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THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY AS A GLOBAL EMPLOYMENT SKILL: THE VIEWPOINT OF PAKISTANI ACADEMIA
Corresponding Author(s) : Furrakh Abbas
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the Study: The current research aims at exploring the need of effective English skill as a global employment skill and its various reasons, as there are various Pakistani institutes which are dedicated to The English language teaching and reinforce its relationship with employability. The importance of the study being conducted in Pakistan becomes more evident as English enjoys the status of the second language in the country.
Methodology: Current study uses a mixed-method research design and employs both questionnaires and interviews as research instruments. The questionnaire was administrated on a sample of 392 university students while a sample of 13 informants from university faculty participated in an interview for data collection.
Main Findings: The study concludes that the importance of English was associated with increased connectivity due to globalization. The study also concludes that the importance of English for finding jobs and making a career was well-established. To conclude, it can be said that English language proficiency is amongst the top global employment skills in the viewpoint of Pakistani academia.
Application of this Study: The study implicates that the importance of English for employment across the globe and a successful career will further lead to the formulation of English Specific courses for different professional and occupational groups in Pakistan.
The originality of the Study: There is a scarcity of empirical evidence in terms of the importance of English as an employment skill though English is considered very important as an elite language and a status symbol. The study proposes to fill in the gap by providing empirical evidence, therefore, the research is being conducted to assess the status of English and its importance for global employment skills.
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- Abbas, F, Anjum, K. & Pasha, S. B. (2019) Speech act of apology by Pakistani English speakers through the theory of politeness. The Dialogue, 14 (2), 196-213.
- Abbas, F., Jalil, M. K., Zaki, H. N. & Irfan, F. (2020). Implicit measure of language attitude: study of Punjabi native speakers by using matched guise technique. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 13 (1), 194-206.
- Abbas, F. and Iqbal, Z. (2018). Language Attitude of the Pakistani Youth towards English, Urdu and Punjabi: A Comparative Study. Pakistan Journal of Distance and Online Learning, 4 (1), 199-214.
- Abbas, F., Pervaiz, A. and Arshad, F. (2018). The competing status of Urdu and English after declaration of Urdu as official language in Pakistan. Journal of Research (Urdu), 34 (1), 142 – 158.
- Abbasi, M. A. (2014). Towards the de-radicalization of Pakistani society: The need for a balanced and progressive education system. Dialogue, 9(3), 256-270.
- Adebola, L. O. (2019). How Well Prepared Are Chilean Beginning English Teachers to Meet Job Demands in The English language Teaching Industry? Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 22(6), 1-12.
- Al-Issa, A. S. (2014). Researching the uses of the English language in the law job market in the sultanate of oman: implications for policy-practice improvement. Educational Research for Policy and Practice, 13(1), 25-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10671-013-9146-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10671-013-9146-4
- Alrabai, F. (2014). Motivational practices in English as a foreign language classes in Saudi Arabia: Teachers beliefs and learners perceptions. Arab World English Journal, 5 (1), 224- 246.
- Alston, A. J. et al. (2009). The Importance of Employability Skills as perceived by the employers of United States Land-grant College and University Graduates. Journal of Southern Agricultural Education Research, 59 (1), 56-69.
- Appadurai, A. (1990). Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy. Theory, Culture and Society, 7(2-3), 295–310. https://doi.org/10.1177/026327690007002017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/026327690007002017
- Appelbaum, S.H., Hebert, D. and Leroux, S. (1999). Empowerment: Power, Culture and leadership: A strategy or fad for the millennium? Journal of Workplace Learning: Employee Counselling Today, 11(7), 233-54. https://doi.org/10.1108/13665629910291929 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13665629910291929
- Boothby, C., & Milojević, S. (2021). An exploratory full-text analysis of Science Careers in a changing academic job market. Scientometrics, 126(5), 4055-4071. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-021-03905-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-021-03905-2
- Boud, D. and Middleton, H. (2003). Learning from others at work: communities of practice and informal learning. Journal of Workplace Learning: Employee Counselling Today, 15(5), 194-202. https://doi.org/10.1108/13665620310483895 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13665620310483895
- Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Polity Press and Harvard University Press.
