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COACH-PLAYER COMMUNICATIONS: AN ANALYSIS OF TOP-LEVEL COACHING DISCOURSE AT A SHORT-TERM ICE HOCKEY CAMP
Corresponding Author(s) : David Elmes
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 6 No. 2 (2018)
Abstract
Purpose: This study sought to analyze the instructional discourse of top-level coaches to identify the specific language content of coaching discourse in practice.
Methodology: The study analyzed the recorded discourse of four coaches of the West Coast Hockey Prep Camp in Port Alberni, BC, Canada, between 2012 and 2016. Transcriptions of on-ice instructions were analyzed using Provalis QDA Miner v5.0.1 and Provalis WordStat v7.1.6 software to determine word-type and frequency.
Main findings: The processed corpus of 21,376 words produced 1,022 quantifiable words which were classified into one or more of the categories of single-category language (i.e. General (G), General Slang (GSl), Sports Specific (SS), and Sports General (SG)), or the eight additional multi-category sub-categories (i.e. G/GSl, G/SS, G/SG, SS/SG, GSl/SG, G/SS/SG, G/GSl/SG, and GSl/SS/SG). Analyses revealed that single-category vocabulary (i.e. G, GSl, SS, and SG) made up 75.2% of the categorized language, with SS (4.6%) and SG (11.1%) making up 15.7% of the total.
Applications: An understanding of the linguistic framework of instructional language in short-term training camps allows athletes to invest greater focus in their athletic performance in camp. The results offer athletes contextual reference for preparatory language study and authentic linguistic insight for the counter of potential target language anxiety.
Novelty/Originality: Results indicate that top-level coaches relied significantly less on sports-specific word-type to facilitate their instruction and suggest that a general comprehension of English can provide a strong foundation for understanding top-level coaching discourse. This provides significant insight for athletes harboring concerns for English proficiency and coach-player miscommunication.
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1. Bauman, M. (2013). English loanwords used by Japanese learners of English in Malaysia. Conference: 2rd International Conference on Applied Linguistics and Professional Practice (ALAPP). doi:10.13140/2.1.4826.7208
2. Davis, L., & Jowett, S. (2014). Coach–athlete attachment and the quality of the coach–athlete relationship: implications for athlete’s well-being. Journal of Sports Sciences,32(8), 1-11. doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.898183
3. Dunn, J. G. (1999). A Theoretical Framework for Structuring the Content of Competitive Worry in Ice Hockey. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,21(3), 259-279. doi:10.1123/jsep.21.3.259
4. Elmes, D. (2016). Coach-player communications: An analysis of player mindset at an elite level ice hockey camp. Research Journal of Sports Performance,8, 252-283.
5. Elmes, D. (2014). Real English 2. Applying research in coach player interactions. Language and Culture, 11, 27-44.
6. Englert, C., & Bertrams, A. (2012). Anxiety, ego depletion, and sports performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34(5), 580-599.
7. English Education Reform Plan corresponding to Globalization. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.mext.go.jp/en/news/topics/detail/1372656.htm
8. Hanin, Y. L. (1999) Emotions in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
9. Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B., & Cope, J. (1986). Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety. The Modern Language Journal,70, 125-132. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1986. tb05256.x
10. Internet Hockey Database - Statistics, Logos, and Trading Cards. (1998-2011). Retrieved from http://www.hockeydb.com/
11. Ohata, K. (2011). Current Developments in Language Anxiety Research. Ferris University Departmental Bulletin Paper,46, 1-19.
12. Olah, B. (2007). English loanwords in Japanese: Effects, attitudes, and usage as a means of improving spoken English ability. Bunkyo Gakuin University Research Bulletin, 9(1), 177-188.
13. Jowett, S. (2005). The Coach-athlete Partnership. The Psychologist, 18, 412-415. Retrieved from https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-18/edition-7/coach-athlete-partnership.
14. Jowett, S. (Writer). (2017, June 7). Coach-athlete relationship quality as a gauge of coaching effectiveness. Live performance in 2017 NASPSPA Conference, San Diego.
15. Kay, G. (1995). English loanwords in Japanese. World Englishes, 14(1), 67-76. doi:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1995.tb00340.x
16. Macintyre, P. D. (1999). Language anxiety: A review of literature for language teachers. In D. J. Young (Ed.), Affect In Foreign Language and Second Language Learning (pp. 24 – 43). New York: McGraw Hill Companies.
17. Macintyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1989). Anxiety and Second-Language Learning: Toward a Theoretical Clarification*. Language Learning, 39(2), 251-275. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1989.tb00423.x
18. Raglin, J. S., & Hanin, Y. L. (2000). Competitive Anxiety. In Emotions in sport (pp. 93- 111). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
19. Thompson, I. (2001). Japanese speakers. In Swan, M & Smith, B (Eds.) Learner English: A Teacher's Guide to Interference and Other Problems (pp. 296-309). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
20. Wardhaugh, R. (2002). An introduction to sociolinguistics (Fourth Ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
21. West Coast Hockey Prep Camp. (2017). Elite male camps. Retrieved from http://www.prepcamp.com/elite-male/
22. West Coast Hockey Prep Camp. (2017). Hockey Coaching Staff. Retrieved fromhttp://www.prepcamp.com/hockey-coaching-staff/
23. Woodrow, L. (2006). Anxiety and Speaking English as a Second Language. RELC Journal, 37(3), 308-328. doi:10.1177/0033688206071315
24. WordStat 7 User’s Guide. (2015). Montreal, Canada: Provalis Research.
25. Young, D. J. (1991). Creating a Low-Anxiety Classroom Environment: What Does Language Anxiety Research Suggest? The Modern Language Journal, 75(4), 426-437. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1991.tb05378.x
26. 北ã®è¡—角「Snï½ï½—ï¼¢ï½ï½˜ã€by masa. 楽ã—ã‚€ãŸã‚ã®ã‚¢ã‚¤ã‚¹ãƒ›ãƒƒã‚±ãƒ¼ç´¹ä»‹. Retrieved from http://www.ne.jp/asahi/snow/office/ice/iceyogo/
References
2. Davis, L., & Jowett, S. (2014). Coach–athlete attachment and the quality of the coach–athlete relationship: implications for athlete’s well-being. Journal of Sports Sciences,32(8), 1-11. doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.898183
3. Dunn, J. G. (1999). A Theoretical Framework for Structuring the Content of Competitive Worry in Ice Hockey. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,21(3), 259-279. doi:10.1123/jsep.21.3.259
4. Elmes, D. (2016). Coach-player communications: An analysis of player mindset at an elite level ice hockey camp. Research Journal of Sports Performance,8, 252-283.
5. Elmes, D. (2014). Real English 2. Applying research in coach player interactions. Language and Culture, 11, 27-44.
6. Englert, C., & Bertrams, A. (2012). Anxiety, ego depletion, and sports performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34(5), 580-599.
7. English Education Reform Plan corresponding to Globalization. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.mext.go.jp/en/news/topics/detail/1372656.htm
8. Hanin, Y. L. (1999) Emotions in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
9. Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B., & Cope, J. (1986). Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety. The Modern Language Journal,70, 125-132. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1986. tb05256.x
10. Internet Hockey Database - Statistics, Logos, and Trading Cards. (1998-2011). Retrieved from http://www.hockeydb.com/
11. Ohata, K. (2011). Current Developments in Language Anxiety Research. Ferris University Departmental Bulletin Paper,46, 1-19.
12. Olah, B. (2007). English loanwords in Japanese: Effects, attitudes, and usage as a means of improving spoken English ability. Bunkyo Gakuin University Research Bulletin, 9(1), 177-188.
13. Jowett, S. (2005). The Coach-athlete Partnership. The Psychologist, 18, 412-415. Retrieved from https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-18/edition-7/coach-athlete-partnership.
14. Jowett, S. (Writer). (2017, June 7). Coach-athlete relationship quality as a gauge of coaching effectiveness. Live performance in 2017 NASPSPA Conference, San Diego.
15. Kay, G. (1995). English loanwords in Japanese. World Englishes, 14(1), 67-76. doi:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1995.tb00340.x
16. Macintyre, P. D. (1999). Language anxiety: A review of literature for language teachers. In D. J. Young (Ed.), Affect In Foreign Language and Second Language Learning (pp. 24 – 43). New York: McGraw Hill Companies.
17. Macintyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1989). Anxiety and Second-Language Learning: Toward a Theoretical Clarification*. Language Learning, 39(2), 251-275. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1989.tb00423.x
18. Raglin, J. S., & Hanin, Y. L. (2000). Competitive Anxiety. In Emotions in sport (pp. 93- 111). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
19. Thompson, I. (2001). Japanese speakers. In Swan, M & Smith, B (Eds.) Learner English: A Teacher's Guide to Interference and Other Problems (pp. 296-309). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
20. Wardhaugh, R. (2002). An introduction to sociolinguistics (Fourth Ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
21. West Coast Hockey Prep Camp. (2017). Elite male camps. Retrieved from http://www.prepcamp.com/elite-male/
22. West Coast Hockey Prep Camp. (2017). Hockey Coaching Staff. Retrieved fromhttp://www.prepcamp.com/hockey-coaching-staff/
23. Woodrow, L. (2006). Anxiety and Speaking English as a Second Language. RELC Journal, 37(3), 308-328. doi:10.1177/0033688206071315
24. WordStat 7 User’s Guide. (2015). Montreal, Canada: Provalis Research.
25. Young, D. J. (1991). Creating a Low-Anxiety Classroom Environment: What Does Language Anxiety Research Suggest? The Modern Language Journal, 75(4), 426-437. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1991.tb05378.x
26. 北ã®è¡—角「Snï½ï½—ï¼¢ï½ï½˜ã€by masa. 楽ã—ã‚€ãŸã‚ã®ã‚¢ã‚¤ã‚¹ãƒ›ãƒƒã‚±ãƒ¼ç´¹ä»‹. Retrieved from http://www.ne.jp/asahi/snow/office/ice/iceyogo/