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PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS IN GIRLS SPORTS PARTICIPATION AT UNIVERSITY LEVEL IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN
Corresponding Author(s) : Mohibullah Khan Marwat
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose: Main objectives of this review paper were to examine the existing position regarding the religious perspectives in connection with female participation in sports, opportunities, and barriers affecting their entry into sporting activities. The focus of this article was to investigate the viewpoint of the female regarding the religious and socio-cultural factors influencing women’s participation in sports.
Methodology: A self-made questionnaire consisting of twenty-four different items encircling religious and socio-cultural factors affecting women's participation in sports was used for the collection of data. Population for this study comprised of conveniently available 236 border girls students of Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan.
Main Findings: Findings of the study has revealed that, in addition to dominant religious trend and sociocultural environment, lack of facilities, law and order situation, and transportation issues in reaching the facility, dress code, misconception of the masses in perspectives of the female participation in sports and financial problems were the main barriers in the way of female participation in sports.
Implications: It is recommended that parents, teachers, religious leaders, experts in the field of health and sociology, and different sources of social media should play their role in clarifying the situation in paving the way for the female folk to bring positive change in the situation.
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- Umaima, A.R. (2017). Sharoon Lost His Life Due to His Faith. The Nation. September 7. Available online: https://nation.com.pk/07-Sep-2017/sharoon-lost-his-life- due-to-his-faith
- Al-Hassani, Salim (Spring 2012). A 1000 Years Amnesia: Sports in Muslim Heritage. MuslimHeritage.com. Foundation for Science, Technology, and Civilisation. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
- Ashraf, M. A., and S. M. Tsegay. (2016). Analysis of globalization and “Englishization†in Pakistan. IJRSLL International Journal of Research Studies in Language Learning, 5(1), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrs ll.2015.1205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsll.2015.1205
- Ashraf, Muhammad Azeem. (2018). Islamized Ideologies in the Pakistani Education System: The Need for Religious Literacy. Religious Education, 113, 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344087.2017.1384971 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00344087.2017.1384971
- Ashraf, Muhammad Azeem. (2019). Exploring the Potential of Religious Literacy in Pakistani Education. Religions, 10, 429. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10070429 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10070429
- Culpepper and Chuck, (2016). Muslim female athletes find sport so essential they compete while covered. The Washington Post.
- Dinham, A, and Shaw, M. (2017). Religious Literacy through Religious Education: The Future of Teaching and Learning about Religion and Belief. Religions, 8, 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8070119 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8070119
- Dishman, R. K., Saunders, R. P., Dowda, M., & Pate, R. R. (2017). Perceptions of physical and social environment variables and self-efficacy as correlates of selfreported physical activity among adolescent girls. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32(1), 6–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsl001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsl001
- Harvard, Sarah (2016). Meet these 14 incredible Muslim women athletes who won medals at the 2016 Rio Olympics. MIC The Economist. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
- Harvey, J. (2019). Using a Socioecological Approach to Examine Participation in Sport and Physical Activity Among Rural Adolescent Girls. Journal-Qualitative Health Research, 20(3), 150-180.
- Heaney, C. A., & Israel, B. A. (2018). Social networks and social support. In K. Glanz, B. K. Rimer, & K. Viswanath (Eds.), Health behavior and health education: Theory, research and practice (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
- International Olympic Committee (IOC). Statistic [Internet]. (2019). International Olympic Committee; 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.olympic.org/women-in-sport/background/statistics
- Qaiser, J. (2016). The Experience of Minorities under Pakistans Blasphemy Laws. Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, 27, 95–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2015.1108639 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2015.1108639
- Kara, F, and Ali, D. (2010). An assessment of outdoor recreational behaviors and references of the residents in Istanbul. Scientific Research and Essays, 5, 93–104.
- Verena, L. and Pfister, G. (2017). When girls have no opportunities and women have neither time nor energy: The participation of Muslim female cleaners in recreational physical activity. Sport in Society, 20, 1203–1222. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2016.1269085 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2016.1269085
- Lubans, D. R., & Sylva, K. (2019). Mediators of change following a senior school physical activity intervention. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 12(1), 134–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2007.08.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2007.08.013
- McCormack, G. R., Nettel-Aguirre, A., Hawe, P., & Doyle-Baker, P. K. (2017). Friendship networks and physical activity and sedentary behavior among youth: a systematized review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(1), 130. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-130
- MOENT. (2017). National Education Policy 2017–2025; Islamabad: Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training Government of Pakistan.
- Muthuri S., Wachira, L., Onywera, V. & Tremblay, M. (2019). Comparative study of physical activity patterns among school children in Kenya and Canada: Results from the ISCOLE Project. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance (AJPHERD), 20(2), 765-779.