- Brew, A., & Jewell, E. (2012). Enhancing quality learning through experiences of research based learning: Implications for academic development. International Journal for Academic Development, 17(1), 47-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360144X.2011.586461 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1360144X.2011.586461
- Brown, B.S. and Emmett, D. (2001). Explaining variations in the level of academic dishonesty in studies of college students: some new evidence. College Student Journal, 35(4), 529-39.
- Caruana, A., Ramaseshan, B. and Ewing, M.T. (2000). The effect of anomie on academic dishonesty among university students. The International Journal of Educational Management, 14(1), 23-29. https://doi.org/10.11 08/09513540010310378 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09513540010310378
- Cheah, H.B. and Yu, T.F.L. (1996). Adaptive response: entrepreneurship and competitiveness in the economic development of Hong Kong. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 4(3), 241-66. https://doi.org/10.11 42/S0218495896000149 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495896000149
- Chew, S.B., Lee, K.H. and Quek, A.H. (Eds) (1995). Education and Work: Aspirations of Malaysian Secondary School Students. University of Malaya Press, Kuala Lumpur.
- Christine, Z.J. and James, C.A. (2008). Personality traits and academic attributes as determinants of academic dishonesty in accounting and non-accounting college majors. Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of American Society of Business and Behavioral Sciences (ASBBS), Las Vegas, NV, USA, 15(1), 604-16.
- Coleman, H. (2010). Teaching and Learning in Pakistan: The Role of Language in Education. Islamabad: British Council.
- Crystal, D. (2003). English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486999 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486999
- Dest. (2002). Employability Skills for the Future. March ACT, DEST.
- Doan, L. D., & Hamid, M. O. (2019). Economics of English: Examining the demand for English proficiency in the Vietnamese job market. RELC Journal, 0033688219863166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688219863166 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688219863166
- Durga, M. V. S. S. (2018). The Need of The English language Skills for Employment Opportunities. Journal for Research Scholars and Professionals of The English language Learning, 7(2), 1-5.
- Early, M., & Norton, B. (2012). Language Learner Stories and Imagined Identities. Narrative Inquiry, 22(1), 194-201. https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.22.1.15ear DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.22.1.15ear
- Gazzola, M., & Mazzacani, D. (2019). Foreign language skills and employment status of European natives: evidence from Germany, Italy and Spain. Empirica, 46(4), 713-740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10663-019-09460-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10663-019-09460-7
- Haidar, S. (2017). Access to English in Pakistan: Inculcating prestige and leadership through instruction in elite schools. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 13670050.2017.1320352
- Haidar, S. (2018). The Role of English in Developing Countries: English is a passport to privilege and needed for survival in Pakistan. English Today, 35(3), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078418000469 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078418000469
- Haidar, S., & Fang, F. G. (2019). The English language in education and globalization: A comparative analysis of the role of English in Pakistan and China. Asia Paciï¬c Journal of Education, 39(2), 165-176. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2019.1569892 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2019.1569892
- Hussain, M. S. (2018). Motivating English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Adult Learners: Challenges to Prepare Them for Future and Job Market. International Research Journal of Arts & Humanities (IRJAH), 46(46).
- Iqbal, M. & Rafi, M. S. (2018). A Comparative Study of The English language Teaching Practices at the Access Program and Public Schools. Bulletin of Education and Research, 40(3), 231-249.
- Irani, F. N. H. A., & Noruzi, M. R. (2011). Globalization and challenges: What are the globalization’s contemporary issues. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IJHSS), 1(6), 216-218.
- Jang, B.G.; Conradi, K.; Mckenna, M.C., and Jones, J.S. (2015). Motivation: Approaching an elusive concept through the factors that shape it. Reading Teacher, 69(20), 239-247. https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.1365 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.1365
- Jenkins, J. (2007). English as a Lingua Franca: Attitude and Identity. Oxford: Oxford University
- Kamran, S., & Mansoor, S. (2017). Globalization and Language Use on Social Media in Pakistan. European Journal of Language and Literature, 8(1), 79-84. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v8i1.p79-84 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v8i1.p79-84
- McCabe, D.L. and Trevino, L.K. (1997). Individual and contextual influences on academic dishonesty: a multi-campus investigation, Research in Higher Education, 38(3), 379-96.
