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A STUDY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF RELAPSE DRUG ADDICTS IN BALOCHISTAN
Corresponding Author(s) : Siraj Bashir
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 1 (2021): January
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The purpose of this research is to investigate the socioeconomic and psychological variables, health conditions, social contacts, and living conditions of relapsed drug users.
Methodology: A total of 100 participants were chosen for this study using purposive sampling and the snowball sampling approach of non-probability selection, and the data was collected using a standardized questionnaire. The study employs both qualitative and quantitative approaches. For frequency and percentage data analysis, the quantitative approach was utilized, and the data were analyzed using chi-square.
Main Findings: According to the study, the majority of relapsed drug addicts face socioeconomic and psychological obstacles in their lives since becoming relapsed drug addicts, as well as mental illnesses such as stress. Their family members, friends, and neighbors have a negative attitude toward them. According to this study, the increased risk of drug addiction in society is caused by a lack of understanding about drug usage and its effects.
Applications of the study: This study will assist governments in taking harsh actions against drug traffickers and allowing the rule of law to be enforced by expanding police work.
Novelty/Originality of the study: The study suggestions will raise awareness of the dangers and psychological effects of drug use to understand and prevent the consequences of their use.
Keywords
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- Agha, A., Parviz, S., Younus, M., and Fatmi, Z. (2003). Socio-economic and demographic factors associated with injecting drug use among drug users in Karachi. Pakistan. Jpma. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 53(11), 511-6.
- Bashir, S., Bashir, M., and Sanaullah. (2020). Socio-political significance of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and its Impact on Regional Politics. Balochistan Review, 46(2), 264-278.
- Bashir, S.(2019). Women's Participation In Community Development Programs In Urban Areas In Balochistan. Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies, 18, 193-210. https://doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v18i1.33 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v18i1.33
- Bashir, S., Arshad, M., Barech, S.(2019). Local Communities Participation In China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): The Case Of Balochistan. Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences, 9, 71-87. https://doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v9i1.329 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v9i1.329
- Ethridge, E. Don. (2004). Research methodology in applied economics. Oxford: John Wiley.
- Iqbal, A. Bhatti. (1996). Establishment of statistics. Lahore, Pakistan: Bhatti Publishers. p. 485.
- Kassani, A., Niazi, M., Hassanzadeh, J., & Menati, R. (2015, September 01). Survival analysis of drug abuse relapse in addiction treatment centers. International Journal of High-Risk Behaviors and Addiction, 4(3), 441-463. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.23402 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.23402
- Karaman, R., (2015). Commonly used drugs - uses, side effects, bioavailability & approaches to improve it. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., NY, USA. pp. 4(3), 132-139.
- Khalsa, J. H., Treisman, G., McCance-Katz, E., and Tedaldi, E. (2008). Medical consequences of drug abuse and co-occurring infections: research at the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Substance abuse, 29(3), 5-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897070802218661 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897070802218661
- Modak, R. K. (2013). Anesthesiology keywords review. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health and Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 24.
- Miller, Thomas. W. (2008). School violence and primary prevention. New York: Springer. p.19. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77119-9
- National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2014). Drugs, brains, and behavior: The science of addiction. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse. p. 3.
- Narconon. (2009). 10 things your friends may not know about drugs. Los Angeles: Narconon International. pp. 1-10
- Puri, Punit. (2018). Drug Abuse: Problem, management and prevention. New Delhi, India: Educreation Publishing. p. 2.
- Pandey, Prabhat. Dr., & Pandey, Meenu. Mishra. Dr. (2015). Research methodology: Tools and Techniques. Romania: Bridge Center. p. 29.
- Mushraf, S., Rashid., Patil., Ashwini., Rahul. (2019). A stepwise approach on writing a research paper in Ayurveda. New Delhi, India: Educreation Publishing.
- Sinha, R. (2001). How does stress increase risk of drug abuse and relapse? Psychopharmacology. 5(2), 158, 343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002130100917 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s002130100917
- Saah, T. (2005). The evolutionary origins and significance of drug addiction. Harm Reduct Jornal, 2(8), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-2-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-2-8
- Sau, M., Mukherjee, A., Manna, N., & Sanyal, S. (2013). Sociodemographic and substance use correlates of repeated relapse among patients presenting for relapse treatment at an addiction treatment center in Kolkata, India. African health sciences, Makerere University Medical School, 13(3), 791-799. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v13i3.39 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v13i3.39
- Sussman, S., Lisha, N., & Griffiths, M. (2011). Prevalence of the addictions: a problem of the majority or the minority? Evaluation & the health professions, 34(1), 3-56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163278710380124 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0163278710380124
- Siraj, B. (2018). Poverty Eradication in Balochistan: A Study of Community Development Programs. Hankén, 10, 66-81.
