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STATUS OF MEDIA LITERACY AND RIGHT OF INFORMATION ACT IN PAKISTAN
Corresponding Author(s) : Taha Shabbir
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The 18th Amendment in the constitution of Pakistan, which declared in Article 19-A that the right to information was inserted into the constitution, established the right to information "Everyone has the right to information in all issues of public concern, subject to regulation and reasonable limits imposed by law." This study aims to investigate the media status and Act related to the RTI "Right to Information Act" in the country of Pakistan.
Methodology: A survey was used in this analysis to compare the degree to which students at the high school and university levels are subjected to certain critical elements of media literacy education. The data were collected utilizing both qualitative and quantitative methods.
Main Findings: According to the findings, students in high school are showing concerns that they are interested in taking more courses of production as well as media usage. Similarly, students in college are also showing more concern that they are interested in taking more media study courses.
Applications of this study: Many data points might provide a distinct view on the economy, as may vast public databases from cities, nations, and government agencies. It is highly possible that using the idea of Access to Open Data might help the Pakistani Government enhance the country's social sector.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The essence of media literacy is supposed to be more dynamic with the rise of social media. It appears to be a new challenge in the eco-system of digital media, which has: the capacity to acquire, analyze, evaluate, and generate information for particular purposes. Finally, this research has described how the Government of Pakistan might outsource some of the previously described activities, adding a new participant into the ecosystem.
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- Access to Information and the Sustainable Development Goals (2017). Retrieved from https://www.article1 9.org/data/files/medialibrary/38832/Open-Development--Access-to-Information-and-the-SDGs-2017.pdf
- Anderson, C. A. (1997). Effects of violent movies and trait hostility on hostile feelings and aggressive thoughts. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 23(3), 161-178. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1997)23:3<161::AID-AB2>3.0.CO;2-P DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1997)23:3<161::AID-AB2>3.0.CO;2-P
- Ashley, S., Maksl, A., & Craft, S. (2017). News media literacy and political engagement: What’s the connection? Journal of Media Literacy Education, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.23860/JMLE-2017-9-1-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23860/JMLE-2017-9-1-6
- Bragg, S. (2002). Wrestling in woolly gloves: Not just being critically media literate. Journal of popular film television, 30(1), 41-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/01956050209605558 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01956050209605558
- Finn, R., Wadhwa, K., Wessels, B., & Sveinsdottir, T. (2017). Open data and the knowledge society: Amsterdam University Press.
- Flack, P., & Ferguson, N. (2021). Conflict Transformation: Relinquishing or Maintaining Social Identity Among Former Loyalist Combatants in Northern Ireland. Political Psychology, 42(2), 185-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12694 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12694
- Freedman, J. (2017). Media violence and its effect on aggression: University of Toronto Press.
- Goniewicz, K., Magiera, M., Rucińska, D., Pawłowski, W., Burkle, F., Hertelendy, A. & Goniewicz, M. (2020). Geographic information system technology: review of the challenges for its establishment as a major asset for disaster and emergency management in Poland. Disaster Med Public Health Prep, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.74 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.74
- Grace, M. A., Healy, M. G., & Clifford, E. (2016). Performance and surface clogging in intermittently loaded and slow sand filters containing novel media. Journal of environmental management, 180, 102-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.05.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.05.018
- Hobbs, R. (2021). Media literacy in action: Questioning the media: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
- Hobley, M. (2012). Public opinion can play a positive role in policy making. The Guardian, 3.
- Hood, C., & Heald, D. (2006). Transparency: The key to better governance? (Vol. 135): Oxford University Press for The British Academy. https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197263839.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197263839.001.0001
- Kibblewhite, A., & Boshier, P. (2018). Free and Frank Advice and the Official Information Act. Policy Quarterly, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.26686/pq.v14i2.5088 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26686/pq.v14i2.5088
- Kitchin, R., & McArdle, G. (2016). What makes Big Data, Big Data? Exploring the ontological characteristics of 26 datasets. Big Data Society, 3(1), 2053951716631130. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951716631130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951716631130
- McNelly, T. A., & Harvey, J. (2021). Media literacy instruction in today’s classrooms: A study of teachers’ knowledge, confidence, and integration. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 13(1), 108-130. https://doi.org/10.23860/JMLE-2021-13-1-10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23860/JMLE-2021-13-1-10
- Pakistan Information Commission. (2021). Retrieved from http://rti.gov.pk/
- Passi, S., & Jackson, S. (2018). Trust in data science: Collaboration, translation, and accountability in corporate data science projects. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 2(CSCW), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1145/3274405 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3274405
- Peters, B. G. (2018). The politics of bureaucracy: An introduction to comparative public administration: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315813653 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315813653
- Reddick, C., & Ganapati, S. (2011). Open government achievement and satisfaction in US federal agencies: Survey evidence for the three pillars. Journal of E-governance, 34(4), 193-202. https://doi.org/10.3233/GOV-2011-0277 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/GOV-2011-0277
- Rosen, K. T., Bank, D., Hall, M., & Park, J. (2020). Why Homeownership Should Continue to Be Incentivized by Our Federal Tax System. National Association of Realtors.
