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THE PROCESS OF COMPREHENSION: THE ROLE OF READING LITERARY TEXTS FOR ENHANCING THE BASIC LANGUAGE SKILLS
Corresponding Author(s) : Anila Khan
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The targets of the review were to figure out the effect of perusing literary texts on the improvement of language abilities, working of jargon, punctuation, grammar, composing articulation and the highlight composing abilities of the ESL students. The ESL students deal with a ton of issues in language learning, especially during the time spent composing abilities; because the most common way of composing needs its very own topic, a circumstance, which customary course books loaded with syntax practices can't give.
Methodology: The data-gathering instruments include Questionnaires; an Open-ended Questionnaire, a Close-ended Questionnaire and a Semi-structured Interview. This research was qualitative. For the convenience of the current research, the researcher primarily gathered open-ended items from the respondents through an open-ended questionnaire and semi-structured interview schedule from students and teachers respectively.
Main Findings: In order to take maximum benefits from literature for language learning especially writing skills, activity-based leaning needs to be given emphasis in the classroom. But there should be systematic criteria for selection of classroom activities.
Applications of the study: This study provides an awareness of the way language is used in literary discourse for the conveying of unique message.The students can study literature for only language learning. Literature should first succeed as literary experience no matter how much it helps in language learning.
Novelty/Originality of the study: This study can pave grounds for the ESL learners in the language classroom using literary texts as the material especially designed for the writing activities (for children aged 5-12 years).This study would increase ESL learners’ interest in both reading literary texts and doing writing tasks based on them.
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- Ahmadi, D., & Reza, M. (2018). The use of technology in English language learning: A literature review. International Journal of Research in English Education, 3(2), 115-125. https://doi.org/10.2925 2/ijree.3.2.115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29252/ijree.3.2.115
- Alam, F. (2005).Using Postcolonial Literature in ELT. The English Teacher, 5(2), 123-136.
- Bretz, M. L. (1990). Reaction. Foreign Language Annals, 23(4), 335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.1990.tb00381.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.1990.tb00381.x
- CAN, I. N. (2014). Teaching English as a foreign language through literature. International Journal of Media Culture and Literature, 7(2), 189-200. https://doi.org/10.17932/IAU.IJMCL.2015.014/ijmcl_v07i2006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17932/IAU.IJMCL.2015.014/ijmcl_v07i2006
- Carter, R. A., Walker, R., & Brumfit, C. J. (1989). Literature and the Learner. Methodological Approaches. ELT Documents, 13.Edwards, A., & Talbot, R. (1999).The hard-pressed researcher: A research handbook for the Caring Professions (2nded.). London: Longman.
- Carter, R. (2007). Literature and language teaching 1986–2006: A review. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 17(1), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.2007.00130.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.2007.00130.x
- Crandall, J. J. (2000). Language teacher education. Annual review of applied linguistics, 20, 34-55. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190500200032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190500200032
- Dawson, E., & Larrivée, P. (2010). Attitudes to language in literary sources: Beyond post-colonialism in Nigerian literature. English Studies, 91(8), 920-932. https://doi.org/10.1080/0013838X.2010.517300 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0013838X.2010.517300
- Dressel, J. H. (2005). Personal response and social responsibility: Responses of middle school students to multicultural literature. The Reading Teacher, 58(8), 750-764. https://doi.org/10.1598/RT.58.8.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1598/RT.58.8.5
- Erkaya, O. R. (2005). TV Commercials as Authentic Materials to Teach Communication, Culture and Critical Thinking. Online Submission, 29(1).
- Gilakjani, A. P., & Sabouri, N. B. (2016). Learners' Listening Comprehension Difficulties in English Language Learning: A Literature Review. English language teaching, 9(6), 123-133. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v9n6p123 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v9n6p123
- Hall, G. (2005).Literature in Language education. New York, Palgrave: Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.105 7/9780230502727 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230502727
- HiÅŸmanoÄŸlu, M. (2005). Teaching English through literature. Journal of Language and Linguistic studies, 1(1), 53-66.
- Joycilin, S. A. (2011). Incorporating Literature in ESL Teaching and Learning.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Khatib, M., & Rahimi, A. H. (2012). Literature and language teaching. Journal of Academic and Applied Studies, 2(6), 32-38.
- Khan, A. M., Ullah, M., Usman, A., Malik, A. H., Khan, K. M. (2020). Impact of covid-19 on global economy.
- International Journal of Management, 11(8), 956-969.
