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FUNDAMENTALISM AMONG ACEHNESE YOUTH: ACEHNESE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES ON RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM, RIGHT-WING AUTHORITARIANISM, AND MILITIA SENTIMENTS
Corresponding Author(s) : Alif Azadi Taufik
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 6 No. 3 (2018): Aceh Global Conference, 2018 (Special Issue)
Abstract
Purpose:This study aims to measure the attitude levels of Acehnese university students on religious fundamentalism, right-wing authoritarianism, and militia sentiments and determine whether there are strong correlations between these attitudes.
Methodology:A modified Islamic and Indonesian version of the Revised Religious Fundamentalism Scale, the Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale, and the Militia Scale were employed in an online survey.The survey gathered 308 responses and 85 of them completed.
Results:Acehnese Muslims display a 69.3%, 54% and 58% attitude level of religious fundamentalism, right-wing authoritarianism, and militia sentiments respectively, displayingattitudes significantly higher than Toronto Muslims, Hindus, Jews, United States and Canadian Christians, and Ghanaian Christians and Muslims. Religious fundamentalist attitudes correlated 72% with right-wing authoritarian attitudes and 62%with militia sentiments. Right-wing authoritarianism correlated 61% with militia sentiments.
Implications:The findings of this study are useful in understanding the interlocking social relationships of religious fundamentalism, right-wing authoritarianism, and militia sentiments. Specifically, these findings indicate the challenges the Indonesian government still face in empowering democracy and restoring the central government’s legitimacy in Aceh.
Originality:This study adapts well-known scales into a unique Indonesian and Islamic context, providing a unique perspective in the discussion of religious fundamentalism, right-wing authoritarianism, and militia sentiments. It elucidates the unique personality of Acehnese youth, whom have been under studied.
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1. Allen-Ebrahumian, B. (2017). Amid Rising Fundamentalism, Indonesia May Sentence Gay Men to 100 Lashes. Foreign Policy.https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/04/11/amid-rising-fundamentalism-indonesia-may-sentence-gay-men-to-100-lashes. Accessed 7 September 2018.
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3. Altemeyer, B. (1998). The Other “Authoritarian Personalityâ€. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 47-92.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60382-2
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5. Altemeyer, B. &Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, Religious Fundamentalism, Quest, and Prejudice. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(2), 113-133.https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5
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8. Hunsberger, B., Owusu, V., & Duck, R. (1999). Religion and prejudice in Ghana and Canada: Religious fundamentalism, right-wing authoritarianism, and attitudes towards homosexuals and women. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 9(3), 181-194.https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0903_2
9. Hunsberger, B., Pratt, M., &Pancer, S. M. (2002). A Longitudinal Study on Religious Doubts in High School and Beyond: Relationships, Stability, and Searching for Answers. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41(2), 255-266.https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5906.00115
10. Kirkpatrick, L. A., Hood, R. W., &Hartz, G. (1991). Fundamentalist religion conceptualized in terms of Rokeach’s theory of the open and closed mind: New perspectives on some old ideas. Research in the Social Scientific Study on Religion, 3, 157-179.
11. KPU. (2014). HasilPenghitunganPerolehanSuara Dari SetiapProvinsi Dan LuarNegeriDalamPemiluPresiden Dan WakilPresidenTahun 2014. Author.https://kpu.go.id/koleksigambar/PPWP_-_Nasional_Rekapitulasi_2014_-_New_-_Final_2014_07_22.pdf. Accessed 7 September 2018.
12. Laythe, B., Finkel, D. G., Bringle, R. G., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2002). Religious Fundamentalism as a Predicator of Prejudice: A Two-Component Model. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41(4), 623-635.https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5906.00142
13. Rowatt, W. C. & Franklin, L. M. (2004). The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 14(2), 125–138.
14. Tan, A. T. H. (2008). Terrorism, Insurgency and Religious Fundamentalism in Southeast Asia. Defence Studies, 8(3), 311-325.https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr1402_4
15. Pearlman, J. (2014). Tsunami-ravaged Aceh in Indonesia now faces rising Islamic fundamentalism. The Telegraph.https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/indonesia/11312688/Tsunami-ravaged-Aceh-in-Indonesia-now-faces-rising-Islamic-fundamentalism.html. Accessed 7 September 2018.
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References
2. Altemeyer, B. (2006). The Authoritarians. Author.
3. Altemeyer, B. (1998). The Other “Authoritarian Personalityâ€. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 47-92.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60382-2
4. Altemeyer, B. &Hunsberger, B. (2009). RESEARCH: A Revised Religious Fundamentalism Scale: The Short and Sweet of It. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 14(1), 47-54. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr1401_4
5. Altemeyer, B. &Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, Religious Fundamentalism, Quest, and Prejudice. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(2), 113-133.https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5
6. Heufers, R. (2017). Indonesia’s Achilles’ Heel: Populist Authoritarianism. Strategic Review.https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/indonesias-achilles-heel-populist-authoritarianism. Accessed 7 September 2018.
7. Hunsberger, B. (1996). Religious Fundamentalism, Right-Wing Authoritarianism, and Hostility Toward Homosexuals in Non-Christian Religious Groups. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 6(1), 39-49.https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0601_5
8. Hunsberger, B., Owusu, V., & Duck, R. (1999). Religion and prejudice in Ghana and Canada: Religious fundamentalism, right-wing authoritarianism, and attitudes towards homosexuals and women. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 9(3), 181-194.https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0903_2
9. Hunsberger, B., Pratt, M., &Pancer, S. M. (2002). A Longitudinal Study on Religious Doubts in High School and Beyond: Relationships, Stability, and Searching for Answers. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41(2), 255-266.https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5906.00115
10. Kirkpatrick, L. A., Hood, R. W., &Hartz, G. (1991). Fundamentalist religion conceptualized in terms of Rokeach’s theory of the open and closed mind: New perspectives on some old ideas. Research in the Social Scientific Study on Religion, 3, 157-179.
11. KPU. (2014). HasilPenghitunganPerolehanSuara Dari SetiapProvinsi Dan LuarNegeriDalamPemiluPresiden Dan WakilPresidenTahun 2014. Author.https://kpu.go.id/koleksigambar/PPWP_-_Nasional_Rekapitulasi_2014_-_New_-_Final_2014_07_22.pdf. Accessed 7 September 2018.
12. Laythe, B., Finkel, D. G., Bringle, R. G., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2002). Religious Fundamentalism as a Predicator of Prejudice: A Two-Component Model. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41(4), 623-635.https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5906.00142
13. Rowatt, W. C. & Franklin, L. M. (2004). The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 14(2), 125–138.
14. Tan, A. T. H. (2008). Terrorism, Insurgency and Religious Fundamentalism in Southeast Asia. Defence Studies, 8(3), 311-325.https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr1402_4
15. Pearlman, J. (2014). Tsunami-ravaged Aceh in Indonesia now faces rising Islamic fundamentalism. The Telegraph.https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/indonesia/11312688/Tsunami-ravaged-Aceh-in-Indonesia-now-faces-rising-Islamic-fundamentalism.html. Accessed 7 September 2018.
16. Sumaktoyo, N. (2018). Measuring religious intolerance across Indonesian provinces. New Mandala.http://www.newmandala.org/measuring-religious-intolerance-across-indonesian-provinces/. Accessed 7 September 2018.