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WOMEN AT THE CROSSROADS: GENDER AND CLASS INTERSECTION IN SELECTED SOUTH ASIAN ENGLISH NOVELS
Corresponding Author(s) : Mutuahira Yousaf
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the Study: The Study explores the concept of intersectionality research's desire to improve society. The factors responsible for the oppression of women, such as religion, culture, gender, and class, have been studied separately; however, the present Study attempts to explore the concept of 'internationally' coined by Crenshaw (1989), in Hosseini's A Thousand Splendid Suns and Hanif's Our lady of Alice Bhatti, by viewing the discrimination and oppression experienced by the literary fmale characters as the result of multiple oppressing as a result of multiple oppressing systems working simultaneously.
Methodology: Thru critical reviews of the existing literature, including qualitative analysis, inclusing Textual analysis support, helps explore the exising phenomena of the current studies. The Textual-analysis approach provides the investigator to examine throughlly the respondents' views by getting more explanations. Textual analyses arehelful tool for additional explanation and findings, as provide foundation and considers as the necessary tools in qualitative analysis.
Main Findings: The Study has examined the idea of intersectionality. However, this investigations also examined the different social factors, like different class and genders in the lives of South-Asian-women. Based on our in-depths examination of case-study., we clarifies, different classes and genders inquities contributions to some women in South-Asian-culture.
Novelty/Originality of Study: This paper discussion has great values to scholars, that found interest in intersectionality-framework-applications. Similarly, A greater and extra thoughtful existing of intersectionality' could increase the population –level interatcitons such as policy change, or applicable within-the social interations of affected publics.
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- Aguilar, D. D. (2012). From triple jeopardy to intersectionality: The feminist perplex. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 32, 415-428. https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201X-1629016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201X-1629016
- Beal, F. M. (2008). Double jeopardy: To be Black and female. Meridians, 8, 166-176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2979/MER.2008.8.2.166
- Berten, H. ( 2007). Literary theory the basic. Newyork: Routledge.
- Bilge, S., & Collins, P. H. (2016). Intersectionality. London: Polity Press.
- Brah, A., & Phoenix, A. (2004). Ain't IA woman? Revisiting intersectionality. Journal of International Women's Studies, 5, 75-86.
- Brewer, R. (2016). Feminism, Black. In J. Bloss, The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss485 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss485
- Cerezo, A., Cummings, M., Holmes, M., & Williams, C. (2020). Identity as resistance: Identity formation at the intersection of race, gender identity, and sexual orientation. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 44(1), 67-83. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684319875977 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684319875977
- Collective, C. R. (2014). A Black feminist statement. Women's Studies Quarterly, 42(3), 271-280. Retrieved August 28, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/24365010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/wsq.2014.0052
- Collins, P. H. & Bilge, S. (2016). Intersectionality. Cambridge: Poltiy Press.
- Collins, P. H. (2002). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. Newyork: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203900055
- Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. u. Chi. Legal f., 138-167. Retrieved from https://philarchive.org/rec/CREDTI
- Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241-1299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
- Dance, L. J. (2009) Racial, ethnic, and gender disparities in early school leaving (Dropping out). In B.T. Dill & R. E. Zambrana, (Eds) Emerging intersections: Race, class and gender in theory, policy and practice (pp. 180-202) New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
- De la Rey, C. (1997). South African feminism, race and racism. Agenda, 6-10. https://doi.org/10.1080 /10130950.1997.9675578 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4066146
- Gatta, M. (2009).Developing policy to address the lived experiences of working mothers. In B.T. Dill & R. E. Zambrana. (Eds) Emerging intersections: Race, class and gender in theory, policy and practice (pp. 101-122) New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
- Hanif, M. (2011). Our lady of Alice Bhatti. UP: Random House India.