- Minister of Education (2000). Science and technology education: challenges in the new millennium, 10th Public Lecture, Confederation of Scientiï¬c and Technological Association, Malaysia (COSTAM), Selangor, July.
- Motha, S., & Lin, A. (2014). “Nonâ€coercive rearrangementsâ€: Theorizing desire in TESOL. TESOL quarterly, 48(2), 331-359. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.126 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.126
- Nazir, M. S. and Shakeel, M.A. (2018). Academic dishonesty and perceptions of Pakistani students. International Journal of Educational Management, 24(7), 655-668. https://doi.org/10.1108/09 513541011080020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09513541011080020
- Norton, B. (2000). Identity and Language Learning: Gender, Ethnicity and Educational Change. Harlow, UK: Longman.
- Pandey, M., & Pandey, P. (2014). Better English for better employment opportunities. International journal of multidisciplinary approach and studies, 1(4), 93-100.
- Parveen, S., & Mehmood, A. (2013). A Study on Attitudes towards Varieties of Spoken English in Pakistani Context. Language in India, 13(3).
- Quek, A.H. and Soon, T.K. (1999). Research and Development Priorities in the New Millennium: Human Resource Management and Business Preferences in Malaysia. Malaysia Science and Technology Congress, Abstracts, Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, pp. A68.
- Quek, Ai-Hwa. (2005). Learning for the Workplace: A Case Study in Graduate Employees’ Generic Competencies. Journal of Workplace Learning, 17(4), 231-242. https://doi.org/10.1108/13665620510597185 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13665620510597185
- Rao, C. (2016). A brief study of the English language proficiency: Employability. English for Specific Purposes World, 17(49).
- Rahman, T. (2020). Pakistani English. In The Handbook of Asian Englishes, 279-296. https://doi.org/10.1002/ 9781118791882.ch11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118791882.ch11
- Rassool, N. (2013). The Political Economy of The English language and Development: English vs. National and Local Languages in Developing Countries. In Erling, E. J. & Seargeant, P. (Eds.), English and Development: Policy, Pedagogy, and Globalization, 45-67. Toronto: Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/1 0.21832/9781847699473-006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847699473-006
- Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary educational psychology, 25(1), 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
- Shamim, F. (2011). English as the Language for Development in Pakistan: Issues, Challenges and Possible Solutions. In Coleman, H. (Eds.), Dreams and realities: Developing Countries and the The English language (pp. 291-309). London: British Council.
- Shariï¬an, F. (2009). English as an International Language: Perspectives and Pedagogical Issues. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847691231 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847691231
- Sultana, N. (2016). English for employment: students’ proficiency and current demand of English in the development sector of Bangladesh. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). BRAC University Bangladesh.
- Vansteenkiste, M., Aelterman, N., De Muynck, G. J., Haerens, L., Patall, E., & Reeve, J. (2018). Fostering personal meaning and self-relevance: A self-determination theory perspective on internalization. The Journal of Experimental Education, 86(1), 30-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2017.1381067 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2017.1381067
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References
Abbas, F, Anjum, K. & Pasha, S. B. (2019) Speech act of apology by Pakistani English speakers through the theory of politeness. The Dialogue, 14 (2), 196-213.
Abbas, F., Jalil, M. K., Zaki, H. N. & Irfan, F. (2020). Implicit measure of language attitude: study of Punjabi native speakers by using matched guise technique. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 13 (1), 194-206.
Abbas, F. and Iqbal, Z. (2018). Language Attitude of the Pakistani Youth towards English, Urdu and Punjabi: A Comparative Study. Pakistan Journal of Distance and Online Learning, 4 (1), 199-214.
Abbas, F., Pervaiz, A. and Arshad, F. (2018). The competing status of Urdu and English after declaration of Urdu as official language in Pakistan. Journal of Research (Urdu), 34 (1), 142 – 158.
Abbasi, M. A. (2014). Towards the de-radicalization of Pakistani society: The need for a balanced and progressive education system. Dialogue, 9(3), 256-270.
Adebola, L. O. (2019). How Well Prepared Are Chilean Beginning English Teachers to Meet Job Demands in The English language Teaching Industry? Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 22(6), 1-12.
