masson, C. L., Anderson, A., Powell, J., Bush, D., Ricco, M., ... & Khalili, M. (2020). Recommendations for implementing hepatitis C virus care in homeless shelters: the stakeholder perspective. Hepatology communications, 4(5), 646-656. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep4.1492 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hep4.1492
- Faye, B., & IRURITA, V. F. (2003). Balancing perspective: the response to feelings of being condemned with the hepatitis C virus. Journal of Substance Use, 8(2), 92-103. https://doi.org/10.1080/1465989031000109770 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1465989031000109770
- Gross, M. S., Ruth, A. R., & Rasmussen, S. A. (2020). Respect women, promote health and reduce stigma: ethical arguments for universal hepatitis C screening in pregnancy. Journal of medical ethics, 46(10), 674-677. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2019-105692 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2019-105692
- Hill, R., Pfeil, M., Moore, J., & Richardson, B. (2015). Living with hepatitis C: a phenomenological study. Journal of clinical nursing, 24(3-4), 428-438. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12620 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12620
- Holton, N. E., Bonner, L. L., Scott, J. E., Marshall, S. D., Franciscus, R. G., & Southard, T. E. (2015). The ontogeny of the chin: an analysis of allometric and biomechanical scaling. Journal of anatomy, 226(6), 549-559. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12307
- Kostić, M., Kocić, B., & Tiodorović, B. (2016). Stigmatization and discrimination of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Vojnosanitetski pregled, 73(12), 1116-1124. https://doi.org/10.2298/VSP150511135K DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/VSP150511135K
- Krzeczkowska, A., Flowers, P., Chouliara, Z., Hayes, P., & Dickson, A. (2021). Experiences of diagnosis, stigma, culpability and disclosure in male patients with hepatitis C virus: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Health, 25(1), 69-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459319846939 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459319846939
- Madden, A., Hopwood, M., Neale, J., & Treloar, C. (2018). Beyond cure: patient reported outcomes of hepatitis C treatment among people who inject drugs in Australia. Harm reduction journal, 15(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-018-0248-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-018-0248-4
- Marinho, R. T., & Barra, D. P. (2013). Hepatitis C, stigma and cure. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG, 19(40), 6703. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v19.i40.6703 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v19.i40.6703
- Northrop, J. M. (2017). A dirty little secret: stigma, shame and hepatitis C in the health setting. Medical humanities, 43(4), 218-224. https://doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2016-011099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2016-011099
- Rei, A., Rocha, M., & Pedroto, I. (2017). Health-related quality of life in Portuguese patients with chronic hepatitis C. GE-Portuguese Journal of Gastroenterology, 24(2), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1159/000450875 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000450875
- Sekaran, U (2003). Research Methods for Business Research: A Skill Building-Approach. Fourth Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
- Smith, B. D., Morgan, R. L., Beckett, G. A., Falck-Ytter, Y., Holtzman, D., Teo, C. G., ... & Ward, J. W. (2012). Recommendations for the identification of chronic hepatitis C virus infection among persons born during 1945–1965. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Recommendations and Reports, 61(4), 1-32.
- Tai, Simon. W. (1978). Social Science Statistics, it Elements and Applications. California, Goodyear Publishing Company.
- Turan, J. M., Elafros, M. A., Logie, C. H., Banik, S., Turan, B., Crockett, K. B., ... & Murray, S. M. (2019). Challenges and opportunities in examining and addressing intersectional stigma and health. BMC medicine, 17(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1246-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1246-9
- Taft, T. H., & Keefer, L. (2016). A systematic review of disease-related stigmatization in patients living with inflammatory bowel disease. Clinical and experimental gastroenterology, 9, 49. https://doi.org/10.2147/ CEG.S83533 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/CEG.S83533
- Wait, S., Kell, E., Hamid, S., Muljono, D. H., Sollano, J., Mohamed, R., ... & Wallace, J. (2016). Hepatitis B and hepatitis C in southeast and southern Asia: challenges for governments. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 1(3), 248-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(16)30031-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(16)30031-0
References
Ali, S. M. M., Suan, M. A. M., Mustafa, M. F., & Hassan, M. R. A. (2020). Understanding, Acceptance, and Disclosure of Status Among Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Qualitative Analysis. A Epidemiol Public Health, 3(1), 1024.
