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INVESTIGATION OF WORK-FAMILY AND FAMILY-WORK CONFLICTS AMONG SCHOOL TEACHERS FROM GENDER AND MARITAL STATUS PERSPECTIVE
Corresponding Author(s) : Asia Zulfqar
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the Study: The primary objective of this study was to investigate work-family and family-work conflicts and the nature of these conflicts among teachers in schools of Southern Punjab, Pakistan, from the perspective of their gender and marital status. Moreover, this research also examined the difference between work-family and family-work conflicts among teachers.
Methodology: This study used both descriptive and survey research designs. A questionnaire comprising 22-items work-family and family-work conflict scales was used. The researchers administered the tool to 422 elementary teachers from forty (40) schools of the three districts of southern Punjab, Pakistan, who were randomly selected using both multistage clusters and the stratified sampling techniques. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed for analyzing the data.
Main Findings: This study found that teachers hardly believe that their workplace tasks create hurdles in performing their family roles. Likewise, the study found that teachers hardly believe that their family responsibilities create any hurdles in performing their tasks at work. The study further found that female teachers’ family is more affected by their work engagements than male.
Applications of this study: The results of this study will be helpful for teachers, counsellors, managers, and policymakers in developing programs that are likely to reduce work-family-work conflicts among teachers of elementary schools.
Novelty/Originality of this study: Work-family-work conflicts among teachers in schools of Southern Punjab, Pakistan, have not been addressed from the perspective of their gender and marital status.
Keywords
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- Abidin, Z. (2017). Kesetaraan Gender dan Emansipasi Perempuan dalam Pendidikan Islam. Tarbawiyah Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan. 12(01), 1-17.
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- Ayo, H.T.; Henry, S. & Adebukola, K. T. (2009). Psychosocial variables as predictors of work-family conflict among secondary school teachers in Irele local government area. Ondo State, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences. 6(1), 11-18.
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References
Abidin, Z. (2017). Kesetaraan Gender dan Emansipasi Perempuan dalam Pendidikan Islam. Tarbawiyah Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan. 12(01), 1-17.
Ahmad, A. (2008). Direct and indirect effects of work-family conflict on job performance. The Journal of International Management Studies, 3(2), 176-180.
Ajala, E. M. (2017). Work-family-conflict and family-work-conflict as correlates of job performance among working mothers: implications for industrial social workers. African Journal of Social Work, 7(1), 52-62.
Allen, T. D., Herst, D. E., Burck, C. S., & Sutton, M. (2000). Consequences associated with work to family conflict: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1), 278–308. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.5.2.278 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.5.2.278
Anafarta, N. (2011). The relationship between work-family conflict and job satisfaction: A structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(4), 168-177. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v6n4p168 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v6n4p168
Asbari, I. B., Pramono, R., Hidayat, A., Alamsyah, P. S., & Fayzhall, M. (2020). The Effect of work-Family conflict on Job Satisfaction and Performance: A Study of Indonesian Female Employees. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(3), 6724-6748.
Ayo, H.T.; Henry, S. & Adebukola, K. T. (2009). Psychosocial variables as predictors of work-family conflict among secondary school teachers in Irele local government area. Ondo State, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences. 6(1), 11-18.
Abbas, F. & Iqbal, Z. (2018). Language Attitude of the Pakistani Youth towards English, Urdu and Punjabi: A Comparative Study. Pakistan Journal of Distance and Online Learning, 4 (1), 199-214.
Barling, J. & Sorenson, D. (1997). Work and family: In search of a relevant research agenda. In S. Jackson & C.L. Cooper (Eds.) Creating tomorrow’s organizations: A Handbook for future research in organizational behaviour (pp. 159-170). NY: Wiley.
Beauregard, T. A. (2006). Are organizations shooting themselves in the foot? Workplace contributors to family-to-work conflict. Equal Opportunities International, 25(5). https://doi.org/10.1108/02610150610706681 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02610150610706681
Bellavia, G., & Frone, M. (2005). Work-family conflict. In J. Barling, E. K. Kelloway, and M. Frone (Eds.), Handbook of Work Stress, (pp. 113-147). Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks. https://doi.org/10.4135 /9781412975995.n6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412975995.n6
Bhatti, A.M., Abbas, F. & Rana, A.M.K. (2020). An Empirical study of learning styles used by undergraduate English learners in public sector colleges in Pakistan. Elementary Education Online, 19 (3), 1864-1875.
