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Agile characteristics of employees and their role in risk management
Corresponding Author(s) : Andrzej Olak
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 6 (2021): November
Abstract
Purpose of the study: In order to survive in the face of contemporary risks, organizations are forced to initiate the evolution of employee behavior towards developing agile traits. The article, based on the concept of agility and classification of agile employee characteristics defined in the literature, aims to present the theoretical model of the behavior of agile employees in the face of organizational risk.
Methodology: The model presented in the article was developed on the basis of a critical analysis of the literature in the field of agile management and risk management.
Main Findings: One of the possible reactions of modern enterprises to the emergence of organizational risk is promoting employee agility. An agile employee is able to effectively anticipate problems related to the occurrence of risk, has the ability to solve problems related to the occurrence of risk. Such an employee is able to implement innovative ideas and perform his duties effectively in stressful conditions, as well as propose new procedures or processes for his area of ​​work.
Applications of this study: The presented model of agile behavior of employees in the face of organizational risk is of a utilitarian nature and can be implemented in the organizational culture of various entities, including small and medium-sized enterprises.
Novelty/Originality of this Study: Research originality: The article allows for a better understanding of the need to develop agile traits in employees and the possibility of using them to eliminate or minimize risks. The article may be an inspiration for further research on the role of employee agility in the enterprise.
Keywords
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- Bagozzi, R., Youjae, Y. (2012). Specification, evaluation, and interpretation of structural equation models, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40, 8-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0278-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0278-x
- Bełz, G., Barbasz, A. (red.) (2004). Research Papers. Management Forum 4, Wrocław: Wyd. Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego.
- Bessant, J. i in. (1999). Developing manufacturing agility in SME’s. International Journal of Technology Management, 5.
- Breu, R. i in. (2002). Model Driven Security for Inter – Organizational Workflows in E-Government, In Proc. TCGOV, ISCA.
- Charney, D.S. (2004). Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability: implications for successful adaptation to extreme stress, American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(2), 195-216. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.2.195 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.2.195
- Chrapko, M. (2010). CMMI - Doskonalenie procesów w organizacji, Warszawa: Wyd. Naukowe PWN.
- D'Aveni, R. A. (1994). Hypercompetition: Managing the Dynamics of Strategic Maneuvering, The Free Press: New York.
- Doz, Y., Kosonen, M. (2008). The Dynamics of Strategic Agility: Nokia’s Rollercoaster Experience, California Management Review, 50(3), 95-118. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166447 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/41166447
- Dyer, L., Shafer, R.A. (2003), Dynamic organizations: Achieving marketplace and organizational agility with people. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University, School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies.
- Goldman, S.L. i in. (1995). Agile Competitors and Virtual Organizations: Strategies for Enriching the Customer, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
- Griffin, B., Hesketh, B. (2003). Adaptable behaviours for successful work and career adjustment, Australian Journal of Psychology, 55(2), 66-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530412331312914 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530412331312914
- Goriwondo, W. M. (2013). Agility for sustainability in Zimbabwe: A case study for manufacturing companies in Bulawayo, China – USA Business Review, 12(1), 38-51. https://doi.org/10.17265/1537-1514/2013.01.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17265/1537-1514/2013.01.005
- Gunasekaran, A., (1998). Agile manufacturing: enablers and an implementation framework. International Journal of Production Research, 36(5), 1223-1247. https://doi.org/10.1080/00 2075498193291 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/002075498193291
- Gunasekaran, A. (1999). Organisational quality †a cognitive approach to quality management, The TQM Magazine, 11, 180-187. https://doi.org/10.1108/09544789910262752 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09544789910262752
- Herzenberg, S.A. i in. (1998). New Rules for a New Economy: Employment and Opportunity in Postindustrial America, Ithaca, New York: ILR Press/Cornell University Press.
- Hopp, W.J. i in. (2004). Benefits of skill chaining in production lines with cross-trained workers, Management Science, 50(1), 83-98. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1030.0166 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1030.0166
- Hormozi, A.M. (2009). Agile manufacturing: the next logical step, Benchmarking, 8. https://doi.org/10.1108/14635770110389843 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/14635770110389843
- Janasz, K., Wiśniewska, J. (2013). Innowacje i jakość w zarządzaniu organizacjami, Warszawa: CeDeWu.
