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IMPLEMENTATION OF MICHEL FOUCAULT'S THEORY OF POWER IN KHUSHWANT SINGH'S NOVEL TRAIN TO PAKISTAN
Corresponding Author(s) : Muhammad Sajjad
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 2 (2021): March
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The present study aims to show Michel Foucault's concept of power in the selected novel Khushwant Singh's Train to Pakistan (1956), and the theory of power is applied in a way that how power is present in the character Juggut Singh.
Methodology: The present research is qualitative in its approach, exploratory in nature, and close reading textual analysis is used to interpret the data.
Main Findings: The interpretation of the components of Power by Michel Foucault in Khushwant Singh's novel Train to Pakistan (1956) has been focused that resulted in the hidden and invisible form of power is experienced without knowing the power, but it dominates the individual's behaviour and hidden attitude. So, such a form of power is constructed in the child's character through social norms and discourses at the very start of his life.
Applications of the study: The paper helps to identify in future studies how Michel Foucault's concept of power in other literary genres and how power is applied in different ways and operated in the contexts of literary genres.
Novelty/Originality of the study: The study is based on the novelty of the idea based on power theory. If the child is not stealing or not doing something wrong, then it does not mean that he has a fear of punishment, but he would not want to steal because this thing is inside his psyche. That's why he is unwilling to steal because his inside power is not allowing him to do so. Therefore, the research identifies Michel Foucault's concept of power in the selected novel of Khushwant Singh Train to Pakistan (1956).
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- Abdulla Almaaroof, A. R., Hamid, L. N., & Abdullah, E. R. (2022). Applying Michel Foucault's power theory in Shakespeare's King Lear. International Journal of Health Sciences, V, 1790-1796. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v 6nS5.9876 DOI: https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS5.9876
- Allen, A. (2009). The Foucauldian Peacekeeper: on the dispersion of power and the futility of change. Power and Education, 1(2), 226-237. https://doi.org/10.2304/power.2009.1.2.226 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2304/power.2009.1.2.226
- Arendt, H. (2007). The Great Tradition: I. Law and Power. Social Research: An International Quarterly, 74(3), 713-726. https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2007.0004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2007.0004
- Bachrach, P., &Baratz, M. S. (2017). Two Paces of Power. In Paradigms of Political Power (pp.118-131). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315125992-10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315125992-10
- Clingman, S. R. (1986). The novels of Nadine Gordimer: a history from the inside. Johannesburg: Raven Press.
- Cooke, J. (1985). The novels of Nadine Gordimer: private lives, public landscapes. Louisiana State University Press.
- Dahl, R. A. (1957). The concept of power. Behavioural science, 2(3), 201-215. https://doi.org/10.1002/bs.383002 0303 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bs.3830020303
- Deacon, R. (1998). Strategies of Governance. Theoria, 45(92), 113-149. https://doi.org/10.3167/00405819878248 5966 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3167/004058198782485966
- Dowding, K. (2006). Three-dimensional Power: A discussion of Steven Lukes' Power: A radical view. Political studies review, 4(2), 136-145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-9299.2006.000100.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-9299.2006.000100.x
- Dubow, S. (2014). Apartheid, 1948-1994. OUP Oxford.
- Fiaz, M., Rafique, H., & Tabassum, F. (2019). Power Discourse: An Analysis of Zulfikar Ghose Collection of Poems in perspective of Michel Foucault's BioPower Theory. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 4(3), 711-717. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijels.4.3.24 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22161/ijels.4.3.24
- Foucault, M. (1976). Histoire de la sexualité, 1: La volonté de savoir. Paris: Editions.
- Foucault, M. (1982). The subject and power. Critical Inquiry, 8(4), 777-795. https://doi.org/10.1086/448181 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/448181
- Gallimard. 1976. Dt. Sexualität und Wahrheit. Bd, 1.
