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CREATIVITY AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH MINDFULNESS, EMOTIONS REGULATION, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING IN ADOLESCENTS
Corresponding Author(s) : Abdus Salam
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 2 (2021): March
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study aims to investigate the relationship of creativity to mindfulness, emotion regulation, and psychological well-being among adolescents.
Methodology: The cross-sectional and correlational study used purposive convenient sampling, and collected data from 600 adolescents aged 15 to 24. The data collection was conducted in colleges and universities using English as the medium of instruction. For this purpose, the scales used were the Kaufman Domains of Creativity scale (Kaufman, 2012), the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (Brown & Ryan, 2003), the Emotion regulation questionnaire (Gross & John, 2003), and Ryff Psychological Wellbeing (Ryff et al., 2007). Data was analyzed using SPSS-26.
Main Findings: The study found that creativity is not related to any other variable. However, mindfulness is positively linked to emotion regulation and psychological well-being, and emotion regulation is positively linked to psychological well-being. There were significant gender differences in creativity and emotion regulation, with males scoring higher, but no significant gender differences in mindfulness and psychological well-being.
Applications of the study: This study on adolescents' creativity and its relationship with mindfulness, emotion regulation, and psychological well-being has applications in education, mental health interventions, parenting, youth development, policy, and further research. It can inform interventions, programs, and policies aimed at fostering creativity, promoting well-being, and supporting adolescent development.
Novelty/Originality of the study: This study investigates the relationship between creativity, mindfulness, emotional regulation, and psychological well-being in adolescents. It focuses on the inherent traits of mindfulness and explores the benefits of instant creativity, specifically divergent thinking. The study aims to understand how everyday creativity relates to mindfulness, emotional regulation, and well-being, with a focus on gender differences. The findings could contribute to promoting well-being and creativity in adolescents.
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- Akbari Chermahini, S., & Hommel, B. (2012). Creative mood swings: divergent and convergent thinking affect mood in opposite ways. Psychological research, 76, 634-640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-011-0358-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-011-0358-z
- Androshchuk, I., Balakhtar, V., Balakhtar, K., & Oleshko, P. (2020). Creativity is a factor in the psychological well-being of teachers of higher educational institutions. The New Educational Review, 60, 191-202. https://doi.org/10.15804/tner.20.60.2.15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15804/tner.20.60.2.15
- Butcher, J. L., & Niec, L. N. (2005). Disruptive behaviors and creativity in childhood: The importance of affect regulation. Creativity Research Journal, 17(2-3), 181-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2005.9651478 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2005.9651478
- Baas, M., Nevicka, B., & Ten Velden, F. S. (2014). Specific mindfulness skills differentially predict creative performance. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 40(9), 1092-1106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214535813 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214535813
- Benţea, C. C. (2019). Approaches of happiness and well-being in psychology. In International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on the Dialogue between Sciences & Arts, Religion & Education (Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 257-264). Ideas Forum International Academic and Scientific Association. https://doi.org/10.26520/mcdsare.2019.3.257-264 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26520/mcdsare.2019.3.257-264
- Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and social psychology, 84(4), 822. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
- Carson, S. (2014). The impact of mindfulness on creativity research and creativity enhancement. The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Mindfulness, 328-344. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118294895.ch18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118294895.ch18
- Colzato, L. S., Ozturk, A., & Hommel, B. (2012). Meditate to create: the impact of focused-attention and open-monitoring training on convergent and divergent thinking. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 116. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00116 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00116
- De Dreu, C. K., Baas, M., & Nijstad, B. A. (2008). Hedonic tone and activation level in the mood-creativity link: toward a dual pathway to creativity model. Journal of Personality and social psychology, 94(5), 739. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.5.739 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.5.739
- Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Biswas-Diener, R., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D. W., & Oishi, S. (2009). New measures of well-being. Assessing well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener, 247-266. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_12
- Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (2012). Social role theory. Handbook of theories of social psychology, 2. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249222.n49 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249222.n49
- Flook, L., Goldberg, S. B., Pinger, L., & Davidson, R. J. (2015). Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based Kindness Curriculum. Developmental psychology, 51(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038256 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038256
- Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American psychologist, 56(3), 218. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
- Greenberg, J., Reiner, K., & Meiran, N. (2012). “Mind the trap”: mindfulness practice reduces cognitive rigidity. PloS One, 7(5), e36206. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036206 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036206
- Grewal, D., & Salovey, P. (2005). Feeling Smart: The Science of Emotional Intelligence: A new idea in psychology has matured and shows promise in explaining how attending to emotions can help us in everyday life. American Scientist, 93(4), 330-339. https://doi.org/10.1511/2005.54.969 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1511/2005.54.969
- Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and social psychology, 85(2), 348. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
- Huang, J. L., & Alessandri, G. (2017). Psychological well-being and its association with personality traits and conflict management styles among nursing students: A cross-sectional study. Nurse Education Today, 53, 73-78
- Jauk, E., Benedek, M., Dunst, B., & Neubauer, A. C. (2013). The relationship between intelligence and creativity: New support for the threshold hypothesis using, utilizing,employing, through empirical breakpoint detection. Intelligence, 41(4), 212-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2013.03.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2013.03.003
- Kaufman, J. C. (2012). Counting the muses: development of the Kaufman domains of creativity scale (K-DOCS). Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 6(4), 298. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029751 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029751
- Khoury, B., Sharma, M., Rush, S. E., & Fournier, C. (2015). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for healthy individuals: A meta-analysis. Journal of psychosomatic research, 78(6), 519-528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.03.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.03.009
- Kim, K. H. (2005). Can only intelligent people be creative? A meta-analysis. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 16(2-3), 57-66. https://doi.org/10.4219/jsge-2005-473 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4219/jsge-2005-473
- Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 8(2), 73.