Al-Issa, A. S. (2014). Researching the uses of the English language in the law job market in the sultanate of oman: implications for policy-practice improvement. Educational Research for Policy and Practice, 13(1), 25-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10671-013-9146-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10671-013-9146-4
Alrabai, F. (2014). Motivational practices in English as a foreign language classes in Saudi Arabia: Teachers beliefs and learners perceptions. Arab World English Journal, 5 (1), 224- 246.
Alston, A. J. et al. (2009). The Importance of Employability Skills as perceived by the employers of United States Land-grant College and University Graduates. Journal of Southern Agricultural Education Research, 59 (1), 56-69.
Appadurai, A. (1990). Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy. Theory, Culture and Society, 7(2-3), 295–310. https://doi.org/10.1177/026327690007002017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/026327690007002017
Appelbaum, S.H., Hebert, D. and Leroux, S. (1999). Empowerment: Power, Culture and leadership: A strategy or fad for the millennium? Journal of Workplace Learning: Employee Counselling Today, 11(7), 233-54. https://doi.org/10.1108/13665629910291929 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13665629910291929
Boothby, C., & Milojević, S. (2021). An exploratory full-text analysis of Science Careers in a changing academic job market. Scientometrics, 126(5), 4055-4071. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-021-03905-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-021-03905-2
Boud, D. and Middleton, H. (2003). Learning from others at work: communities of practice and informal learning. Journal of Workplace Learning: Employee Counselling Today, 15(5), 194-202. https://doi.org/10.1108/13665620310483895 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13665620310483895
Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Polity Press and Harvard University Press.
Brew, A., & Jewell, E. (2012). Enhancing quality learning through experiences of research based learning: Implications for academic development. International Journal for Academic Development, 17(1), 47-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360144X.2011.586461 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1360144X.2011.586461
Brown, B.S. and Emmett, D. (2001). Explaining variations in the level of academic dishonesty in studies of college students: some new evidence. College Student Journal, 35(4), 529-39.
Caruana, A., Ramaseshan, B. and Ewing, M.T. (2000). The effect of anomie on academic dishonesty among university students. The International Journal of Educational Management, 14(1), 23-29. https://doi.org/10.11 08/09513540010310378 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09513540010310378
Cheah, H.B. and Yu, T.F.L. (1996). Adaptive response: entrepreneurship and competitiveness in the economic development of Hong Kong. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 4(3), 241-66. https://doi.org/10.11 42/S0218495896000149 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495896000149
Chew, S.B., Lee, K.H. and Quek, A.H. (Eds) (1995). Education and Work: Aspirations of Malaysian Secondary School Students. University of Malaya Press, Kuala Lumpur.
Christine, Z.J. and James, C.A. (2008). Personality traits and academic attributes as determinants of academic dishonesty in accounting and non-accounting college majors. Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of American Society of Business and Behavioral Sciences (ASBBS), Las Vegas, NV, USA, 15(1), 604-16.
Coleman, H. (2010). Teaching and Learning in Pakistan: The Role of Language in Education. Islamabad: British Council.
Crystal, D. (2003). English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486999 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486999
Dest. (2002). Employability Skills for the Future. March ACT, DEST.
Doan, L. D., & Hamid, M. O. (2019). Economics of English: Examining the demand for English proficiency in the Vietnamese job market. RELC Journal, 0033688219863166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688219863166 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688219863166
Durga, M. V. S. S. (2018). The Need of The English language Skills for Employment Opportunities. Journal for Research Scholars and Professionals of The English language Learning, 7(2), 1-5.
Early, M., & Norton, B. (2012). Language Learner Stories and Imagined Identities. Narrative Inquiry, 22(1), 194-201. https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.22.1.15ear DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.22.1.15ear
Gazzola, M., & Mazzacani, D. (2019). Foreign language skills and employment status of European natives: evidence from Germany, Italy and Spain. Empirica, 46(4), 713-740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10663-019-09460-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10663-019-09460-7
Haidar, S. (2017). Access to English in Pakistan: Inculcating prestige and leadership through instruction in elite schools. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 13670050.2017.1320352
Haidar, S. (2018). The Role of English in Developing Countries: English is a passport to privilege and needed for survival in Pakistan. English Today, 35(3), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078418000469 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078418000469
Haidar, S., & Fang, F. G. (2019). The English language in education and globalization: A comparative analysis of the role of English in Pakistan and China. Asia Paciï¬c Journal of Education, 39(2), 165-176. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2019.1569892 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2019.1569892
Hussain, M. S. (2018). Motivating English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Adult Learners: Challenges to Prepare Them for Future and Job Market. International Research Journal of Arts & Humanities (IRJAH), 46(46).
