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ON ENHANCING AND AUTOMATING THE COVID-19 CASE REPORTING SYSTEM IN POLAND
Corresponding Author(s) : Bartłomiej Hadasik
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 4 (2021): July
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The paper aims to create a proposal to extend the functionality of the currently operating COVID‑19 case reporting system in Poland.
Methodology: Empirical analysis of the current COVID-19 reporting system in Poland with three axes: (1) description of the system functionalities according to official (governmental) sources; (2) listing and characterization of the current system defects causing ineffectiveness of reporting; (3) proposition of systemic alterations to reduce the level of reporting inefficiency preparation and for possible future phenomena related to the pandemic evolution.
Main Findings: The reporting system is ineffective as the systems of local medical laboratories performing coronavirus tests are not fully integrated with the central system. Data transfer to the central repository is not executed automatically but relies on manual input by a laboratory technician. Thus, the data in the system are published with a certain delay.
Applications of this study: Improving the infection reporting system may prove useful for both legislators and local health regulatory authorities. This may translate into an improved case prediction model and thus greater objectivity in the case of the introduction of new restrictions.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The dynamic course of the coronavirus pandemic made it necessary to monitor the number of cases, deaths and, above all, to find outbreaks. The IT systems reporting SARS-CoV-2 cases were developed in a quick manner and solutions were advanced on an ongoing basis. Due to numerous modifications, these systems lack operational efficiency. This study discusses how the current Polish COVID-19 case reporting system works and presents proposals for its refinements which may contribute to ameliorations in many other national systems.
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- Bloom, D. E., & Cadarette, D. (2019). Infectious Disease Threats in the Twenty-First Century: Strengthening the Global Response. Frontiers in Immunology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00549 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00549
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- Dawson, R. M., Felder, T. M., Donevant, S. B., McDonnell, K. K., Card, E. B., III, King, C. C., & Heiney, S. P. (2019). What makes a good health ‘app’? Identifying the strengths and limitations of existing mobile application evaluation tools. Nursing Inquiry, 27(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12333 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12333
- Dong, E., Du, H., & Gardner, L. (2020). An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real-time. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(5), 533–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30120-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1
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- Gawałko, M., Duncker, D., Manninger, M., van der Velden, R. M. J., Hermans, A. N. L., Verhaert, D. V. M., Pison, L., Pisters, R., Hemels, M., Sultan, A., Steven, D., Gupta, D., Heidbuchel, H., Sohaib, A., Wijtvliet, P., Tieleman, R., Gruwez, H., Chun, J., … Schmidt, B. (2021). The European TeleCheck-AF project on remote app-based management of atrial fibrillation during the COVID-19 pandemic: centre and patient experiences. EP Europace, 23(7), 1003–1015. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euab050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euab116.521
- Geller, G., Dvoskin, R., Thio, C. L., Duggal, P., Lewis, M. H., Bailey, T. C., Sutherland, A., Salmon, D. A., & Kahn, J. P. (2014). Genomics and infectious disease: a call to identify the ethical, legal and social implications for public health and clinical practice. Genome Medicine, 6(11). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-014-0106-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-014-0106-2
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- Kubiczek J., & Hadasik B. (2021). Challenges in reporting COVID-19 daily cases and presenting them to society. Journal of Data and Information Quality, 13(4), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1145/3470851 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3470851
- Ponomarenko, A., & Rubanov, V. (2012). Backward compatibility of software interfaces: Steps towards automatic verification. Programming and Computer Software, 38(5), 257–267. https://doi.org/10.113 4/s0361768812050052 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0361768812050052
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- Saini, M., & Kaur, K. (2014). A review of open source software development life cycle models. International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications, 8(3), 417–434.
- Serwis Ministerstwa Zdrowia i Narodowego Funduszu Zdrowia (2020a). Zlecenie na test na koronawirusa dostaniesz także nocą i w święto. https://pacjent.gov.pl/aktualnosc/zlecenie-na-test-na-koronawirusa-noca-i-w-swieto (accessed 5 June 2021).
- Serwis Ministerstwa Zdrowia i Narodowego Funduszu Zdrowia (2020b). Zarejestruj siÄ™ online na test na COVID-19. https://pacjent.gov.pl/aktualnosc/zarejestruj-sie-online-na-test-na-covid-19 (accessed 5 June 2021).