- Ross, K. (2011). The handbook of gender, sex, and media: John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/97 81118114254 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118114254
- Samuel, B., S., & Sarprasatha, J. (2016). Entrepreneurship in social-media services in Oman: a socioeconomic scanning of the sultanate. Asian Social Science, 12(4), 138. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n4p138 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n4p138
- Shabbir, T., Abro, M., Soomro, S. A., & Moroojo, M., Y. (2019). Impact of'Open Data'on'News Media'and its Effectiveness in Social and Political Development of Pakistan (A case study from UK Perspective). Dialogue, 14(3).
- Shabbir, T., Farooqui, Y., S., Shaikh, S. S., Abro, M., Imam, I., Memon, S., . . . Yaseen, H. (2021). Open Knowledge'Accessfor Embedded Journalism in Pakistan. Multicultural Education, 7(5).
- Shabbir, T., Nadeemullah, M., & Memon, S. (2020). Uses and impact of ‘open data’technology for developing social sector in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(1), 50-64.
- Tierney, J. (2006). Al-Qaeda: The Many Faces of an Islamist Extremist Threat. Retrieved from http://www .fas.org/irp/congress/2006_rpt/hpsci0606
- Vancauwenberghe, G., & Crompvoets, J. (2018). Governance of Open Data Initiatives. Open Data Exposed, 79-100. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-261-3_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-261-3_5
- Watt, P. (2016). A nomadic war machine in the metropolis: En/countering London's 21st-century housing crisis with Focus E15. Taylor & Francis, 20(2), 297-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2016.1153919 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2016.1153919
- Welch, E. W. (2012). The relationship between transparent and participative Government: A study of local governments in the United States. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 78(1), 93-115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852312437982 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852312437982
- Wohlwend, K. E. (2017). Who gets to play? Access, popular media and participatory literacies. Early Years, 37(1), 62-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/09575146.2016.1219699 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09575146.2016.1219699
- Worthy, B. (2017). Freedom of information and the media. In The Routledge Companion to Media and Human Rights (pp. 60-72): Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315619835-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315619835-6
- Zhang, L., Zhang, H., & Wang, K. (2020). Media literacy education and curriculum integration: A literature review. International Journal of Contemporary Education, 3(1), 55-64. https://doi.org/10.11114 /ijce.v3i1.4769 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11114/ijce.v3i1.4769
References
Access to Information and the Sustainable Development Goals (2017). Retrieved from https://www.article1 9.org/data/files/medialibrary/38832/Open-Development--Access-to-Information-and-the-SDGs-2017.pdf
Anderson, C. A. (1997). Effects of violent movies and trait hostility on hostile feelings and aggressive thoughts. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 23(3), 161-178. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1997)23:3<161::AID-AB2>3.0.CO;2-P DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1997)23:3<161::AID-AB2>3.0.CO;2-P
Ashley, S., Maksl, A., & Craft, S. (2017). News media literacy and political engagement: What’s the connection? Journal of Media Literacy Education, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.23860/JMLE-2017-9-1-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23860/JMLE-2017-9-1-6
Bragg, S. (2002). Wrestling in woolly gloves: Not just being critically media literate. Journal of popular film television, 30(1), 41-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/01956050209605558 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01956050209605558
Finn, R., Wadhwa, K., Wessels, B., & Sveinsdottir, T. (2017). Open data and the knowledge society: Amsterdam University Press.
Flack, P., & Ferguson, N. (2021). Conflict Transformation: Relinquishing or Maintaining Social Identity Among Former Loyalist Combatants in Northern Ireland. Political Psychology, 42(2), 185-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12694 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12694
Freedman, J. (2017). Media violence and its effect on aggression: University of Toronto Press.