- Lazar, G. (1990). Using Novels in the Language-Learning Classroom, ELT Journal, 44,3 . https://doi.org/10. 1093/elt/44.3.204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/44.3.204
- Lazar, G. (1993). Literature and Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/1 0.1017/CBO9780511733048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511733048
- Lazar, G. (1996). Literature and language teaching: Exploring literary texts with the language learner. TESOL Quarterly, 30(4), 773-776. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587934 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3587934
- Lazar, G. (1999). A window On Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Lazar, G.(2005). Literature and Language Teaching: A Guide for Teachers and Trainers. Cambridge: CUP
- Liddicoat, A., & Crozet, C. (Eds.). (2000). Teaching languages, teaching cultures. Melbourne, AU: Applied Linguistics Association of Australia.
- Long, M. (2005). Second language needs analysis. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017 /CBO9780511667299 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667299
- Maley, A., & Duff, A.(1991). Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Maley, A. (2007).Literature in the Language Classroom. In R. Carter&D.Nunan (Eds.), The Cambridge Guide to Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages. (Pp. 180 -185). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667206.027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667206.027
- Martinez, A. G. (2002). Authentic materials: An overview. Karen's linguistic Issues.
- McKay, S. L. (2003). The Cultural Basis of Teaching English as an International Language.Online Documents.Retrieved from http://www.tesol.org/pubs/articles/2003/tm13-4-01.html.
- McKay, S. L. (2000). Teaching English as an International Language: Implications for Cultural Materials in the Classroom.TESOL Journal, 9(4), 7-11.
- McKay, S. L. (1982). Literature in the ESL Classroom. TESOL Quarterly Journal, 16(4), 529-536. https://doi.org/10.2307/3586470
- McKay, S.L. (2002). Teaching English as an international language: rethinking goals and approaches. Oxford University Press.
- McKay, S. L. (1982). Literature in the ESL Classroom. TESOL Quarterly, 16, 529-536. https://doi.org/10 .2307/3586470 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3586470
- Olive, T., Favart, M., Beauvais, C., & Beauvais, L. (2009). Children's cognitive effort and fluency in writing: Effects of genre and of handwriting automatisation. Learning and Instruction, 19(4), 299-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2008.05.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2008.05.005
- Ozfidan, B., Machtmes, K. L., & Demir, H. (2014). Socio-cultural factors in second language learning: A case study of adventurous adult language learners. European Journal of Educational Research, 3(4), 185-191. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.3.4.185 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.3.4.185
- Pavey, J. F. (1967). Literature in TESOL Programs: The Language and the Culture. TESOL Quarterly, 1, 40-46. https://doi.org/10.2307/3585752 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3585752
- Phillipson, R. (1992). ELT: the native speaker's burden?. ELT journal, 46(1), 12-18. https://doi.org/10. 1093/elt/46.1.12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/46.1.12
- Premawardhena, C. (2006, November). N.; De Silva, CH: ICT beyond school education: Challenges and future perspectives of ICT enhanced Foreign Language Studies. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Information Technology in Schools (ISSEP), Vilnius, Lithuania (pp. 226-235).
- Rosli, T. (1995).Teaching literature in ESL: The Malaysian context.Serdang: UPM Publisher
- Sparks, R. L., Ganschow, L., Kenneweg, S., & Miller, K. (1991). Use of an Orton-Gillingham approach to teach a foreign language to dyslexic/learning-disabled students: Explicit teaching of phonology in a second language. Annals of Dyslexia, 41(1), 96-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02648080 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02648080
- Spack, R. (1985). Literature, reading, writing, and ESL: Bridging the gaps. Tesol Quarterly, 19(4), 703-725. https://doi.org/10.2307/3586672
- Shang, H. (2006). Content-based Instruction in the EFL Literature Curriculum.The InternetTESL Journal, XII(11). Retrieved from http://iteslj.org/Techniques/Shang-CBI.html
- Spack, R. (1985). Literature, Reading, Writing, and the ESL Student. TESOL Quarterly, 19, 703-725. https://doi.org/10.2307/3586672 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3586672
- Stern, S.L. (1991). An integrated approach to literature ESL/ EFL. In M. Celce- Murcia (ed.), Teaching English as a second or foreign language (2nd ed). New York: Newbury House, 328-346.
- Topping, D. M. (1968). Linguistics or literature: An approach to language. TESOL quarterly, 2(2), 95-100. https://doi.org/10.2307/3586085 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3586085
- Van Dommelen, W. A. (1987). The contribution of speech rhythm and pitch to speaker recognition. Language and Speech, 30(4), 325-338. https://doi.org/10.1177/002383098703000403 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002383098703000403
- Vethamani, M.E. (2003). New Englishes New Literatures in English: Challenges for ELT Practitioners. In Ganakumaran, S. (ed). Teaching Literature in ESL and EFL Contexts.Petaling Jaya: SasbadiSdn. Bhd.