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- Shamim, S., Zeng, J., Shariq, S. M., & Khan, Z. (2019). Role of big data management in enhancing big data decision-making capability and quality among Chinese firms: A dynamic capabilities view. Information & Management, 56(6), 103135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2018.12.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2018.12.003
- You, J. (2020). Lessons From South Korea’s Covid-19 Policy Response. The American Review of Public Administration, 50(6–7), 801–808. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074020943708 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074020943708
References
Bloom, D. E., & Cadarette, D. (2019). Infectious Disease Threats in the Twenty-First Century: Strengthening the Global Response. Frontiers in Immunology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00549 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00549
Buckee, C., Noor, A., & Sattenspiel, L. (2021). Thinking clearly about social aspects of infectious disease transmission. Nature, 595(7866), 205–213. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03694-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03694-x
Dawson, R. M., Felder, T. M., Donevant, S. B., McDonnell, K. K., Card, E. B., III, King, C. C., & Heiney, S. P. (2019). What makes a good health ‘app’? Identifying the strengths and limitations of existing mobile application evaluation tools. Nursing Inquiry, 27(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12333 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12333
Dong, E., Du, H., & Gardner, L. (2020). An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real-time. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(5), 533–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30120-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1
E-zdrowie (2020). Udostępnienie na środowisku produkcyjnym P1 usługi do obsługi COVID-19 (system EWP). https://ezdrowie.gov.pl/portal/artykul/udostepnienie-na-srodowisku-produkcyjnym-p1-uslugi-do-obslugi-covid-19-system-ewp (accessed 4 June 2021).
Gawałko, M., Duncker, D., Manninger, M., van der Velden, R. M. J., Hermans, A. N. L., Verhaert, D. V. M., Pison, L., Pisters, R., Hemels, M., Sultan, A., Steven, D., Gupta, D., Heidbuchel, H., Sohaib, A., Wijtvliet, P., Tieleman, R., Gruwez, H., Chun, J., … Schmidt, B. (2021). The European TeleCheck-AF project on remote app-based management of atrial fibrillation during the COVID-19 pandemic: centre and patient experiences. EP Europace, 23(7), 1003–1015. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euab050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euab116.521
Geller, G., Dvoskin, R., Thio, C. L., Duggal, P., Lewis, M. H., Bailey, T. C., Sutherland, A., Salmon, D. A., & Kahn, J. P. (2014). Genomics and infectious disease: a call to identify the ethical, legal and social implications for public health and clinical practice. Genome Medicine, 6(11). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-014-0106-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-014-0106-2
Kubiczek, J. (2021). Implementation of the Digital Green Certificate (Covid Passport) as a key ICT project in the European Union – a scientific comment. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 9(4), 01–03. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.941 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.941
Kubiczek J., & Hadasik B. (2021). Challenges in reporting COVID-19 daily cases and presenting them to society. Journal of Data and Information Quality, 13(4), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1145/3470851 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3470851
Ponomarenko, A., & Rubanov, V. (2012). Backward compatibility of software interfaces: Steps towards automatic verification. Programming and Computer Software, 38(5), 257–267. https://doi.org/10.113 4/s0361768812050052 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0361768812050052
Ruparelia, N. B. (2010). Software development lifecycle models. ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 35(3), 8–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/1764810.1764814 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/1764810.1764814
Saini, M., & Kaur, K. (2014). A review of open source software development life cycle models. International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications, 8(3), 417–434.
Serwis Ministerstwa Zdrowia i Narodowego Funduszu Zdrowia (2020a). Zlecenie na test na koronawirusa dostaniesz także nocą i w święto. https://pacjent.gov.pl/aktualnosc/zlecenie-na-test-na-koronawirusa-noca-i-w-swieto (accessed 5 June 2021).
Serwis Ministerstwa Zdrowia i Narodowego Funduszu Zdrowia (2020b). Zarejestruj siÄ™ online na test na COVID-19. https://pacjent.gov.pl/aktualnosc/zarejestruj-sie-online-na-test-na-covid-19 (accessed 5 June 2021).
Serwis Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (Koronawirus: informacje i zalecenia) (2020a). Mam objawy COVID-19. https://www.gov.pl/web/koronawirus/mam-objawy-covid-19 (accessed 5 June 2021).
Serwis Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (Koronawirus: informacje i zalecenia) (2020b). Wykaz zarażeń koronawirusem SARS-CoV-2. https://www.gov.pl/web/koronawirus/wykaz-zarazen-koronawirusem-sars-cov-2 (accessed 5 June 2021).
Serwis Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (Mazowiecki Urząd Wojewódzki w Warszawie) (2020). Nowy system raportowania przypadków COVID-19 – ruszyła strona z raportem zakażeń SARS CoV-2. https://www.gov.pl/web/uw-mazowiecki/nowy-system-raportowania-przypadkow-covid-19--ruszyla-strona-z-raportem-zakazen-sars-cov-2 (accessed 5 June 2021).
Shamim, S., Zeng, J., Shariq, S. M., & Khan, Z. (2019). Role of big data management in enhancing big data decision-making capability and quality among Chinese firms: A dynamic capabilities view. Information & Management, 56(6), 103135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2018.12.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2018.12.003
You, J. (2020). Lessons From South Korea’s Covid-19 Policy Response. The American Review of Public Administration, 50(6–7), 801–808. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074020943708 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074020943708