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INVESTIGATING SECONDARY STUDENTS’ CRITICAL THINKING: A CASE OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Corresponding Author(s) : Tariq Javed
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this research study was to measure and compare critical thinking among secondary school students in a district of Gilgit-Baltistan.
Methodology: Quantitative research approach was applied to study critical thinking. A sample of 400 students was selected through a convenient sampling technique to collect the data. Critical thinking was measured by applying an adapted tool (Sarigoz, 2012). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data.
Main Findings: Findings of the study revealed that female students, rural school students, and science group students showed slightly higher critical thinking than male, urban, and arts group students. The results were consistent with earlier studies having higher critical thinking among female and science group students. However, the results were inconsistent with the earlier research studies having slightly higher critical thinking among rural school students than urban school students. The study revealed that there is a discrepancy in aligning critical thinking with teaching and learning activities in secondary school classrooms.
Application of this study: The findings of the study help understand the level of male and female students' critical thinking at the secondary level. It will surely assist the teachers in designing their classroom activities and modifications in teaching methodologies for gender perspective.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The study is original as not a single research study investigated the critical thinking of secondary school students in the region of district Ghizar in Gilgit-Baltistan.
Keywords
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- Arisoy, B., & Aybek, B. (2021). The effects of subject-based critical thinking education in mathematics on students’ critical thinking skills and virtues. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 92, 99-119. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2021.92.6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2021.92.6
- Bernard, R. M., Zhang, D., Abrami, P. C., Sicoly, F., Borokhovski, E., & Surkes, M. A. (2008). Exploring the structure of the Watson–Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal: One scale or many subscales?. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 3(1), 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2007.11.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2007.11.001
- Chu, S. K. W., Reynolds, R. B., Tavares, N. J., Notari, M., & Lee, C. W. Y. (2017). Twenty-first century skills and global education roadmaps. In 21st century skills development through inquiry-based learning (pp. 17-32). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2481-8_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2481-8_2
- D’Alessio, F. A., Avolio, B. E., & Charles, V. (2019). Studying the impact of critical thinking on the academic performance of executive MBA students. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 31, 275-283. https://doi.org/10.1 016/j.tsc.2019.02.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2019.02.002
- Dilley, A., Kaufman, J. C., Kennedy, C., & Plucker, J. A. (2015). What we know about critical thinking. Partnership For 21st Century Learning.
- Ennis, R. H. (2011). Critical thinking: Reflection and perspective Part II. Inquiry: Critical thinking across the Disciplines, 26(2), 5-19. https://doi.org/10.5840/inquiryctnews201126215 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/inquiryctnews201126215
- Facione. (2013) Critical thinking: Why is it important and what is it anyway? (n.d.). Critical Thinking Skills for Education Students (pp. 1-11). Learning Matters.
- Frankel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
- Fuad, N. M., Zubaidah, S., Mahanal, S., & Suarsini, E. (2017). Improving junior high schools’ critical thinking skills based on test three different models of learning. International Journal of Instruction, 10(1), 101-116. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2017.1017a DOI: https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2017.1017a
- Gay, L. R., & Airasian (2003). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Prentice Hall.
- Halpern, D. F. (2014). Halpern Critical Thinking Assessment. Austria: Schuhfried.
- Hasinger, E. (2020). Cornell critical thinking test guide. Retrieved August 2020, from https://www.tests. com/Cornell-Critical-Thinking-Testing
- Hassan, K, E., & Madhum, G. (2007). Validating Watson Glaser critical thinking appraisal. Higher Education, 54, 361–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-006-9002-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-006-9002-z
- Kanbay, Y., Aslan, o., Elif, I., & Kilic, N. (2017). Problem solving and critical thinking skills of undergraduate nursing students. Journal of Higher Education and Science, 3(3), 244-254.
- Kurnia, I. (2020). Students’ critical thinking ability in solving contextual problems at a junior high school. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1521, No. 3, p. 032067). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1521/3/032067 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1521/3/032067
- Letseka, M., & Zireva, D. (2013). Thinking: Lessons from John Dewey’s how we think. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(2), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n2p51 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n2p51
- Mahanal, S., Zubaidah, S., Sumiati, I. D., Sari, T. M., & Ismirawati, N. (2019). Ricos: A learning model to develop critical thinking skills for students with different academic abilities. International Journal of Instruction, 12(2), 417-434. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12227a DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12227a
- Nursa’adah, E., Sari, D., & Affifah, I. (2021). Domain-specific critical thinking skills: Designing and analysis the instrument test on thermochemistry. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1731, No. 1, p. 012025). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1731/1/012025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1731/1/012025
- Nordin, N. & Dakwah, J. (2015). Critical thinking as a predictor of student's academic achievement: A study on Islamic studies students. Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 1(1), 46-56.
