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RESOURCE MOBILIZATION ANALYSIS OF LAWYERS' MOVEMENT IN PAKISTAN (2007-2009)
Corresponding Author(s) : Muddasser Jatala
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study is to define and analyse the lawyers' movement in Pakistan remains an active social movement from 2007 to 2009.
Methodology: Qualitative research approach is the utmost appropriate approach to explore the resources mobilization process, in the lawyers’ movement in Pakistan. To achieve deeper insights into the actions, perceptions, and experiences of the respondents in the lawyers' movement of Pakistan, almost 20 open-ended interviews were taken in-depth and mostly face-to-face interviews. Give one more line of info about methodology.
Main Findings: The lawyers' movement emerged in March 2007 in reaction to the unconstitutional dismissal of Chief Justice (CJ) of Supreme Court Pakistan by former General Pervez Musharraf. The lawyers' movement was the ultimate result of judicial-executive contention in Pakistan.
Applications of the Study: This paper will offer analyses of the lawyers' movement in the context of a social movement from a non-western country like Pakistan. This paper seeks to examine the lawyers’ movement (2007–2009) to explore the resource mobilization in the lawyers' movement in Pakistan.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The resource mobilization theory (RMT) has been utilized as the theoretical framework with the acumen of qualitative approach for this investigation in the non-western setting.
Keywords
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- Abbas, A., & Jasam, S. (2009). A ray of hope: The case of Lawyers’ Movement in Pakistan. Pakistan. Reality, Denial and the Complexity of its State, 16, 140-170.
- Ahmed, Z. S. (2012). The Role of the Pakistani Mass Media in the Lawyers’ Resistance against the Musharraf Dictatorship, 2007-2009. Pakistaniaat: A Journal of Pakistan Studies, 4(3), 61-77.
- Ahmed, Z. S., & Stephan, M. J. (2010). Fighting for the rule of law: civil resistance and the lawyers' movement in Pakistan. Democratization, 17(3), 492-513. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510341003700360 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13510341003700360
- Amenta, E., Caren, N., & Stobaugh, J. E. (2012). Political reform and the historical trajectories of US social movements in the twentieth century. Social Forces, 90(4), 1073-1100. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sos067 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sos067
- Amin, H., & Rehmat, S. (2016). Lawyers' movement and social movement theory: A critical Analysis. Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 8(1), 41.
- Andrews, K.T. and N. Caren (2010). Making the news: movement organizations, media attention and the public agenda. American Sociological Review, 75(6), 841–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122410386689 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122410386689
- Baxter, H. (1987). System and Life-World in Habermas's Theory of Communicative Action. Theory and Society, 16, 39-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00162659 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00162659
- Blue, R., Richard, H., & Berg, L. A. (2008). Pakistan rule of law assessment final report.[Washington, DC]: United States Agency for International Development (USAID).
- Cress, D. M., & Snow, D. A. (1996). Mobilization at the margins: Resources, benefactors, and the viability of homeless social movement organizations. American sociological review, 61(6), 1089-1109. https://doi.org/1 0.2307/2096310 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2096310
- Della Porta, D./ Diani, M. (2006): Social Movements. An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
- Edwards, B., & McCarthy, J. D. (2004). Resources and social movement mobilization. The Blackwell companion to social movements, 116-152. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470999103.ch6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470999103.ch6
- Faqir, K. (2014). Judicial Crisis in Pakistan during Musharraf Regime. Pakistan Journal of History and Culture, 35(2).
- Faqir, K., Islam, F., & Rizvi, S. H. (2013). The lawyers movement for judicial independence in Pakistan: A study of Musharraf regime. Asian Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 2(2), 345-357.
- Fuchs, C. (2006). The self-organization of social movements. Systemic practice and action research, 19(1), 101-137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-005-9006-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-005-9006-0
- Gamson, W. (1995). Constructing social protest. In H. Johnston & B. Klandermans (Eds.), Social movements and culture (pp. 85-106). London: UCL Press.