- Vural, H. (2013). Use of literature to enhance motivation in ELT classes. Mevlana International Journal of Education, 3(4), 15-23. https://doi.org/10.13054/mije.13.44.3.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13054/mije.13.44.3.4
- Widdowson, H. G. (1985). The Teaching, Learning and Study of Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Widdowson, H. G., 1971. The teaching of rhetoric to students of science and technology.In Science and Technology in a Second Language, 7.Reprinted in Explorations in Applied Linguistics, 1979. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7-17.
- Widdowson, H. G. (1975). Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature. Essex: Longman.
- Widdowson, H.G. (1978a). Teaching Language as Communication. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.
- Yeasmin, N., Azad, M. A. K., & Ferdoush, J. (2011). Teaching language through literature: Designing appropriate classroom activities. ASA University Review, 5(2), 283-297.
- Zamel, V. (1983). The composing processes of advanced ESL students: Six case studies. TESOL quarterly, 17(2), 165-188. https://doi.org/10.2307/3586647 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3586647
References
Ahmadi, D., & Reza, M. (2018). The use of technology in English language learning: A literature review. International Journal of Research in English Education, 3(2), 115-125. https://doi.org/10.2925 2/ijree.3.2.115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29252/ijree.3.2.115
Alam, F. (2005).Using Postcolonial Literature in ELT. The English Teacher, 5(2), 123-136.
Bretz, M. L. (1990). Reaction. Foreign Language Annals, 23(4), 335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.1990.tb00381.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.1990.tb00381.x
CAN, I. N. (2014). Teaching English as a foreign language through literature. International Journal of Media Culture and Literature, 7(2), 189-200. https://doi.org/10.17932/IAU.IJMCL.2015.014/ijmcl_v07i2006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17932/IAU.IJMCL.2015.014/ijmcl_v07i2006
Carter, R. A., Walker, R., & Brumfit, C. J. (1989). Literature and the Learner. Methodological Approaches. ELT Documents, 13.Edwards, A., & Talbot, R. (1999).The hard-pressed researcher: A research handbook for the Caring Professions (2nded.). London: Longman.
Carter, R. (2007). Literature and language teaching 1986–2006: A review. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 17(1), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.2007.00130.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.2007.00130.x
Crandall, J. J. (2000). Language teacher education. Annual review of applied linguistics, 20, 34-55. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190500200032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190500200032
Dawson, E., & Larrivée, P. (2010). Attitudes to language in literary sources: Beyond post-colonialism in Nigerian literature. English Studies, 91(8), 920-932. https://doi.org/10.1080/0013838X.2010.517300 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0013838X.2010.517300
Dressel, J. H. (2005). Personal response and social responsibility: Responses of middle school students to multicultural literature. The Reading Teacher, 58(8), 750-764. https://doi.org/10.1598/RT.58.8.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1598/RT.58.8.5
Erkaya, O. R. (2005). TV Commercials as Authentic Materials to Teach Communication, Culture and Critical Thinking. Online Submission, 29(1).
Gilakjani, A. P., & Sabouri, N. B. (2016). Learners' Listening Comprehension Difficulties in English Language Learning: A Literature Review. English language teaching, 9(6), 123-133. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v9n6p123 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v9n6p123
Hall, G. (2005).Literature in Language education. New York, Palgrave: Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.105 7/9780230502727 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230502727
HiÅŸmanoÄŸlu, M. (2005). Teaching English through literature. Journal of Language and Linguistic studies, 1(1), 53-66.
Joycilin, S. A. (2011). Incorporating Literature in ESL Teaching and Learning.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Khatib, M., & Rahimi, A. H. (2012). Literature and language teaching. Journal of Academic and Applied Studies, 2(6), 32-38.
Khan, A. M., Ullah, M., Usman, A., Malik, A. H., Khan, K. M. (2020). Impact of covid-19 on global economy.
International Journal of Management, 11(8), 956-969.
Lazar, G. (1990). Using Novels in the Language-Learning Classroom, ELT Journal, 44,3 . https://doi.org/10. 1093/elt/44.3.204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/44.3.204
Lazar, G. (1993). Literature and Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/1 0.1017/CBO9780511733048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511733048
Lazar, G. (1996). Literature and language teaching: Exploring literary texts with the language learner. TESOL Quarterly, 30(4), 773-776. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587934 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3587934
Lazar, G. (1999). A window On Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lazar, G.(2005). Literature and Language Teaching: A Guide for Teachers and Trainers. Cambridge: CUP
Liddicoat, A., & Crozet, C. (Eds.). (2000). Teaching languages, teaching cultures. Melbourne, AU: Applied Linguistics Association of Australia.
Long, M. (2005). Second language needs analysis. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017 /CBO9780511667299 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667299
Maley, A., & Duff, A.(1991). Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Maley, A. (2007).Literature in the Language Classroom. In R. Carter&D.Nunan (Eds.), The Cambridge Guide to Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages. (Pp. 180 -185). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667206.027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667206.027
Martinez, A. G. (2002). Authentic materials: An overview. Karen's linguistic Issues.