- Okonkwor, Oby C.N. (2011). Gender Bias in Women Participation in Sport: A serious setback to full emancipation of the Igbo race in Alohas Nwauwa (ed) "Ofo", ISA publication Washington, DC, USA.
- Johnston, P. (2016). Kimia Alizadeh Zenoorin Becomes The First Iranian Woman To Win An Olympic Medal. Reuters/Huffington Post.
- Rizvi A. and Rio (2016). History of Emirati female participation at the Olympic Games [Internet]. The National; 2016 July 31 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.thenational.ae/sport/rio-2016-history-of-emirati-female-participation-at-the-Olympic-games-1.166001
References
Umaima, A.R. (2017). Sharoon Lost His Life Due to His Faith. The Nation. September 7. Available online: https://nation.com.pk/07-Sep-2017/sharoon-lost-his-life- due-to-his-faith
Al-Hassani, Salim (Spring 2012). A 1000 Years Amnesia: Sports in Muslim Heritage. MuslimHeritage.com. Foundation for Science, Technology, and Civilisation. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Ashraf, M. A., and S. M. Tsegay. (2016). Analysis of globalization and “Englishization†in Pakistan. IJRSLL International Journal of Research Studies in Language Learning, 5(1), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrs ll.2015.1205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsll.2015.1205
Ashraf, Muhammad Azeem. (2018). Islamized Ideologies in the Pakistani Education System: The Need for Religious Literacy. Religious Education, 113, 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344087.2017.1384971 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00344087.2017.1384971
Ashraf, Muhammad Azeem. (2019). Exploring the Potential of Religious Literacy in Pakistani Education. Religions, 10, 429. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10070429 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10070429
Culpepper and Chuck, (2016). Muslim female athletes find sport so essential they compete while covered. The Washington Post.
Dinham, A, and Shaw, M. (2017). Religious Literacy through Religious Education: The Future of Teaching and Learning about Religion and Belief. Religions, 8, 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8070119 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8070119
Dishman, R. K., Saunders, R. P., Dowda, M., & Pate, R. R. (2017). Perceptions of physical and social environment variables and self-efficacy as correlates of selfreported physical activity among adolescent girls. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32(1), 6–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsl001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsl001
Harvard, Sarah (2016). Meet these 14 incredible Muslim women athletes who won medals at the 2016 Rio Olympics. MIC The Economist. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
Harvey, J. (2019). Using a Socioecological Approach to Examine Participation in Sport and Physical Activity Among Rural Adolescent Girls. Journal-Qualitative Health Research, 20(3), 150-180.
Heaney, C. A., & Israel, B. A. (2018). Social networks and social support. In K. Glanz, B. K. Rimer, & K. Viswanath (Eds.), Health behavior and health education: Theory, research and practice (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
International Olympic Committee (IOC). Statistic [Internet]. (2019). International Olympic Committee; 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.olympic.org/women-in-sport/background/statistics
Qaiser, J. (2016). The Experience of Minorities under Pakistans Blasphemy Laws. Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, 27, 95–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2015.1108639 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2015.1108639
Kara, F, and Ali, D. (2010). An assessment of outdoor recreational behaviors and references of the residents in Istanbul. Scientific Research and Essays, 5, 93–104.
Verena, L. and Pfister, G. (2017). When girls have no opportunities and women have neither time nor energy: The participation of Muslim female cleaners in recreational physical activity. Sport in Society, 20, 1203–1222. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2016.1269085 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2016.1269085
Lubans, D. R., & Sylva, K. (2019). Mediators of change following a senior school physical activity intervention. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 12(1), 134–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2007.08.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2007.08.013
McCormack, G. R., Nettel-Aguirre, A., Hawe, P., & Doyle-Baker, P. K. (2017). Friendship networks and physical activity and sedentary behavior among youth: a systematized review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(1), 130. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-130
MOENT. (2017). National Education Policy 2017–2025; Islamabad: Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training Government of Pakistan.
Muthuri S., Wachira, L., Onywera, V. & Tremblay, M. (2019). Comparative study of physical activity patterns among school children in Kenya and Canada: Results from the ISCOLE Project. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance (AJPHERD), 20(2), 765-779.
Okonkwor, Oby C.N. (2011). Gender Bias in Women Participation in Sport: A serious setback to full emancipation of the Igbo race in Alohas Nwauwa (ed) "Ofo", ISA publication Washington, DC, USA.
Johnston, P. (2016). Kimia Alizadeh Zenoorin Becomes The First Iranian Woman To Win An Olympic Medal. Reuters/Huffington Post.
Rizvi A. and Rio (2016). History of Emirati female participation at the Olympic Games [Internet]. The National; 2016 July 31 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.thenational.ae/sport/rio-2016-history-of-emirati-female-participation-at-the-Olympic-games-1.166001