- Ghias, S. A. (2010). Miscarriage of chief justice: judicial power and the legal complex in Pakistan under Musharraf. Law & Social Inquiry, 35(4), 985-1022. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2010.01211.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2010.01211.x
- Hussain, I. S. (2007). Pakistan: A Proud Nation, But Failing State. Lahore: Humanity International.
- Jalal, A. (1995). Democracy and authoritarianism in South Asia: A comparative and historical perspective (No. 1). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511559372 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511559372
- Kalhan, A. (2013). Gray Zone Constitutionalism and the Dilemma of Judicial Independence in Pakistan. Vand. J. Transnat'l L., 46, 1.
- Khan, A. F., & Newberg, P. R. (2010). The Pakistani Lawyers' Movement and the Popular Currency of Judicial Power. Pakistan Harvard Law Review, 123(1705), 17-18.
- Khan, a. Q., & kasi, a. Z.(2016). Executive-judiciary interaction and movement for independent judiciary in pakistan: 2007-09. International journal of political science, law and international relations, 6(1), 1-8.
- Khan, M. S. (2014). Genesis and evolution of public interest litigation in the supreme court of Pakistan: toward a dynamic theory of judicialization. Temp. Int'l & Comp. LJ, 28, 285.
- McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1977). Resource mobilization and social movements: A partial theory. American journal of sociology, 82(6), 1212-1241. https://doi.org/10.1086/226464 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/226464
- McLaughlin, P. & Khawaja, M. (2000). The organizational dynamics of the U.S. environmental movement: Legitimation, resource mobilization, and political opportunity. Rural Sociology, 65(3), 422-439. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.2000.tb00037.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.2000.tb00037.x
- Mullally, S. (2009). A Long March to Justice: A Report on Judicial Independence and Integrity in Pakistan. International Bar Association, Human Rights Institute.
- Riaz, S. (2009). Coverage of the Issue of Judiciary Crisis in National Newspapers of Pakistan. Journal of Political Studies, 16, 81.
- Shafqat, S. (2018). Civil society and the lawyers’ movement of Pakistan. Law & Social Inquiry, 43(3), 889-914. https://doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12283 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12283
- Somma, N. M. (2010). How do voluntary organizations foster protest? The role of organizational involvement on individual protest participation. The Sociological Quarterly, 51(3), 384-407. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01178.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01178.x
- Soule, S. A., & King, B. G. (2008). Competition and resource partitioning in three social movement industries. American Journal of Sociology, 113(6), 1568-1610. https://doi.org/10.1086/587152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/587152
- Soule, Sarah A., Doug McAdam, John McCarthy, and Yang Su (1999) Protest Events: Cause or Consequence of State Action? The U.S. Women’s Movement and Federal Congressional Activities, 1956–1979. Mobilization, 4, 239–55. https://doi.org/10.17813/maiq.4.2.v01017723m8p2w04 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17813/maiq.4.2.v01017723m8p2w04
- Tilly, C. (1978). From mobilization to revolution New York. McGraw-Hill.
- Walker, E. T., & McCarthy, J. D. (2010). Legitimacy, strategy, and resources in the survival of community-based organizations. Social problems, 57(3), 315-340. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2010.57.3.315 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2010.57.3.315
- Levinson, Daryl J.(2016). Looking for Power in Public Law. Harv. L. Rev., 130 (2016), 31.
- Siddiqa, A.(2019). Pakistan—From Hybrid-Democracy to Hybrid-Martial Law. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 42(2), 52-72. https://doi.org/10.1353/jsa.2019.0008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jsa.2019.0008
- Majeed, G,. and Hashmi, R. S. (2020). Baloch Resistance during Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's Era: Causes and Consequences. South Asian Studies, 29.
- Nandy, D.(2020). Making Sense of Civil Society: The Experience of Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nepal. Building Sustainable Communities. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, 521-546. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2393-9_26 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2393-9_26
- Rasheed, A. and Mukhtar, H. (2020). Judicial Activism in Pakistan: A Case Study of the Tenure of Mr. Saqib Nisar Ex-Chief Justice. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, 57(1).