- Siraj, B.(2016). The Role of NGOs in Community Development in Balochistan. Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences, 4, 123-135. https://doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v4i1.300 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v4i1.300
- Siraj, B., Shah, A, A.(2017). Community Development Programs For Socio-Economic Development In Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences, 6, 131-148. https://doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v6i1.314 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v6i1.314
- Simoni-Wastila L, Yang HK. (2006 Dec). Psychoactive drug abuse in older adults. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother, 4(4), 380-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjopharm.2006.10.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjopharm.2006.10.002
- Siraj B.,, Muhammad, F. Z., and Naheed, A.(2020). Social Work Practice With Local Communities In Balochistan. Essential For Political Engagement, 11(2), 157-172. https://doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v11i2.454 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v11i2.454
- United Nations International Drug Control Programme. (1996). The social impact of drug abuse. Vienna: United Nations.
- University of Maryland Medical Centre. (2016). Alcoholism: an in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of alcoholism. University of Maryland Medical Centre.
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2003). Drug Abuse Treatment and Rehabilitation: a Practical Planning and Implementation Guide. New York. United Nations. pp. 4-5.
- Vuchinich, R. E., and Heather, N. (2003). Choice, behavioral economics and addiction.Amsterdam, Netherlands: Pergamon and Elsevier. p.150.
- Velleman, R.D.B., Templeton, L.J. and Copello, A.G. (2005). The role of the family preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse: a comprehensive review of family interventions, with a focus on young people. Drug Alcohol Rev, 24, 93-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230500167478 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230500167478
- Vlahov, D., Robertson, A. M., & Strathdee, S. A. (2010). Prevention of HIV infection among injection drug users in resource-limited settings. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious. Diseases Society of America, 50(3), S114– S121. https://doi.org/10.1086/651482 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/651482
- Vuchinich, R. E., and Heather, N. (2003). Choice, behavioral economics and addiction.Amsterdam, Netherlands: Pergamon and Elsevier. p.150.
- WHO. (2019). Regional strategy and action plan for tobacco control 2019–2023. Cairo: Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean.
- Zafar, A., & Asim, M. (2013). Socio-cultural approaches in the prevention of drug relapse: a study in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(2), 287-290. https://doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n2p287 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n2p287
- Zafar, H., Bashir, S., and Asif, M. (2018). Drug Addiction: A Review of Challenges and Solution. Balochistan Review, 5(2), 347-355.
References
Agha, A., Parviz, S., Younus, M., and Fatmi, Z. (2003). Socio-economic and demographic factors associated with injecting drug use among drug users in Karachi. Pakistan. Jpma. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 53(11), 511-6.
Bashir, S., Bashir, M., and Sanaullah. (2020). Socio-political significance of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and its Impact on Regional Politics. Balochistan Review, 46(2), 264-278.
Bashir, S.(2019). Women's Participation In Community Development Programs In Urban Areas In Balochistan. Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies, 18, 193-210. https://doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v18i1.33 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v18i1.33
Bashir, S., Arshad, M., Barech, S.(2019). Local Communities Participation In China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): The Case Of Balochistan. Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences, 9, 71-87. https://doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v9i1.329 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v9i1.329
Ethridge, E. Don. (2004). Research methodology in applied economics. Oxford: John Wiley.
Iqbal, A. Bhatti. (1996). Establishment of statistics. Lahore, Pakistan: Bhatti Publishers. p. 485.
Kassani, A., Niazi, M., Hassanzadeh, J., & Menati, R. (2015, September 01). Survival analysis of drug abuse relapse in addiction treatment centers. International Journal of High-Risk Behaviors and Addiction, 4(3), 441-463. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.23402 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.23402
Karaman, R., (2015). Commonly used drugs - uses, side effects, bioavailability & approaches to improve it. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., NY, USA. pp. 4(3), 132-139.