- Jennings, H., Slade, M., Bates, P., Munday, E., & Toney, R. (2018). Best practice framework for Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) in collaborative data analysis of qualitative mental health research: methodology development and refinement. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1794-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1794-8
- Head, D. (1994). Nadine Gordimer / Dominic Head. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/CBO9780511554391 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511554391
- Isaac, J. C. (1987). Power and Marxist theory: A realist view. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
- King, B. (1993). The later fiction of Nadine Gordimer. London: Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22682-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22682-5
- Lennon, J., & Ono, Y. (1971). Power to the People. Air Music Scandinavia.
- Lukes, S. (1974). Power a Radical View. London: Macmillan Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-02248-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-02248-9
- Macpherson, C. B. (1976). Humanist Democracy and Elusive Marxism: A Response to Minogue and Svacek. Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique, 9(3), 423-430. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/S0008423900044292 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423900044292
- Macey, D. (2019). The Lives of Michel Foucault. Verso Books.
- Manavar, T. B. (1998). The Theme of Partition in Khushwant Singh's Novel Train to Pakistan. Contemporary Indian Writings in English, Atlantic Publisher and Distributors (P) Ltd. 28-33.
- Mills, C. W. (1956). The power elite. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Mohammed, M. K., Yahya, W. R. W., Kaur, H., & Mani, M. (2016). Truth Problematization and Identity Formation: A Foucauldian Reading of Martin Amis's Money. 3L. Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 22(2), 123-134. https://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2016-2202-09 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2016-2202-09
- Nehere, K. P., &Bhabad, P. R. (2014). Representation of Women in 'Train to Pakistan' by Khushwant Singh. Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 4(8), 386-397.
- Newman, J. (2014). Nadine Gordimer (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315756011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315756011
- Roy, P. D. (2019). Aspects of Power and sexuality in the selected non-fictional text of khushwant singh. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research in Arts and Humanities (IJIRAH).
- Scimecca, J. A. (1972). The sociological theory of C. Wright Mills. New York University.
- Singh, K.(1956). Train to Pakistan Lahore. Routledge.
- Sing, K. (2002). Truth and Little Malice. India: Penguin Books India.
- Singh, K. (2005). I Shall Not Hear The Nightingale. Penguin Books India.
- Singh, K., read Truth, T., Truth, L., & Malice, A. L. (2019). Truth, Love and a Little Malice: An Autobiography. International Kindle Paper.
- Singh, K. (2016). The company of women. Mehta Publishing House.
- Smith, R. (1990). Essays on Nadine Gordimer. Boston: G. K. Hall Publisher.
- Tina, R. C. (2013).The Wealth of Poverty: Capitalizing the Opportunities of Poverty for the Kingdom of God. Outskirts Press, 2013.
- Uphoff, N. (1989). Distinguishing power, authority & legitimacy: Taking Max Weber at his word using resources-exchange analysis. Polity, 22(2), 295-322. https://doi.org/10.2307/3234836 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3234836
- Zerzan, J. (2006).Elements of Refusal. CAL Press.
References
Abdulla Almaaroof, A. R., Hamid, L. N., & Abdullah, E. R. (2022). Applying Michel Foucault's power theory in Shakespeare's King Lear. International Journal of Health Sciences, V, 1790-1796. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v 6nS5.9876 DOI: https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS5.9876
Allen, A. (2009). The Foucauldian Peacekeeper: on the dispersion of power and the futility of change. Power and Education, 1(2), 226-237. https://doi.org/10.2304/power.2009.1.2.226 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2304/power.2009.1.2.226
Arendt, H. (2007). The Great Tradition: I. Law and Power. Social Research: An International Quarterly, 74(3), 713-726. https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2007.0004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2007.0004
Bachrach, P., &Baratz, M. S. (2017). Two Paces of Power. In Paradigms of Political Power (pp.118-131). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315125992-10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315125992-10
Clingman, S. R. (1986). The novels of Nadine Gordimer: a history from the inside. Johannesburg: Raven Press.
Cooke, J. (1985). The novels of Nadine Gordimer: private lives, public landscapes. Louisiana State University Press.