Goniewicz, K., Magiera, M., Rucińska, D., Pawłowski, W., Burkle, F., Hertelendy, A. & Goniewicz, M. (2020). Geographic information system technology: review of the challenges for its establishment as a major asset for disaster and emergency management in Poland. Disaster Med Public Health Prep, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.74 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.74
Grace, M. A., Healy, M. G., & Clifford, E. (2016). Performance and surface clogging in intermittently loaded and slow sand filters containing novel media. Journal of environmental management, 180, 102-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.05.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.05.018
Hobbs, R. (2021). Media literacy in action: Questioning the media: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Hobley, M. (2012). Public opinion can play a positive role in policy making. The Guardian, 3.
Hood, C., & Heald, D. (2006). Transparency: The key to better governance? (Vol. 135): Oxford University Press for The British Academy. https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197263839.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197263839.001.0001
Kibblewhite, A., & Boshier, P. (2018). Free and Frank Advice and the Official Information Act. Policy Quarterly, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.26686/pq.v14i2.5088 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26686/pq.v14i2.5088
Kitchin, R., & McArdle, G. (2016). What makes Big Data, Big Data? Exploring the ontological characteristics of 26 datasets. Big Data Society, 3(1), 2053951716631130. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951716631130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951716631130
McNelly, T. A., & Harvey, J. (2021). Media literacy instruction in today’s classrooms: A study of teachers’ knowledge, confidence, and integration. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 13(1), 108-130. https://doi.org/10.23860/JMLE-2021-13-1-10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23860/JMLE-2021-13-1-10
Pakistan Information Commission. (2021). Retrieved from http://rti.gov.pk/
Passi, S., & Jackson, S. (2018). Trust in data science: Collaboration, translation, and accountability in corporate data science projects. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 2(CSCW), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1145/3274405 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3274405
Peters, B. G. (2018). The politics of bureaucracy: An introduction to comparative public administration: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315813653 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315813653
Reddick, C., & Ganapati, S. (2011). Open government achievement and satisfaction in US federal agencies: Survey evidence for the three pillars. Journal of E-governance, 34(4), 193-202. https://doi.org/10.3233/GOV-2011-0277 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/GOV-2011-0277
Rosen, K. T., Bank, D., Hall, M., & Park, J. (2020). Why Homeownership Should Continue to Be Incentivized by Our Federal Tax System. National Association of Realtors.
Ross, K. (2011). The handbook of gender, sex, and media: John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/97 81118114254 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118114254
Samuel, B., S., & Sarprasatha, J. (2016). Entrepreneurship in social-media services in Oman: a socioeconomic scanning of the sultanate. Asian Social Science, 12(4), 138. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n4p138 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n4p138
Shabbir, T., Abro, M., Soomro, S. A., & Moroojo, M., Y. (2019). Impact of'Open Data'on'News Media'and its Effectiveness in Social and Political Development of Pakistan (A case study from UK Perspective). Dialogue, 14(3).
Shabbir, T., Farooqui, Y., S., Shaikh, S. S., Abro, M., Imam, I., Memon, S., . . . Yaseen, H. (2021). Open Knowledge'Accessfor Embedded Journalism in Pakistan. Multicultural Education, 7(5).
Shabbir, T., Nadeemullah, M., & Memon, S. (2020). Uses and impact of ‘open data’technology for developing social sector in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(1), 50-64.
Tierney, J. (2006). Al-Qaeda: The Many Faces of an Islamist Extremist Threat. Retrieved from http://www .fas.org/irp/congress/2006_rpt/hpsci0606
Vancauwenberghe, G., & Crompvoets, J. (2018). Governance of Open Data Initiatives. Open Data Exposed, 79-100. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-261-3_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-261-3_5
Watt, P. (2016). A nomadic war machine in the metropolis: En/countering London's 21st-century housing crisis with Focus E15. Taylor & Francis, 20(2), 297-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2016.1153919 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2016.1153919
Welch, E. W. (2012). The relationship between transparent and participative Government: A study of local governments in the United States. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 78(1), 93-115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852312437982 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852312437982
Wohlwend, K. E. (2017). Who gets to play? Access, popular media and participatory literacies. Early Years, 37(1), 62-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/09575146.2016.1219699 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09575146.2016.1219699
Worthy, B. (2017). Freedom of information and the media. In The Routledge Companion to Media and Human Rights (pp. 60-72): Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315619835-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315619835-6
Zhang, L., Zhang, H., & Wang, K. (2020). Media literacy education and curriculum integration: A literature review. International Journal of Contemporary Education, 3(1), 55-64. https://doi.org/10.11114 /ijce.v3i1.4769 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11114/ijce.v3i1.4769