- Kidd, P.T. (1994). Agile Manufacturing: Forging New Frontiers, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
- Liao, H., Subramony, M. (2008). Employee Customer Orientation in Manufacturing Organizations: Join Influences of Customer Proximity and the Senior Leadership Teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 317-328. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.317 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.317
- Luthar, S. (2012). Are affluent youth truly "at risk"? Vulnerability and resilience across three diverse samples, Development and Psychopathology, 24(2), 429-49. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095 4579412000089 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579412000089
- Meredith, S., Francis, D. (2000). Journey towards agility: The agile wheel explored, The TQM Magazine, 12(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1108/09544780010318398 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09544780010318398
- Narasimhan, R. i in. (2006). Multiproduct, multicriteria model for supplier selection with product life-cycle considerations, Decision Sciences, 37, 577–603. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5414.2006.00139.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5414.2006.00139.x
- Ofoegbu, O.E., Akanbi, P.A. (2012). The influence of strategic agility on the perceived performance of manufacturing firms in Nigeria, International Business & Economics Research Journal, 11(2), 153-160. https://doi.org/10.19030/iber.v11i2.6769 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19030/iber.v11i2.6769
- Ogińska-Bulik, N., Juczyński, Z. (2010), Osobowość, stres a zdrowie, Warszawa: Difin.
- Olesiński, A. i in. (2017). Zarządzanie międyzorganizacyjne w zwinnych przedsiębiorstwach.Warszawa: Texter.
- Ostaszewski, K. (2005). Druga strona ryzyka, Warszawa: Remedium.
- Plonka, F. E. (1997). Developing a lean and agile work force, Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 7(1), 11-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6564(199724)7:1<11::AID-HFM2>3.0.CO;2-J DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6564(199724)7:1<11::AID-HFM2>3.0.CO;2-J
- Prince-Embury, S. (2008). The resiliency scales for children and adolescents, psychological symptoms, and clinical status in adolescents, Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 23(1), 41-56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0829573508316592 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0829573508316592
- Pukała, R. (2016). Use of neural networks in risk assessment and optimization of insurance cover in innovative enterprises. Economics and Management, 8(3), 43-56. https://doi.org/10.1515/emj-2016-0023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/emj-2016-0023
- Rigby, K. (2000). Bullying in schools: guidelines to effective action, Professional Reading Guide for Educational Administrators, 21, 31-37.
- Sajdak. M.K. (2013). Zwinność jako źródło przewagi konkurencyjnej i sukcesu przedsiębiorstwa, Gdańsk: Wyd. Wydziału Zarządzania Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego.
- Sanchez, L.M., Nagi, R. (2001). A review of agile manufacturing systems, International Journal Production Research, 39(16), 3561-3600. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207540110068790 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207540110068790
- Sharifi, H., Zhang, Z. (1999). Methodology for achieving agility in manufacturing organization: An introduction, International Journal of Production Economics, 62, 7-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5273(98)00217-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5273(98)00217-5
- Sherehiy, B. i in. (2007). A Review of Enterprise Agility: Concepts, Frameworks and Attributes. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 37(5), 445-460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erg on.2007.01.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2007.01.007
- Storey, J. i in. (2005). The barriers to customer responsive supply chain management. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 25(3), 2-11. https://doi.org/10.1108/0144 3570510581853 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01443570510581853
- Surdel, P. (2006). Strategie oraz systemy transakcyjne, Poznań: Złote Myśli.
- Trzcieliński, S. (2007). Agile Enterprise. Concepts and Some Results of Research. Poznań University of Technology/IEA Press: Poznań.
- Upton, D. M. (1995). Flexibility as Process Mobility: The Management of Plant Capabilities for Quick Response Manufacturing, Journal of Operations Management, 12(3-4), 205-224. https://doi.org/10.1 016/0272-6963(95)00004-C DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-6963(95)00004-C
- Van Oyen, M. P. i in. (2001). Performance opportunity for workforce agility in collaborative and non- collaborative work systems. IIE Transactions, 33, 761-777. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 07408170108936871 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07408170108936871
- Youndt, M.A. i in. (1996). Human Resource Management, Manufacturing Strategy, and Firm Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 836-866. https://doi.org/10.5465/256714 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/256714
- Zawadzka, Z. (2001). Ryzyko bankowe, Warszawa: Awim Mediabank S.A.