Dahl, R. A. (1957). The concept of power. Behavioural science, 2(3), 201-215. https://doi.org/10.1002/bs.383002 0303 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bs.3830020303
Deacon, R. (1998). Strategies of Governance. Theoria, 45(92), 113-149. https://doi.org/10.3167/00405819878248 5966 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3167/004058198782485966
Dowding, K. (2006). Three-dimensional Power: A discussion of Steven Lukes' Power: A radical view. Political studies review, 4(2), 136-145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-9299.2006.000100.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-9299.2006.000100.x
Dubow, S. (2014). Apartheid, 1948-1994. OUP Oxford.
Fiaz, M., Rafique, H., & Tabassum, F. (2019). Power Discourse: An Analysis of Zulfikar Ghose Collection of Poems in perspective of Michel Foucault's BioPower Theory. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 4(3), 711-717. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijels.4.3.24 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22161/ijels.4.3.24
Foucault, M. (1976). Histoire de la sexualité, 1: La volonté de savoir. Paris: Editions.
Foucault, M. (1982). The subject and power. Critical Inquiry, 8(4), 777-795. https://doi.org/10.1086/448181 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/448181
Gallimard. 1976. Dt. Sexualität und Wahrheit. Bd, 1.
Jennings, H., Slade, M., Bates, P., Munday, E., & Toney, R. (2018). Best practice framework for Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) in collaborative data analysis of qualitative mental health research: methodology development and refinement. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1794-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1794-8
Head, D. (1994). Nadine Gordimer / Dominic Head. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/CBO9780511554391 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511554391
Isaac, J. C. (1987). Power and Marxist theory: A realist view. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
King, B. (1993). The later fiction of Nadine Gordimer. London: Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22682-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22682-5
Lennon, J., & Ono, Y. (1971). Power to the People. Air Music Scandinavia.
Lukes, S. (1974). Power a Radical View. London: Macmillan Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-02248-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-02248-9
Macpherson, C. B. (1976). Humanist Democracy and Elusive Marxism: A Response to Minogue and Svacek. Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique, 9(3), 423-430. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/S0008423900044292 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423900044292
Macey, D. (2019). The Lives of Michel Foucault. Verso Books.
Manavar, T. B. (1998). The Theme of Partition in Khushwant Singh's Novel Train to Pakistan. Contemporary Indian Writings in English, Atlantic Publisher and Distributors (P) Ltd. 28-33.
Mills, C. W. (1956). The power elite. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Mohammed, M. K., Yahya, W. R. W., Kaur, H., & Mani, M. (2016). Truth Problematization and Identity Formation: A Foucauldian Reading of Martin Amis's Money. 3L. Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 22(2), 123-134. https://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2016-2202-09 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2016-2202-09
Nehere, K. P., &Bhabad, P. R. (2014). Representation of Women in 'Train to Pakistan' by Khushwant Singh. Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 4(8), 386-397.
Newman, J. (2014). Nadine Gordimer (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315756011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315756011
Roy, P. D. (2019). Aspects of Power and sexuality in the selected non-fictional text of khushwant singh. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research in Arts and Humanities (IJIRAH).
Scimecca, J. A. (1972). The sociological theory of C. Wright Mills. New York University.
Singh, K.(1956). Train to Pakistan Lahore. Routledge.
Sing, K. (2002). Truth and Little Malice. India: Penguin Books India.
Singh, K. (2005). I Shall Not Hear The Nightingale. Penguin Books India.
Singh, K., read Truth, T., Truth, L., & Malice, A. L. (2019). Truth, Love and a Little Malice: An Autobiography. International Kindle Paper.
Singh, K. (2016). The company of women. Mehta Publishing House.
Smith, R. (1990). Essays on Nadine Gordimer. Boston: G. K. Hall Publisher.
Tina, R. C. (2013).The Wealth of Poverty: Capitalizing the Opportunities of Poverty for the Kingdom of God. Outskirts Press, 2013.
Uphoff, N. (1989). Distinguishing power, authority & legitimacy: Taking Max Weber at his word using resources-exchange analysis. Polity, 22(2), 295-322. https://doi.org/10.2307/3234836 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3234836
Zerzan, J. (2006).Elements of Refusal. CAL Press.