- Khan, M.(2019). Empowerment without Accountability? The Lawyers’ Movement in Pakistan and its Aftershocks. https://doi.org/10.19088/1968-2019.130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19088/1968-2019.130
- Akhtar, N.(2020). Rising Middle Class in Pakistan: A Changing Political Culture. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS), 40(3), 1281-1290.
- McCartney, M, and S. Akbar Zaidi, eds.(2019). New Perspectives on Pakistan's Political Economy: State, Class and Social Change. Vol. 9. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108761154 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108761154
- Mahmood, Amna, and Samina Yasmeen (2017). Lawyers’movement and Executive-Judiciary Relations in Pakistan. South Asian Studies, 32(2).
- Shah, A. (2019). 3 Institutions Matter. New Perspectives on Pakistan's Political Economy: State, Class and Social Change, 9(2019), 75. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108761154.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108761154.005
References
Abbas, A., & Jasam, S. (2009). A ray of hope: The case of Lawyers’ Movement in Pakistan. Pakistan. Reality, Denial and the Complexity of its State, 16, 140-170.
Ahmed, Z. S. (2012). The Role of the Pakistani Mass Media in the Lawyers’ Resistance against the Musharraf Dictatorship, 2007-2009. Pakistaniaat: A Journal of Pakistan Studies, 4(3), 61-77.
Ahmed, Z. S., & Stephan, M. J. (2010). Fighting for the rule of law: civil resistance and the lawyers' movement in Pakistan. Democratization, 17(3), 492-513. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510341003700360 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13510341003700360
Amenta, E., Caren, N., & Stobaugh, J. E. (2012). Political reform and the historical trajectories of US social movements in the twentieth century. Social Forces, 90(4), 1073-1100. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sos067 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sos067
Amin, H., & Rehmat, S. (2016). Lawyers' movement and social movement theory: A critical Analysis. Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 8(1), 41.
Andrews, K.T. and N. Caren (2010). Making the news: movement organizations, media attention and the public agenda. American Sociological Review, 75(6), 841–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122410386689 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122410386689
Baxter, H. (1987). System and Life-World in Habermas's Theory of Communicative Action. Theory and Society, 16, 39-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00162659 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00162659
Blue, R., Richard, H., & Berg, L. A. (2008). Pakistan rule of law assessment final report.[Washington, DC]: United States Agency for International Development (USAID).
Cress, D. M., & Snow, D. A. (1996). Mobilization at the margins: Resources, benefactors, and the viability of homeless social movement organizations. American sociological review, 61(6), 1089-1109. https://doi.org/1 0.2307/2096310 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2096310
Della Porta, D./ Diani, M. (2006): Social Movements. An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Edwards, B., & McCarthy, J. D. (2004). Resources and social movement mobilization. The Blackwell companion to social movements, 116-152. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470999103.ch6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470999103.ch6
Faqir, K. (2014). Judicial Crisis in Pakistan during Musharraf Regime. Pakistan Journal of History and Culture, 35(2).
Faqir, K., Islam, F., & Rizvi, S. H. (2013). The lawyers movement for judicial independence in Pakistan: A study of Musharraf regime. Asian Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 2(2), 345-357.
Fuchs, C. (2006). The self-organization of social movements. Systemic practice and action research, 19(1), 101-137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-005-9006-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-005-9006-0
Gamson, W. (1995). Constructing social protest. In H. Johnston & B. Klandermans (Eds.), Social movements and culture (pp. 85-106). London: UCL Press.
Ghias, S. A. (2010). Miscarriage of chief justice: judicial power and the legal complex in Pakistan under Musharraf. Law & Social Inquiry, 35(4), 985-1022. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2010.01211.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2010.01211.x
Hussain, I. S. (2007). Pakistan: A Proud Nation, But Failing State. Lahore: Humanity International.
Jalal, A. (1995). Democracy and authoritarianism in South Asia: A comparative and historical perspective (No. 1). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511559372 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511559372
Kalhan, A. (2013). Gray Zone Constitutionalism and the Dilemma of Judicial Independence in Pakistan. Vand. J. Transnat'l L., 46, 1.
Khan, A. F., & Newberg, P. R. (2010). The Pakistani Lawyers' Movement and the Popular Currency of Judicial Power. Pakistan Harvard Law Review, 123(1705), 17-18.