- Zawadzka, Z. (1999). ZarzÄ…dzanie ryzykiem w banku komercyjnym, Warszawa:Poltex.
- Zhang, Z., Sharifi, H. (2000). A methodology for achieving agility in manufacturing organizations. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 20(4), 10-21. https://doi.org/10.1 108/01443570010314818 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01443570010314818
- Żarczyńska-Dobiesz, A. (2008). Adaptacja nowego pracownika do pracy w przedsiębiorstwie, Warszawa: Wyd. Wolters Kluwer.
References
Bagozzi, R., Youjae, Y. (2012). Specification, evaluation, and interpretation of structural equation models, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40, 8-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0278-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0278-x
Bełz, G., Barbasz, A. (red.) (2004). Research Papers. Management Forum 4, Wrocław: Wyd. Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego.
Bessant, J. i in. (1999). Developing manufacturing agility in SME’s. International Journal of Technology Management, 5.
Breu, R. i in. (2002). Model Driven Security for Inter – Organizational Workflows in E-Government, In Proc. TCGOV, ISCA.
Charney, D.S. (2004). Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability: implications for successful adaptation to extreme stress, American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(2), 195-216. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.2.195 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.2.195
Chrapko, M. (2010). CMMI - Doskonalenie procesów w organizacji, Warszawa: Wyd. Naukowe PWN.
D'Aveni, R. A. (1994). Hypercompetition: Managing the Dynamics of Strategic Maneuvering, The Free Press: New York.
Doz, Y., Kosonen, M. (2008). The Dynamics of Strategic Agility: Nokia’s Rollercoaster Experience, California Management Review, 50(3), 95-118. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166447 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/41166447
Dyer, L., Shafer, R.A. (2003), Dynamic organizations: Achieving marketplace and organizational agility with people. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University, School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies.
Goldman, S.L. i in. (1995). Agile Competitors and Virtual Organizations: Strategies for Enriching the Customer, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Griffin, B., Hesketh, B. (2003). Adaptable behaviours for successful work and career adjustment, Australian Journal of Psychology, 55(2), 66-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530412331312914 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530412331312914
Goriwondo, W. M. (2013). Agility for sustainability in Zimbabwe: A case study for manufacturing companies in Bulawayo, China – USA Business Review, 12(1), 38-51. https://doi.org/10.17265/1537-1514/2013.01.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17265/1537-1514/2013.01.005
Gunasekaran, A., (1998). Agile manufacturing: enablers and an implementation framework. International Journal of Production Research, 36(5), 1223-1247. https://doi.org/10.1080/00 2075498193291 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/002075498193291
Gunasekaran, A. (1999). Organisational quality †a cognitive approach to quality management, The TQM Magazine, 11, 180-187. https://doi.org/10.1108/09544789910262752 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09544789910262752
Herzenberg, S.A. i in. (1998). New Rules for a New Economy: Employment and Opportunity in Postindustrial America, Ithaca, New York: ILR Press/Cornell University Press.
Hopp, W.J. i in. (2004). Benefits of skill chaining in production lines with cross-trained workers, Management Science, 50(1), 83-98. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1030.0166 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1030.0166
Hormozi, A.M. (2009). Agile manufacturing: the next logical step, Benchmarking, 8. https://doi.org/10.1108/14635770110389843 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/14635770110389843
Janasz, K., Wiśniewska, J. (2013). Innowacje i jakość w zarządzaniu organizacjami, Warszawa: CeDeWu.