Bhuian, S. N., Menguc, B., & Borsboom, R. (2005). Stressors and job outcomes in sales: A triphasic model versus a linear-quadratic-interactive model. Journal of business research, 58(2), 141-150. https://doi.org/10.1 016/S0148-2963(03)00132-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(03)00132-2
Boloorizadeh, P., Tojari, F., & Zargar, T. (2013). Work-family conflict among female head coaches in Iran. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84(1), 1403-1410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.764 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.764
Bragger, J. D., Rodriguez-Srednicki, O., Kutcher, E. J., Indovino, L., & Rosner, E. (2005). Work-family conflict, work-family culture, and organizational citizenship behavior among teachers. Journal of Business and psychology, 20(2), 303-324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-005-8266-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-005-8266-0
Brotheridge, C. & Lee, R. (2005). Impact of work-family interference on general well-being: Replication and extension. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(1), 203-221. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.12.3.203 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.12.3.203
Byron, K. (2005). A meta-analytic review of work–family conflict and its antecedents. Journal of vocational behavior, 67(2), 169-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.08.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.08.009
Carlson, D. S., & Kacmar, K. M. (2000). Work–family conflict in the organization: Do live role values make a differences? Journal of Management, 26(1), 1031–1054. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600502 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600502
Chang, K. M. (2002). The influences of work-family conflict and sex-role identity on married female teacher's job involvement. International Journal of Human Ecology, 3(1), 95-109.
Cinamon, R. G., & Rich, Y. (2005). Work–family conflict among female teachers. Teaching and teacher education, 21(4), 365-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2004.06.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2004.06.009
Duxbury, L., & Higgins, C. (2003). Work-life conflict in Canada in the new millennium. The Sydney Papers, 15(1), 78-97.
Erdamar, G., & Demirel, H. (2014). Investigation of work-family, family-work conflict of the teachers. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116(1), 4919-4924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1050
Fatima, N., & Sahibzada, S. A. (2012). An empirical analysis of factors affecting work life balance among university teachers: the case of Pakistan. Journal of International Academic Research, 12(1), 16-29.
French, K. A., Dumani, S., Allen, T. D., & Shockley, K. M. (2018). A meta-analysis of work–family conflict and social support. Psychological bulletin, 144(3), 284. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000120
Furtado, L., Sobral, F. & Peci, A. (2016). Linking demands to work-family conflict through boundary strength. Journal of Managerial Psychology. 31(8), 1327-1342. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-11-2015-0408 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-11-2015-0408
Ghafoor, M., Ashraf, A., Sajjad, I., & Azeem, M. (2014). Antecedents and consequences of work family conflicts. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(4), 153-160.
Govender, V., Ramgoon, S., Patel, C. J., & Paruk, Z. (2006). Working mothers: Family-work conflict, job performance and family/work variables. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 32(2), 39-45. https://doi.org/1 0.4102/sajip.v32i2.238 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v32i2.238
Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of management review, 10(1), 76-88. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1985.4277352 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1985.4277352
Iqbal, A. Ali, M.S., Abbas, F Shah, M.A.H. & Anjum, S. (2020). A Study of Work-Family Conflict among Elementary School Teachers. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change. 14 (10), 198-209.
Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D.M., Quinn R., Snoek, J.D. & Rosenthal R.A. (1964). Organizational stress: studies in role conflict and ambiguity, Wiley, New York.
Karatepe, O. M., & Kilic, H. (2007). Relationships of supervisor support and conflicts in the work–family interface with the selected job outcomes of frontline employees. Tourism management, 28(1), 238-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.12.019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.12.019
Karatepe, O. M., & Sokmen A. (2006). The effects of work role and family role variables on psychological and behavioral outcomes of frontline employees. Tourısm Management, 27(2), 255-268. https://doi.org/10 .1016/j.tourman.2004.10.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.10.001
Karimi, Q., Jomehri, F., Asadzade, H., & Sohrabi, F. (2012). Consequences of conflict between work and family among Iranian female teachers. Journal of Basic Applied Science Research, 2(2), 1869-1875.
Khandelwal, P., & Sehgal, A. (2018). Exploring work-family interface for Indian women entrepreneurs, Gender in Management. 33(3), 203-216. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-04-2016-0075 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-04-2016-0075
Kossek, E. E. & Ozcki, C. (2001). Work-family conflict, policies, and the job-life satisfaction relationship: a review and directions for organizational behavior-human resources research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(2), 139-149. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.2.139 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.2.139
Kremer, I. (2016). The relationship between school-work-family-conflict, subjective stress, and burnout, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(4), 805-819. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-01-2015-0014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-01-2015-0014
Mesmer-Magnus, J., & Viswesvaran, C. (2005). Convergence between measures of work-to family and family-to-work conflict: A meta-analytic examination. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67(1), 215-232. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.jvb.2004.05.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.05.004
Mete, M., Ünal, Ö. F., & Bilen, A. (2014). Impact of work-family conflict and burnout on performance of accounting professionals. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 131(1), 264-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.115
Mittal, R. & Bienstock, J. (2019). Transformational leadership and polychronicity as antecedents of work-home boundaries, Management Research Review, 42(4), 460-468. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-02-2018-0093 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-02-2018-0093
Mukarram, A., Akbar, S., Jan, Z., & Gul, A. (2012). Work-life conflict impact on female’s job performance: A study of primary level female school teachers in Pakistan. European Journal of Business and Management, 4(20), 74-83.
Nasir, & Lilianti (2017). Persamaan Hak: Partisipasi Wanita dalam Pendidikan. Didaktis: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Ilmu Pengetahuan. 17(1), 36-46.
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