- Oguz, A. & Saricam, H. (2016). The relationship between critical thinking dispositions and locus of control in pre-service teachers. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 4(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1111 4/jets.v4i2.1196
- Pratiwi, S. N., Cari, C., Aminah, N. S., & Affandy, H. (2019). Problem-based learning with argumentation skills to improve students’ concept understanding. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1155, No. 1, p. 012065). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1155/1/012065 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1155/1/012065
- Planning Commission Government of Pakistan. (2007). Pakistan in 21st Century: Vision 2030. Retrieved December 01, 2019 from http://www.planningcommission.gov.pk
- Possin, K. (2014). Critique of the Watson-Glaser critical thinking appraisal test: The more you know, the lower your score. Informal Logic, 34(4), 393-416. https://doi.org/10.22329/il.v34i4.4141 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22329/il.v34i4.4141
- Rahayu, U., & Sapriati, A. (2018). Open educational resources based online tutorial model for developing critical thinking of higher distance education students. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 19(4), 163-175. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.471914 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.471914
- Rasiman, R. (2015). Leveling of critical thinking abilities of students of mathematics education in mathematical problem solving. Journal on Mathematics Education, 6(1), 40-52. https://doi.org/10.22342/jme.6.1.1941.40-52 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22342/jme.6.1.1941.40-52
- Sarigoz, O. (2012). Assessment of the high school students critical thinking skills. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Science, 46, 5315-5319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.430 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.430
- Setiawan, H. J., & Islami, N. (2020). Improving critical thinking skills of senior high school students using the problem based learning model. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1655, No. 1, p. 012060). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012060 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012060
- Sumarni, W., Supardi, K. I., & Widiarti, N. (2018). Development of assessment instruments to measure critical thinking skills. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 349, No. 1, p. 012066). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/349/1/012066 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/349/1/012066
- Udi, E.A & Cheng, D. 2015. Developing critical thinking skills from dispositions to abilities: Mathematics education from early childhood to high school. Creative Education, 6(4), 455-462. https://doi.org/10.4236 /ce.2015.64045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2015.64045
- Yousufi, S., & Mohammadi, M. (2016). Critical thinking and reading comprehension among postgraduate students: The case of gender and language proficiency level. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 7(4), 802-807. https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0704.23 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0704.23
- Zivkovica, S. (2016). A Model of Critical Thinking as an Important Attribute for Success in the 21st century. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232, 102-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.034 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.034
References
Arisoy, B., & Aybek, B. (2021). The effects of subject-based critical thinking education in mathematics on students’ critical thinking skills and virtues. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 92, 99-119. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2021.92.6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2021.92.6
Bernard, R. M., Zhang, D., Abrami, P. C., Sicoly, F., Borokhovski, E., & Surkes, M. A. (2008). Exploring the structure of the Watson–Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal: One scale or many subscales?. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 3(1), 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2007.11.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2007.11.001
Chu, S. K. W., Reynolds, R. B., Tavares, N. J., Notari, M., & Lee, C. W. Y. (2017). Twenty-first century skills and global education roadmaps. In 21st century skills development through inquiry-based learning (pp. 17-32). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2481-8_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2481-8_2
D’Alessio, F. A., Avolio, B. E., & Charles, V. (2019). Studying the impact of critical thinking on the academic performance of executive MBA students. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 31, 275-283. https://doi.org/10.1 016/j.tsc.2019.02.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2019.02.002
Dilley, A., Kaufman, J. C., Kennedy, C., & Plucker, J. A. (2015). What we know about critical thinking. Partnership For 21st Century Learning.
Ennis, R. H. (2011). Critical thinking: Reflection and perspective Part II. Inquiry: Critical thinking across the Disciplines, 26(2), 5-19. https://doi.org/10.5840/inquiryctnews201126215 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/inquiryctnews201126215
Facione. (2013) Critical thinking: Why is it important and what is it anyway? (n.d.). Critical Thinking Skills for Education Students (pp. 1-11). Learning Matters.