Chu, C. E., Wu, F., He, X., Zhou, K., Cheng, Y., Cai, W., ... & Tucker, J. D. (2016). Hepatitis C virus treatment access among human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-Coinfected people who inject drugs in Guangzhou, China: implications for HCV treatment expansion. In Open forum infectious diseases (Vol. 3, No. 2, p. ofw065). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofw065 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofw065
Cinar, S., Ozdogan, O. C., & Alahdab, Y. (2015). Impact of education provided by nurses on quality of life, anxiety, and depression in patients receiving hepatitis C virus therapy. Gastroenterology Nursing, 38(5), 343-347. https://doi.org/10.1097/SGA.0000000000000130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/SGA.0000000000000130
Fokuo, J. K., Masson, C. L., Anderson, A., Powell, J., Bush, D., Ricco, M., ... & Khalili, M. (2020). Recommendations for implementing hepatitis C virus care in homeless shelters: the stakeholder perspective. Hepatology communications, 4(5), 646-656. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep4.1492 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hep4.1492
Faye, B., & IRURITA, V. F. (2003). Balancing perspective: the response to feelings of being condemned with the hepatitis C virus. Journal of Substance Use, 8(2), 92-103. https://doi.org/10.1080/1465989031000109770 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1465989031000109770
Gross, M. S., Ruth, A. R., & Rasmussen, S. A. (2020). Respect women, promote health and reduce stigma: ethical arguments for universal hepatitis C screening in pregnancy. Journal of medical ethics, 46(10), 674-677. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2019-105692 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2019-105692
Hill, R., Pfeil, M., Moore, J., & Richardson, B. (2015). Living with hepatitis C: a phenomenological study. Journal of clinical nursing, 24(3-4), 428-438. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12620 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12620
Holton, N. E., Bonner, L. L., Scott, J. E., Marshall, S. D., Franciscus, R. G., & Southard, T. E. (2015). The ontogeny of the chin: an analysis of allometric and biomechanical scaling. Journal of anatomy, 226(6), 549-559. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12307
Kostić, M., Kocić, B., & Tiodorović, B. (2016). Stigmatization and discrimination of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Vojnosanitetski pregled, 73(12), 1116-1124. https://doi.org/10.2298/VSP150511135K DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/VSP150511135K
Krzeczkowska, A., Flowers, P., Chouliara, Z., Hayes, P., & Dickson, A. (2021). Experiences of diagnosis, stigma, culpability and disclosure in male patients with hepatitis C virus: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Health, 25(1), 69-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459319846939 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459319846939
Madden, A., Hopwood, M., Neale, J., & Treloar, C. (2018). Beyond cure: patient reported outcomes of hepatitis C treatment among people who inject drugs in Australia. Harm reduction journal, 15(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-018-0248-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-018-0248-4
Marinho, R. T., & Barra, D. P. (2013). Hepatitis C, stigma and cure. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG, 19(40), 6703. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v19.i40.6703 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v19.i40.6703
Northrop, J. M. (2017). A dirty little secret: stigma, shame and hepatitis C in the health setting. Medical humanities, 43(4), 218-224. https://doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2016-011099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2016-011099
Rei, A., Rocha, M., & Pedroto, I. (2017). Health-related quality of life in Portuguese patients with chronic hepatitis C. GE-Portuguese Journal of Gastroenterology, 24(2), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1159/000450875 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000450875
Sekaran, U (2003). Research Methods for Business Research: A Skill Building-Approach. Fourth Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Smith, B. D., Morgan, R. L., Beckett, G. A., Falck-Ytter, Y., Holtzman, D., Teo, C. G., ... & Ward, J. W. (2012). Recommendations for the identification of chronic hepatitis C virus infection among persons born during 1945–1965. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Recommendations and Reports, 61(4), 1-32.
Tai, Simon. W. (1978). Social Science Statistics, it Elements and Applications. California, Goodyear Publishing Company.
Turan, J. M., Elafros, M. A., Logie, C. H., Banik, S., Turan, B., Crockett, K. B., ... & Murray, S. M. (2019). Challenges and opportunities in examining and addressing intersectional stigma and health. BMC medicine, 17(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1246-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1246-9
Taft, T. H., & Keefer, L. (2016). A systematic review of disease-related stigmatization in patients living with inflammatory bowel disease. Clinical and experimental gastroenterology, 9, 49. https://doi.org/10.2147/ CEG.S83533 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/CEG.S83533
Wait, S., Kell, E., Hamid, S., Muljono, D. H., Sollano, J., Mohamed, R., ... & Wallace, J. (2016). Hepatitis B and hepatitis C in southeast and southern Asia: challenges for governments. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 1(3), 248-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(16)30031-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(16)30031-0