Khan, a. Q., & kasi, a. Z.(2016). Executive-judiciary interaction and movement for independent judiciary in pakistan: 2007-09. International journal of political science, law and international relations, 6(1), 1-8.
Khan, M. S. (2014). Genesis and evolution of public interest litigation in the supreme court of Pakistan: toward a dynamic theory of judicialization. Temp. Int'l & Comp. LJ, 28, 285.
McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1977). Resource mobilization and social movements: A partial theory. American journal of sociology, 82(6), 1212-1241. https://doi.org/10.1086/226464 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/226464
McLaughlin, P. & Khawaja, M. (2000). The organizational dynamics of the U.S. environmental movement: Legitimation, resource mobilization, and political opportunity. Rural Sociology, 65(3), 422-439. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.2000.tb00037.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.2000.tb00037.x
Mullally, S. (2009). A Long March to Justice: A Report on Judicial Independence and Integrity in Pakistan. International Bar Association, Human Rights Institute.
Riaz, S. (2009). Coverage of the Issue of Judiciary Crisis in National Newspapers of Pakistan. Journal of Political Studies, 16, 81.
Shafqat, S. (2018). Civil society and the lawyers’ movement of Pakistan. Law & Social Inquiry, 43(3), 889-914. https://doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12283 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12283
Somma, N. M. (2010). How do voluntary organizations foster protest? The role of organizational involvement on individual protest participation. The Sociological Quarterly, 51(3), 384-407. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01178.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01178.x
Soule, S. A., & King, B. G. (2008). Competition and resource partitioning in three social movement industries. American Journal of Sociology, 113(6), 1568-1610. https://doi.org/10.1086/587152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/587152
Soule, Sarah A., Doug McAdam, John McCarthy, and Yang Su (1999) Protest Events: Cause or Consequence of State Action? The U.S. Women’s Movement and Federal Congressional Activities, 1956–1979. Mobilization, 4, 239–55. https://doi.org/10.17813/maiq.4.2.v01017723m8p2w04 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17813/maiq.4.2.v01017723m8p2w04
Tilly, C. (1978). From mobilization to revolution New York. McGraw-Hill.
Walker, E. T., & McCarthy, J. D. (2010). Legitimacy, strategy, and resources in the survival of community-based organizations. Social problems, 57(3), 315-340. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2010.57.3.315 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2010.57.3.315
Levinson, Daryl J.(2016). Looking for Power in Public Law. Harv. L. Rev., 130 (2016), 31.
Siddiqa, A.(2019). Pakistan—From Hybrid-Democracy to Hybrid-Martial Law. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 42(2), 52-72. https://doi.org/10.1353/jsa.2019.0008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jsa.2019.0008
Majeed, G,. and Hashmi, R. S. (2020). Baloch Resistance during Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's Era: Causes and Consequences. South Asian Studies, 29.
Nandy, D.(2020). Making Sense of Civil Society: The Experience of Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nepal. Building Sustainable Communities. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, 521-546. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2393-9_26 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2393-9_26
Rasheed, A. and Mukhtar, H. (2020). Judicial Activism in Pakistan: A Case Study of the Tenure of Mr. Saqib Nisar Ex-Chief Justice. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, 57(1).
Khan, M.(2019). Empowerment without Accountability? The Lawyers’ Movement in Pakistan and its Aftershocks. https://doi.org/10.19088/1968-2019.130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19088/1968-2019.130
Akhtar, N.(2020). Rising Middle Class in Pakistan: A Changing Political Culture. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS), 40(3), 1281-1290.
McCartney, M, and S. Akbar Zaidi, eds.(2019). New Perspectives on Pakistan's Political Economy: State, Class and Social Change. Vol. 9. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108761154 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108761154
Mahmood, Amna, and Samina Yasmeen (2017). Lawyers’movement and Executive-Judiciary Relations in Pakistan. South Asian Studies, 32(2).
Shah, A. (2019). 3 Institutions Matter. New Perspectives on Pakistan's Political Economy: State, Class and Social Change, 9(2019), 75. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108761154.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108761154.005