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IS THE SEMITIC CHARACTER OF HAGAR AN EXAMPLE OF A SURROGATE MOTHER? A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SEMITIC RELIGIONS AND SCIENCE
Corresponding Author(s) : Nosheen Zaheer
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 2 (2021): March
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This paper explores the religious perspective on marriage, captive girls, and the status of slave girls and their children in Semitic religions, examining the legitimacy of concubine's children compared to surrogate mothers.
Methodology: The scientific techniques of in vitro fertilization (IVF) will be examined to elucidate both gestational and traditional surrogacy methods.
Main Findings: The findings suggest that while Semitic religions validate the status of concubines' children as legitimate heirs, the comparison between concubines and surrogate mothers is limited due to religious debates over the legitimacy of surrogacy and the technological advancements involved, highlighting distinct roles and dynamics within religious frameworks.
Applications of the study: The application of this research could provide insights into the historical and religious perspectives on surrogate motherhood, informing discussions on the intersection of religion, culture, and reproductive technologies.
Novelty/Originality of the study: The novelty of this research lies in its interdisciplinary exploration, comparing the portrayal of Hagar within Semitic religions to contemporary perspectives on surrogate motherhood, bridging religious studies and scientific inquiry.
Keywords
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- Abdullahi, M. M. A. (2018). Fundamentals of Muslim Marriage in Islamic Law: An Evaluation of the Muslim Practices in Nigeria. Journal of Islamic Law Reviews, 14(2), 231-238.
- Johnston, A. L., Spiers, A., Hoult, I., Kellow, G., & Duplessis, Y. (1981). In Vitro Fertilization: The Challenge of the Eighties. Fertility and Sterility, 36(6), 376-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(16)45910-8
- Ali, A. Y. (1405 Hijri). The Holy Quran Translation & Commentary. Madina: King Fahd Holy Quran Printing Press.
- Bokek-Cohen, Y., & Tarabeih, M. (2021). What do Sunni Muslims think about religiously forbidden reproductive options? Human Fertility, 12(3), 981-988. https://doi.org/10.1080/14647273.2021.1921289
- Cristiano, L. A. (2011). Abraham, Sarah, and Surrogacy: A Scriptural Insight into Church Teaching. The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly, 11(3), 443-451. https://doi.org/10.5840/ncbq201111328
- Cohn-Sherbok, D., El-Alami, D. (2013). Love, Sex and Marriage: Insight from Judaism, Christianity and Islam. London: SCM Publisher.
- Singh, N. H. G., Singh, V. J., Cojandaraj, L., & Singh, G. (2019). Infertility and Surrogacy. Think India Journal, 22(6), 178-199. https://doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i2.8716
- Iketubosin, F. (2018). In vitro fertilization embryo transfer processes and pathway: A review from a practice perspective. Tropical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 35(2), 451-459. https://doi.org/10.4103/TJOG.TJOG_83_18
- Kartzow, M. B. (2017). Navigating the Womb: Surrogacy, Slavery, Fertility—and Biblical Discourses. Journal of Early Christian History, 2(1), 38-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/2222582X.2012.11877257
- Zarean, M. K. B. (2016). Marriage in Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. Religious Inquiries, 5(9), 77-83.
- Meckler, C. (1985). Polygamy from the perspectives of the Old Testament, the Quran, and current Muslim thought. International Journal of Frontier Mission, 2(4), 659-669.
- Nilofa, R, S. (2018a). Insight into different aspects of surrogacy practices. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 11(3), 876-898. https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_138_17
- Patel, N. H., Jaydev, Y. D., Bhadarka, H. K., Patel, M. N., Patel, N. H., & Sodagar, N. R. (2018b). Insight into different aspects of surrogacy practices. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 11(3), 378-398. https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_138_17
- Mondal, S. C., Avasthi, V., Gupta, S. K., & Kumar, B. (2012). Genetic and gestational surrogacy: An overview. Walailak Journal of Science & Technology, 9(3), 99-115.
- Smith, W. R. (1889). Lectures on the religion of the Semites. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black.