Frankel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Fuad, N. M., Zubaidah, S., Mahanal, S., & Suarsini, E. (2017). Improving junior high schools’ critical thinking skills based on test three different models of learning. International Journal of Instruction, 10(1), 101-116. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2017.1017a DOI: https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2017.1017a
Gay, L. R., & Airasian (2003). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Prentice Hall.
Halpern, D. F. (2014). Halpern Critical Thinking Assessment. Austria: Schuhfried.
Hasinger, E. (2020). Cornell critical thinking test guide. Retrieved August 2020, from https://www.tests. com/Cornell-Critical-Thinking-Testing
Hassan, K, E., & Madhum, G. (2007). Validating Watson Glaser critical thinking appraisal. Higher Education, 54, 361–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-006-9002-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-006-9002-z
Kanbay, Y., Aslan, o., Elif, I., & Kilic, N. (2017). Problem solving and critical thinking skills of undergraduate nursing students. Journal of Higher Education and Science, 3(3), 244-254.
Kurnia, I. (2020). Students’ critical thinking ability in solving contextual problems at a junior high school. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1521, No. 3, p. 032067). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1521/3/032067 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1521/3/032067
Letseka, M., & Zireva, D. (2013). Thinking: Lessons from John Dewey’s how we think. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(2), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n2p51 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n2p51
Mahanal, S., Zubaidah, S., Sumiati, I. D., Sari, T. M., & Ismirawati, N. (2019). Ricos: A learning model to develop critical thinking skills for students with different academic abilities. International Journal of Instruction, 12(2), 417-434. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12227a DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12227a
Nursa’adah, E., Sari, D., & Affifah, I. (2021). Domain-specific critical thinking skills: Designing and analysis the instrument test on thermochemistry. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1731, No. 1, p. 012025). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1731/1/012025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1731/1/012025
Nordin, N. & Dakwah, J. (2015). Critical thinking as a predictor of student's academic achievement: A study on Islamic studies students. Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 1(1), 46-56.
Oguz, A. & Saricam, H. (2016). The relationship between critical thinking dispositions and locus of control in pre-service teachers. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 4(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1111 4/jets.v4i2.1196
Pratiwi, S. N., Cari, C., Aminah, N. S., & Affandy, H. (2019). Problem-based learning with argumentation skills to improve students’ concept understanding. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1155, No. 1, p. 012065). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1155/1/012065 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1155/1/012065
Planning Commission Government of Pakistan. (2007). Pakistan in 21st Century: Vision 2030. Retrieved December 01, 2019 from http://www.planningcommission.gov.pk
Possin, K. (2014). Critique of the Watson-Glaser critical thinking appraisal test: The more you know, the lower your score. Informal Logic, 34(4), 393-416. https://doi.org/10.22329/il.v34i4.4141 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22329/il.v34i4.4141
Rahayu, U., & Sapriati, A. (2018). Open educational resources based online tutorial model for developing critical thinking of higher distance education students. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 19(4), 163-175. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.471914 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.471914
Rasiman, R. (2015). Leveling of critical thinking abilities of students of mathematics education in mathematical problem solving. Journal on Mathematics Education, 6(1), 40-52. https://doi.org/10.22342/jme.6.1.1941.40-52 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22342/jme.6.1.1941.40-52
Sarigoz, O. (2012). Assessment of the high school students critical thinking skills. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Science, 46, 5315-5319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.430 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.430
Setiawan, H. J., & Islami, N. (2020). Improving critical thinking skills of senior high school students using the problem based learning model. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1655, No. 1, p. 012060). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012060 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012060
Sumarni, W., Supardi, K. I., & Widiarti, N. (2018). Development of assessment instruments to measure critical thinking skills. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 349, No. 1, p. 012066). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/349/1/012066 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/349/1/012066
Udi, E.A & Cheng, D. 2015. Developing critical thinking skills from dispositions to abilities: Mathematics education from early childhood to high school. Creative Education, 6(4), 455-462. https://doi.org/10.4236 /ce.2015.64045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2015.64045
Yousufi, S., & Mohammadi, M. (2016). Critical thinking and reading comprehension among postgraduate students: The case of gender and language proficiency level. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 7(4), 802-807. https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0704.23 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0704.23
Zivkovica, S. (2016). A Model of Critical Thinking as an Important Attribute for Success in the 21st century. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232, 102-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.034 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.034