Kidd, P.T. (1994). Agile Manufacturing: Forging New Frontiers, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Liao, H., Subramony, M. (2008). Employee Customer Orientation in Manufacturing Organizations: Join Influences of Customer Proximity and the Senior Leadership Teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 317-328. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.317 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.317
Luthar, S. (2012). Are affluent youth truly "at risk"? Vulnerability and resilience across three diverse samples, Development and Psychopathology, 24(2), 429-49. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095 4579412000089 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579412000089
Meredith, S., Francis, D. (2000). Journey towards agility: The agile wheel explored, The TQM Magazine, 12(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1108/09544780010318398 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09544780010318398
Narasimhan, R. i in. (2006). Multiproduct, multicriteria model for supplier selection with product life-cycle considerations, Decision Sciences, 37, 577–603. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5414.2006.00139.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5414.2006.00139.x
Ofoegbu, O.E., Akanbi, P.A. (2012). The influence of strategic agility on the perceived performance of manufacturing firms in Nigeria, International Business & Economics Research Journal, 11(2), 153-160. https://doi.org/10.19030/iber.v11i2.6769 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19030/iber.v11i2.6769
Ogińska-Bulik, N., Juczyński, Z. (2010), Osobowość, stres a zdrowie, Warszawa: Difin.
Olesiński, A. i in. (2017). Zarządzanie międyzorganizacyjne w zwinnych przedsiębiorstwach.Warszawa: Texter.
Ostaszewski, K. (2005). Druga strona ryzyka, Warszawa: Remedium.
Plonka, F. E. (1997). Developing a lean and agile work force, Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 7(1), 11-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6564(199724)7:1<11::AID-HFM2>3.0.CO;2-J DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6564(199724)7:1<11::AID-HFM2>3.0.CO;2-J
Prince-Embury, S. (2008). The resiliency scales for children and adolescents, psychological symptoms, and clinical status in adolescents, Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 23(1), 41-56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0829573508316592 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0829573508316592
Pukała, R. (2016). Use of neural networks in risk assessment and optimization of insurance cover in innovative enterprises. Economics and Management, 8(3), 43-56. https://doi.org/10.1515/emj-2016-0023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/emj-2016-0023
Rigby, K. (2000). Bullying in schools: guidelines to effective action, Professional Reading Guide for Educational Administrators, 21, 31-37.
Sajdak. M.K. (2013). Zwinność jako źródło przewagi konkurencyjnej i sukcesu przedsiębiorstwa, Gdańsk: Wyd. Wydziału Zarządzania Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego.
Sanchez, L.M., Nagi, R. (2001). A review of agile manufacturing systems, International Journal Production Research, 39(16), 3561-3600. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207540110068790 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207540110068790
Sharifi, H., Zhang, Z. (1999). Methodology for achieving agility in manufacturing organization: An introduction, International Journal of Production Economics, 62, 7-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5273(98)00217-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5273(98)00217-5
Sherehiy, B. i in. (2007). A Review of Enterprise Agility: Concepts, Frameworks and Attributes. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 37(5), 445-460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erg on.2007.01.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2007.01.007
Storey, J. i in. (2005). The barriers to customer responsive supply chain management. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 25(3), 2-11. https://doi.org/10.1108/0144 3570510581853 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01443570510581853
Surdel, P. (2006). Strategie oraz systemy transakcyjne, Poznań: Złote Myśli.
Trzcieliński, S. (2007). Agile Enterprise. Concepts and Some Results of Research. Poznań University of Technology/IEA Press: Poznań.
Upton, D. M. (1995). Flexibility as Process Mobility: The Management of Plant Capabilities for Quick Response Manufacturing, Journal of Operations Management, 12(3-4), 205-224. https://doi.org/10.1 016/0272-6963(95)00004-C DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-6963(95)00004-C
Van Oyen, M. P. i in. (2001). Performance opportunity for workforce agility in collaborative and non- collaborative work systems. IIE Transactions, 33, 761-777. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 07408170108936871 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07408170108936871
Youndt, M.A. i in. (1996). Human Resource Management, Manufacturing Strategy, and Firm Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 836-866. https://doi.org/10.5465/256714 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/256714
Zawadzka, Z. (2001). Ryzyko bankowe, Warszawa: Awim Mediabank S.A.
Zawadzka, Z. (1999). ZarzÄ…dzanie ryzykiem w banku komercyjnym, Warszawa:Poltex.
Zhang, Z., Sharifi, H. (2000). A methodology for achieving agility in manufacturing organizations. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 20(4), 10-21. https://doi.org/10.1 108/01443570010314818 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01443570010314818
Żarczyńska-Dobiesz, A. (2008). Adaptacja nowego pracownika do pracy w przedsiębiorstwie, Warszawa: Wyd. Wolters Kluwer.