- Henderson, D. &Tickamyer, A. (2009).The intersection of poverty discourses: Race, class, culture and gender. In B.T. Dill & R. E. Zambrana, (Eds) Emerging intersections: Race, class and gender in theory, policy and practice (pp. 5072) New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
- Higginbotham, E. (2009).Entering a profession: Race, gender, and class in the lives of Black women attorneys. In B.T. Dill & R. E. Zambrana, (Eds) Emerging intersections: Race, class and gender in theory, policy and practice (pp. 2249) New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
- Hooks, B. (1989). Talking back: Thinking feminist, thinking black. Boston, MA: South End Press.
- Hosseini, K. (2009). A thousand splendid suns. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Jones-Deweever, A., Dill, B. T. & Schram, S. (2009) Racial, ethnic, and gender disparities in the workforce, education, and training under welfare reform. In B.T. Dill & R. E. Zambrana, (Eds) Emerging intersections: Race, class and gender in theory, policy and practice (pp. 150-179) New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
- King, D. K. (1988). Multiple jeopardy, multiple consciousness: The context of a Black feminist ideology. Feminist Social Thought: A Reader, 220-242 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/494491
- Konkor, I., Lawson, E. S., Antabe, R., McIntosh, M. D., Husbands, W., Wong, J., &Luginaah, I. (2020). An intersectional approach to HIV vulnerabilities and testing among heterosexual African Caribbean and Black men in London, Ontario: Results from the weSpeak Study. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00737-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00737-3
- Mancenido, A., Williams, E. C., &Hajat, A. (2020). Examining psychological distress across intersections of immigrant generational status, race, poverty, and gender. Community Mental Health Journal, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-020-00584-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-020-00584-w
- Manuel, T. &Zambrana, R. E. (2009) Exploring the intersections of race, ethnicity, and class on maternity leave decisions: Implications for public policy. In B.T. Dill & R. E. Zambrana, (Eds) Emerging intersections: Race, class and gender in theory, policy and practice (pp. 123-149) New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
- McDowell, D. E. (1980). New directions for Black feminist criticism. Black American Literature Forum, 14, 153-159. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2904407 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2904407
- MacKinnon, C. A. (1982). Feminism, marxism, method, and the state: An agenda for theory. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 7(3), 515-554. https:// doi/10.1086/493898 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/493898
- McKee, A. (2003). A beginner's guide to textual analysis. London: Sage DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857020017
- Middel, F., Mónica, L. L., John, F., & Hans, G. (2020). The effects of migrant background and parent gender on child protection decision-making: An intersectional analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 104, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104479 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104479
- Roth, B. (2004). Separate roads to feminism: Black, Chicana, and White feminist movements in America's second wave. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511815201
- Said, E. (1979). Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books.
- Semu, L. L. (2020). The Intersectionality of Race and Trajectories of African Women into the Nursing Career in the United States. Behavioral Sciences, 10, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10040069 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10040069
References
Aguilar, D. D. (2012). From triple jeopardy to intersectionality: The feminist perplex. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 32, 415-428. https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201X-1629016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201X-1629016
Beal, F. M. (2008). Double jeopardy: To be Black and female. Meridians, 8, 166-176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2979/MER.2008.8.2.166
Berten, H. ( 2007). Literary theory the basic. Newyork: Routledge.
Bilge, S., & Collins, P. H. (2016). Intersectionality. London: Polity Press.
Brah, A., & Phoenix, A. (2004). Ain't IA woman? Revisiting intersectionality. Journal of International Women's Studies, 5, 75-86.
Brewer, R. (2016). Feminism, Black. In J. Bloss, The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss485 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss485
Cerezo, A., Cummings, M., Holmes, M., & Williams, C. (2020). Identity as resistance: Identity formation at the intersection of race, gender identity, and sexual orientation. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 44(1), 67-83. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684319875977 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684319875977
Collective, C. R. (2014). A Black feminist statement. Women's Studies Quarterly, 42(3), 271-280. Retrieved August 28, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/24365010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/wsq.2014.0052
Collins, P. H. & Bilge, S. (2016). Intersectionality. Cambridge: Poltiy Press.