McKay, S. L. (2003). The Cultural Basis of Teaching English as an International Language.Online Documents.Retrieved from http://www.tesol.org/pubs/articles/2003/tm13-4-01.html.
McKay, S. L. (2000). Teaching English as an International Language: Implications for Cultural Materials in the Classroom.TESOL Journal, 9(4), 7-11.
McKay, S. L. (1982). Literature in the ESL Classroom. TESOL Quarterly Journal, 16(4), 529-536. https://doi.org/10.2307/3586470
McKay, S.L. (2002). Teaching English as an international language: rethinking goals and approaches. Oxford University Press.
McKay, S. L. (1982). Literature in the ESL Classroom. TESOL Quarterly, 16, 529-536. https://doi.org/10 .2307/3586470 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3586470
Olive, T., Favart, M., Beauvais, C., & Beauvais, L. (2009). Children's cognitive effort and fluency in writing: Effects of genre and of handwriting automatisation. Learning and Instruction, 19(4), 299-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2008.05.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2008.05.005
Ozfidan, B., Machtmes, K. L., & Demir, H. (2014). Socio-cultural factors in second language learning: A case study of adventurous adult language learners. European Journal of Educational Research, 3(4), 185-191. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.3.4.185 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.3.4.185
Pavey, J. F. (1967). Literature in TESOL Programs: The Language and the Culture. TESOL Quarterly, 1, 40-46. https://doi.org/10.2307/3585752 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3585752
Phillipson, R. (1992). ELT: the native speaker's burden?. ELT journal, 46(1), 12-18. https://doi.org/10. 1093/elt/46.1.12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/46.1.12
Premawardhena, C. (2006, November). N.; De Silva, CH: ICT beyond school education: Challenges and future perspectives of ICT enhanced Foreign Language Studies. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Information Technology in Schools (ISSEP), Vilnius, Lithuania (pp. 226-235).
Rosli, T. (1995).Teaching literature in ESL: The Malaysian context.Serdang: UPM Publisher
Sparks, R. L., Ganschow, L., Kenneweg, S., & Miller, K. (1991). Use of an Orton-Gillingham approach to teach a foreign language to dyslexic/learning-disabled students: Explicit teaching of phonology in a second language. Annals of Dyslexia, 41(1), 96-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02648080 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02648080
Spack, R. (1985). Literature, reading, writing, and ESL: Bridging the gaps. Tesol Quarterly, 19(4), 703-725. https://doi.org/10.2307/3586672
Shang, H. (2006). Content-based Instruction in the EFL Literature Curriculum.The InternetTESL Journal, XII(11). Retrieved from http://iteslj.org/Techniques/Shang-CBI.html
Spack, R. (1985). Literature, Reading, Writing, and the ESL Student. TESOL Quarterly, 19, 703-725. https://doi.org/10.2307/3586672 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3586672
Stern, S.L. (1991). An integrated approach to literature ESL/ EFL. In M. Celce- Murcia (ed.), Teaching English as a second or foreign language (2nd ed). New York: Newbury House, 328-346.
Topping, D. M. (1968). Linguistics or literature: An approach to language. TESOL quarterly, 2(2), 95-100. https://doi.org/10.2307/3586085 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3586085
Van Dommelen, W. A. (1987). The contribution of speech rhythm and pitch to speaker recognition. Language and Speech, 30(4), 325-338. https://doi.org/10.1177/002383098703000403 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002383098703000403
Vethamani, M.E. (2003). New Englishes New Literatures in English: Challenges for ELT Practitioners. In Ganakumaran, S. (ed). Teaching Literature in ESL and EFL Contexts.Petaling Jaya: SasbadiSdn. Bhd.
Vural, H. (2013). Use of literature to enhance motivation in ELT classes. Mevlana International Journal of Education, 3(4), 15-23. https://doi.org/10.13054/mije.13.44.3.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13054/mije.13.44.3.4
Widdowson, H. G. (1985). The Teaching, Learning and Study of Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Widdowson, H. G., 1971. The teaching of rhetoric to students of science and technology.In Science and Technology in a Second Language, 7.Reprinted in Explorations in Applied Linguistics, 1979. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7-17.
Widdowson, H. G. (1975). Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature. Essex: Longman.
Widdowson, H.G. (1978a). Teaching Language as Communication. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.
Yeasmin, N., Azad, M. A. K., & Ferdoush, J. (2011). Teaching language through literature: Designing appropriate classroom activities. ASA University Review, 5(2), 283-297.
Zamel, V. (1983). The composing processes of advanced ESL students: Six case studies. TESOL quarterly, 17(2), 165-188. https://doi.org/10.2307/3586647 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3586647