- Sharmin, S. S., & Alam, D. M. M. (2018). Laws of Muslim marriage from the concept of the Holy Quran. International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 5(7), 989-1014.
- Jadva, V., Murray, C. M., Lycett, E., MacCallum, F., & Golombok, S. (2003). Surrogacy: The experiences of surrogate mothers. Human Reproduction, 18(10), 659-674. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deg397
- Zucker, D. J. (2021). In/voluntary surrogacy in Genesis. The Asbury Journal, 76(1), 9-24.
- الاسلام, ھ. ک. ع. (2008). المو سوعۃ الفقھیۃ. کوئٹہ: قاری بسم اللہ لوی کاریزمی-
References
Abdullahi, M. M. A. (2018). Fundamentals of Muslim Marriage in Islamic Law: An Evaluation of the Muslim Practices in Nigeria. Journal of Islamic Law Reviews, 14(2), 231-238.
Johnston, A. L., Spiers, A., Hoult, I., Kellow, G., & Duplessis, Y. (1981). In Vitro Fertilization: The Challenge of the Eighties. Fertility and Sterility, 36(6), 376-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(16)45910-8
Ali, A. Y. (1405 Hijri). The Holy Quran Translation & Commentary. Madina: King Fahd Holy Quran Printing Press.
Bokek-Cohen, Y., & Tarabeih, M. (2021). What do Sunni Muslims think about religiously forbidden reproductive options? Human Fertility, 12(3), 981-988. https://doi.org/10.1080/14647273.2021.1921289
Cristiano, L. A. (2011). Abraham, Sarah, and Surrogacy: A Scriptural Insight into Church Teaching. The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly, 11(3), 443-451. https://doi.org/10.5840/ncbq201111328
Cohn-Sherbok, D., El-Alami, D. (2013). Love, Sex and Marriage: Insight from Judaism, Christianity and Islam. London: SCM Publisher.
Singh, N. H. G., Singh, V. J., Cojandaraj, L., & Singh, G. (2019). Infertility and Surrogacy. Think India Journal, 22(6), 178-199. https://doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i2.8716
Iketubosin, F. (2018). In vitro fertilization embryo transfer processes and pathway: A review from a practice perspective. Tropical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 35(2), 451-459. https://doi.org/10.4103/TJOG.TJOG_83_18
Kartzow, M. B. (2017). Navigating the Womb: Surrogacy, Slavery, Fertility—and Biblical Discourses. Journal of Early Christian History, 2(1), 38-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/2222582X.2012.11877257
Zarean, M. K. B. (2016). Marriage in Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. Religious Inquiries, 5(9), 77-83.
Meckler, C. (1985). Polygamy from the perspectives of the Old Testament, the Quran, and current Muslim thought. International Journal of Frontier Mission, 2(4), 659-669.
Nilofa, R, S. (2018a). Insight into different aspects of surrogacy practices. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 11(3), 876-898. https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_138_17
Patel, N. H., Jaydev, Y. D., Bhadarka, H. K., Patel, M. N., Patel, N. H., & Sodagar, N. R. (2018b). Insight into different aspects of surrogacy practices. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 11(3), 378-398. https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_138_17
Mondal, S. C., Avasthi, V., Gupta, S. K., & Kumar, B. (2012). Genetic and gestational surrogacy: An overview. Walailak Journal of Science & Technology, 9(3), 99-115.
Smith, W. R. (1889). Lectures on the religion of the Semites. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black.
Sharmin, S. S., & Alam, D. M. M. (2018). Laws of Muslim marriage from the concept of the Holy Quran. International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 5(7), 989-1014.
Jadva, V., Murray, C. M., Lycett, E., MacCallum, F., & Golombok, S. (2003). Surrogacy: The experiences of surrogate mothers. Human Reproduction, 18(10), 659-674. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deg397
Zucker, D. J. (2021). In/voluntary surrogacy in Genesis. The Asbury Journal, 76(1), 9-24.
الاسلام, ھ. ک. ع. (2008). المو سوعۃ الفقھیۃ. کوئٹہ: قاری بسم اللہ لوی کاریزمی-