Collins, P. H. (2002). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. Newyork: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203900055
Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. u. Chi. Legal f., 138-167. Retrieved from https://philarchive.org/rec/CREDTI
Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241-1299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
Dance, L. J. (2009) Racial, ethnic, and gender disparities in early school leaving (Dropping out). In B.T. Dill & R. E. Zambrana, (Eds) Emerging intersections: Race, class and gender in theory, policy and practice (pp. 180-202) New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
De la Rey, C. (1997). South African feminism, race and racism. Agenda, 6-10. https://doi.org/10.1080 /10130950.1997.9675578 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4066146
Gatta, M. (2009).Developing policy to address the lived experiences of working mothers. In B.T. Dill & R. E. Zambrana. (Eds) Emerging intersections: Race, class and gender in theory, policy and practice (pp. 101-122) New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Hanif, M. (2011). Our lady of Alice Bhatti. UP: Random House India.
Henderson, D. &Tickamyer, A. (2009).The intersection of poverty discourses: Race, class, culture and gender. In B.T. Dill & R. E. Zambrana, (Eds) Emerging intersections: Race, class and gender in theory, policy and practice (pp. 5072) New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Higginbotham, E. (2009).Entering a profession: Race, gender, and class in the lives of Black women attorneys. In B.T. Dill & R. E. Zambrana, (Eds) Emerging intersections: Race, class and gender in theory, policy and practice (pp. 2249) New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Hooks, B. (1989). Talking back: Thinking feminist, thinking black. Boston, MA: South End Press.
Hosseini, K. (2009). A thousand splendid suns. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Jones-Deweever, A., Dill, B. T. & Schram, S. (2009) Racial, ethnic, and gender disparities in the workforce, education, and training under welfare reform. In B.T. Dill & R. E. Zambrana, (Eds) Emerging intersections: Race, class and gender in theory, policy and practice (pp. 150-179) New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
King, D. K. (1988). Multiple jeopardy, multiple consciousness: The context of a Black feminist ideology. Feminist Social Thought: A Reader, 220-242 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/494491
Konkor, I., Lawson, E. S., Antabe, R., McIntosh, M. D., Husbands, W., Wong, J., &Luginaah, I. (2020). An intersectional approach to HIV vulnerabilities and testing among heterosexual African Caribbean and Black men in London, Ontario: Results from the weSpeak Study. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00737-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00737-3
Mancenido, A., Williams, E. C., &Hajat, A. (2020). Examining psychological distress across intersections of immigrant generational status, race, poverty, and gender. Community Mental Health Journal, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-020-00584-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-020-00584-w
Manuel, T. &Zambrana, R. E. (2009) Exploring the intersections of race, ethnicity, and class on maternity leave decisions: Implications for public policy. In B.T. Dill & R. E. Zambrana, (Eds) Emerging intersections: Race, class and gender in theory, policy and practice (pp. 123-149) New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
McDowell, D. E. (1980). New directions for Black feminist criticism. Black American Literature Forum, 14, 153-159. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2904407 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2904407
MacKinnon, C. A. (1982). Feminism, marxism, method, and the state: An agenda for theory. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 7(3), 515-554. https:// doi/10.1086/493898 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/493898
McKee, A. (2003). A beginner's guide to textual analysis. London: Sage DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857020017
Middel, F., Mónica, L. L., John, F., & Hans, G. (2020). The effects of migrant background and parent gender on child protection decision-making: An intersectional analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 104, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104479 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104479
Roth, B. (2004). Separate roads to feminism: Black, Chicana, and White feminist movements in America's second wave. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511815201
Said, E. (1979). Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books.
Semu, L. L. (2020). The Intersectionality of Race and Trajectories of African Women into the Nursing Career in the United States. Behavioral Sciences, 10, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10040069 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10040069