- Mumford, M. D., & Gustafson, S. B. (1988). Creativity syndrome: Integration, application, and innovation. Psychological Bulletin, 103(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.1.27 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.1.27
- Nater, U. M., Rohleder, N., Gaab, J., Berger, S., Jud, A., Kirschbaum, C., & Ehlert, U. (2005). Human salivary alpha-amylase reactivity in a psychosocial stress paradigm. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 55(3), 333-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2004.09.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2004.09.009
- Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Aldao, A. (2011). Gender and age differences in emotion regulation strategies and their relationship to depressive symptoms. Personality and individual differences, 51(6), 704-708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.06.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.06.012
- Ouyang, X., Liu, Z., & Gui, C. (2021). Creativity in the hospitality and tourism industry: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(10), 3685-3704. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2021-0411 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2021-0411
- Puig, A., Lee, S. M., Goodwin, L., & Sherrard, P. A. (2006). The efficacy of creative arts therapies to enhance emotional expression, spirituality, and psychological well-being of newly diagnosed Stage I and Stage II breast cancer patients: A preliminary study. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 33(3), 218-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2006.02.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2006.02.004
- Ryff, C., Almeida, D. M., Ayanian, J. S., Carr, D. S., Cleary, P. D., Coe, C., ... & Williams, D. (2007). The national survey of midlife development in the United States (MIDUS II), 2004-2006. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR04652 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR04652.v3
- Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and social psychology, 57(6), 1069. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
- Schutte, N. S., & Malouff, J. M. (2014). A meta-analytic review of the effects of mindfulness meditation on telomerase activity. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 42, 45-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.12.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.12.017
- Silvia, P. J., Beaty, R. E., Nusbaum, E. C., Eddington, K. M., & Kwapil, T. R. (2014). Creative motivation: Creative achievement predicts cardiac autonomic markers of effort during divergent thinking. Biological Psychology, 102, 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.07.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.07.010
- Simonton, D. K. (1999). Creativity from a historiometric perspective. Handbook of creativity, 6, 116-133. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511807916.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511807916.008
- Tan, C. Y., Chuah, C. Q., Lee, S. T., & Tan, C. S. (2021). Being creative makes you happier: The positive effect of creativity on subjective well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(14), 7244. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147244 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147244
- Zafar, H., Nabeel, T., & Khalily, M. T. (2013). Adolescents’ Self-Concept and Their Attitudes Towards Parents Teachers, and Police Authority. Pakistan Journal of Psychology, 44(1).
- Zhang, J. W., & Baas, M. (2019). The differential effects of emotion regulation strategies on creativity. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2033.
References
Akbari Chermahini, S., & Hommel, B. (2012). Creative mood swings: divergent and convergent thinking affect mood in opposite ways. Psychological research, 76, 634-640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-011-0358-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-011-0358-z
Androshchuk, I., Balakhtar, V., Balakhtar, K., & Oleshko, P. (2020). Creativity is a factor in the psychological well-being of teachers of higher educational institutions. The New Educational Review, 60, 191-202. https://doi.org/10.15804/tner.20.60.2.15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15804/tner.20.60.2.15
Butcher, J. L., & Niec, L. N. (2005). Disruptive behaviors and creativity in childhood: The importance of affect regulation. Creativity Research Journal, 17(2-3), 181-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2005.9651478 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2005.9651478
Baas, M., Nevicka, B., & Ten Velden, F. S. (2014). Specific mindfulness skills differentially predict creative performance. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 40(9), 1092-1106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214535813 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214535813
Benţea, C. C. (2019). Approaches of happiness and well-being in psychology. In International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on the Dialogue between Sciences & Arts, Religion & Education (Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 257-264). Ideas Forum International Academic and Scientific Association. https://doi.org/10.26520/mcdsare.2019.3.257-264 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26520/mcdsare.2019.3.257-264
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and social psychology, 84(4), 822. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
Carson, S. (2014). The impact of mindfulness on creativity research and creativity enhancement. The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Mindfulness, 328-344. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118294895.ch18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118294895.ch18
Colzato, L. S., Ozturk, A., & Hommel, B. (2012). Meditate to create: the impact of focused-attention and open-monitoring training on convergent and divergent thinking. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 116. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00116 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00116
De Dreu, C. K., Baas, M., & Nijstad, B. A. (2008). Hedonic tone and activation level in the mood-creativity link: toward a dual pathway to creativity model. Journal of Personality and social psychology, 94(5), 739. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.5.739 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.5.739
Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Biswas-Diener, R., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D. W., & Oishi, S. (2009). New measures of well-being. Assessing well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener, 247-266. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_12
Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (2012). Social role theory. Handbook of theories of social psychology, 2. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249222.n49 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249222.n49
Flook, L., Goldberg, S. B., Pinger, L., & Davidson, R. J. (2015). Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based Kindness Curriculum. Developmental psychology, 51(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038256 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038256
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American psychologist, 56(3), 218. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
Greenberg, J., Reiner, K., & Meiran, N. (2012). “Mind the trap”: mindfulness practice reduces cognitive rigidity. PloS One, 7(5), e36206. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036206 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036206
Grewal, D., & Salovey, P. (2005). Feeling Smart: The Science of Emotional Intelligence: A new idea in psychology has matured and shows promise in explaining how attending to emotions can help us in everyday life. American Scientist, 93(4), 330-339. https://doi.org/10.1511/2005.54.969 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1511/2005.54.969
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and social psychology, 85(2), 348. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
Huang, J. L., & Alessandri, G. (2017). Psychological well-being and its association with personality traits and conflict management styles among nursing students: A cross-sectional study. Nurse Education Today, 53, 73-78
Jauk, E., Benedek, M., Dunst, B., & Neubauer, A. C. (2013). The relationship between intelligence and creativity: New support for the threshold hypothesis using, utilizing,employing, through empirical breakpoint detection. Intelligence, 41(4), 212-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2013.03.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2013.03.003
Kaufman, J. C. (2012). Counting the muses: development of the Kaufman domains of creativity scale (K-DOCS). Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 6(4), 298. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029751 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029751
Khoury, B., Sharma, M., Rush, S. E., & Fournier, C. (2015). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for healthy individuals: A meta-analysis. Journal of psychosomatic research, 78(6), 519-528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.03.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.03.009
Kim, K. H. (2005). Can only intelligent people be creative? A meta-analysis. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 16(2-3), 57-66. https://doi.org/10.4219/jsge-2005-473 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4219/jsge-2005-473
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 8(2), 73.
Mumford, M. D., & Gustafson, S. B. (1988). Creativity syndrome: Integration, application, and innovation. Psychological Bulletin, 103(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.1.27 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.1.27
Nater, U. M., Rohleder, N., Gaab, J., Berger, S., Jud, A., Kirschbaum, C., & Ehlert, U. (2005). Human salivary alpha-amylase reactivity in a psychosocial stress paradigm. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 55(3), 333-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2004.09.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2004.09.009
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Aldao, A. (2011). Gender and age differences in emotion regulation strategies and their relationship to depressive symptoms. Personality and individual differences, 51(6), 704-708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.06.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.06.012
Ouyang, X., Liu, Z., & Gui, C. (2021). Creativity in the hospitality and tourism industry: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(10), 3685-3704. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2021-0411 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2021-0411
Puig, A., Lee, S. M., Goodwin, L., & Sherrard, P. A. (2006). The efficacy of creative arts therapies to enhance emotional expression, spirituality, and psychological well-being of newly diagnosed Stage I and Stage II breast cancer patients: A preliminary study. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 33(3), 218-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2006.02.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2006.02.004
Ryff, C., Almeida, D. M., Ayanian, J. S., Carr, D. S., Cleary, P. D., Coe, C., ... & Williams, D. (2007). The national survey of midlife development in the United States (MIDUS II), 2004-2006. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR04652 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR04652.v3
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and social psychology, 57(6), 1069. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
Schutte, N. S., & Malouff, J. M. (2014). A meta-analytic review of the effects of mindfulness meditation on telomerase activity. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 42, 45-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.12.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.12.017
Silvia, P. J., Beaty, R. E., Nusbaum, E. C., Eddington, K. M., & Kwapil, T. R. (2014). Creative motivation: Creative achievement predicts cardiac autonomic markers of effort during divergent thinking. Biological Psychology, 102, 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.07.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.07.010
Simonton, D. K. (1999). Creativity from a historiometric perspective. Handbook of creativity, 6, 116-133. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511807916.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511807916.008
Tan, C. Y., Chuah, C. Q., Lee, S. T., & Tan, C. S. (2021). Being creative makes you happier: The positive effect of creativity on subjective well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(14), 7244. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147244 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147244
Zafar, H., Nabeel, T., & Khalily, M. T. (2013). Adolescents’ Self-Concept and Their Attitudes Towards Parents Teachers, and Police Authority. Pakistan Journal of Psychology, 44(1).
Zhang, J. W., & Baas, M. (2019). The differential effects of emotion regulation strategies on creativity. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2033.