Khalsa, J. H., Treisman, G., McCance-Katz, E., and Tedaldi, E. (2008). Medical consequences of drug abuse and co-occurring infections: research at the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Substance abuse, 29(3), 5-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897070802218661 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897070802218661
Modak, R. K. (2013). Anesthesiology keywords review. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health and Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 24.
Miller, Thomas. W. (2008). School violence and primary prevention. New York: Springer. p.19. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77119-9
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2014). Drugs, brains, and behavior: The science of addiction. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse. p. 3.
Narconon. (2009). 10 things your friends may not know about drugs. Los Angeles: Narconon International. pp. 1-10
Puri, Punit. (2018). Drug Abuse: Problem, management and prevention. New Delhi, India: Educreation Publishing. p. 2.
Pandey, Prabhat. Dr., & Pandey, Meenu. Mishra. Dr. (2015). Research methodology: Tools and Techniques. Romania: Bridge Center. p. 29.
Mushraf, S., Rashid., Patil., Ashwini., Rahul. (2019). A stepwise approach on writing a research paper in Ayurveda. New Delhi, India: Educreation Publishing.
Sinha, R. (2001). How does stress increase risk of drug abuse and relapse? Psychopharmacology. 5(2), 158, 343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002130100917 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s002130100917
Saah, T. (2005). The evolutionary origins and significance of drug addiction. Harm Reduct Jornal, 2(8), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-2-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-2-8
Sau, M., Mukherjee, A., Manna, N., & Sanyal, S. (2013). Sociodemographic and substance use correlates of repeated relapse among patients presenting for relapse treatment at an addiction treatment center in Kolkata, India. African health sciences, Makerere University Medical School, 13(3), 791-799. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v13i3.39 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v13i3.39
Sussman, S., Lisha, N., & Griffiths, M. (2011). Prevalence of the addictions: a problem of the majority or the minority? Evaluation & the health professions, 34(1), 3-56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163278710380124 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0163278710380124
Siraj, B. (2018). Poverty Eradication in Balochistan: A Study of Community Development Programs. Hankén, 10, 66-81.
Siraj, B.(2016). The Role of NGOs in Community Development in Balochistan. Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences, 4, 123-135. https://doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v4i1.300 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v4i1.300
Siraj, B., Shah, A, A.(2017). Community Development Programs For Socio-Economic Development In Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences, 6, 131-148. https://doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v6i1.314 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v6i1.314
Simoni-Wastila L, Yang HK. (2006 Dec). Psychoactive drug abuse in older adults. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother, 4(4), 380-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjopharm.2006.10.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjopharm.2006.10.002
Siraj B.,, Muhammad, F. Z., and Naheed, A.(2020). Social Work Practice With Local Communities In Balochistan. Essential For Political Engagement, 11(2), 157-172. https://doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v11i2.454 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v11i2.454
United Nations International Drug Control Programme. (1996). The social impact of drug abuse. Vienna: United Nations.
University of Maryland Medical Centre. (2016). Alcoholism: an in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of alcoholism. University of Maryland Medical Centre.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2003). Drug Abuse Treatment and Rehabilitation: a Practical Planning and Implementation Guide. New York. United Nations. pp. 4-5.
Vuchinich, R. E., and Heather, N. (2003). Choice, behavioral economics and addiction.Amsterdam, Netherlands: Pergamon and Elsevier. p.150.
Velleman, R.D.B., Templeton, L.J. and Copello, A.G. (2005). The role of the family preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse: a comprehensive review of family interventions, with a focus on young people. Drug Alcohol Rev, 24, 93-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230500167478 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230500167478
Vlahov, D., Robertson, A. M., & Strathdee, S. A. (2010). Prevention of HIV infection among injection drug users in resource-limited settings. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious. Diseases Society of America, 50(3), S114– S121. https://doi.org/10.1086/651482 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/651482
Vuchinich, R. E., and Heather, N. (2003). Choice, behavioral economics and addiction.Amsterdam, Netherlands: Pergamon and Elsevier. p.150.
WHO. (2019). Regional strategy and action plan for tobacco control 2019–2023. Cairo: Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean.
Zafar, A., & Asim, M. (2013). Socio-cultural approaches in the prevention of drug relapse: a study in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(2), 287-290. https://doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n2p287 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n2p287
Zafar, H., Bashir, S., and Asif, M. (2018). Drug Addiction: A Review of Challenges and Solution. Balochistan Review, 5(2), 347-355.