Iqbal, M. & Rafi, M. S. (2018). A Comparative Study of The English language Teaching Practices at the Access Program and Public Schools. Bulletin of Education and Research, 40(3), 231-249.
Irani, F. N. H. A., & Noruzi, M. R. (2011). Globalization and challenges: What are the globalization’s contemporary issues. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IJHSS), 1(6), 216-218.
Jang, B.G.; Conradi, K.; Mckenna, M.C., and Jones, J.S. (2015). Motivation: Approaching an elusive concept through the factors that shape it. Reading Teacher, 69(20), 239-247. https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.1365 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.1365
Jenkins, J. (2007). English as a Lingua Franca: Attitude and Identity. Oxford: Oxford University
Kamran, S., & Mansoor, S. (2017). Globalization and Language Use on Social Media in Pakistan. European Journal of Language and Literature, 8(1), 79-84. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v8i1.p79-84 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v8i1.p79-84
McCabe, D.L. and Trevino, L.K. (1997). Individual and contextual influences on academic dishonesty: a multi-campus investigation, Research in Higher Education, 38(3), 379-96.
Minister of Education (2000). Science and technology education: challenges in the new millennium, 10th Public Lecture, Confederation of Scientiï¬c and Technological Association, Malaysia (COSTAM), Selangor, July.
Motha, S., & Lin, A. (2014). “Nonâ€coercive rearrangementsâ€: Theorizing desire in TESOL. TESOL quarterly, 48(2), 331-359. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.126 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.126
Nazir, M. S. and Shakeel, M.A. (2018). Academic dishonesty and perceptions of Pakistani students. International Journal of Educational Management, 24(7), 655-668. https://doi.org/10.1108/09 513541011080020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09513541011080020
Norton, B. (2000). Identity and Language Learning: Gender, Ethnicity and Educational Change. Harlow, UK: Longman.
Pandey, M., & Pandey, P. (2014). Better English for better employment opportunities. International journal of multidisciplinary approach and studies, 1(4), 93-100.
Parveen, S., & Mehmood, A. (2013). A Study on Attitudes towards Varieties of Spoken English in Pakistani Context. Language in India, 13(3).
Quek, A.H. and Soon, T.K. (1999). Research and Development Priorities in the New Millennium: Human Resource Management and Business Preferences in Malaysia. Malaysia Science and Technology Congress, Abstracts, Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, pp. A68.
Quek, Ai-Hwa. (2005). Learning for the Workplace: A Case Study in Graduate Employees’ Generic Competencies. Journal of Workplace Learning, 17(4), 231-242. https://doi.org/10.1108/13665620510597185 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13665620510597185
Rao, C. (2016). A brief study of the English language proficiency: Employability. English for Specific Purposes World, 17(49).
Rahman, T. (2020). Pakistani English. In The Handbook of Asian Englishes, 279-296. https://doi.org/10.1002/ 9781118791882.ch11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118791882.ch11
Rassool, N. (2013). The Political Economy of The English language and Development: English vs. National and Local Languages in Developing Countries. In Erling, E. J. & Seargeant, P. (Eds.), English and Development: Policy, Pedagogy, and Globalization, 45-67. Toronto: Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/1 0.21832/9781847699473-006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847699473-006
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary educational psychology, 25(1), 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
Shamim, F. (2011). English as the Language for Development in Pakistan: Issues, Challenges and Possible Solutions. In Coleman, H. (Eds.), Dreams and realities: Developing Countries and the The English language (pp. 291-309). London: British Council.
Shariï¬an, F. (2009). English as an International Language: Perspectives and Pedagogical Issues. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847691231 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847691231
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