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THE SUNNAH LAKE OF MUSLIMAH: SALAFI WOMEN, THE MANHAJ AND ONLINE MEDIA
Corresponding Author(s) : Yuyun Sunesti
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 6 No. 3 (2018): Aceh Global Conference, 2018 (Special Issue)
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This paper analyses the use of internet by salafi women especially in an online group named Telaga Sunnah Muslimah (The Sunnah Lake of Muslimah-TSM).
Methodology: Applying content analysis by analyzing the messages shared within TSM WhatsApp Groups discussion, this paper analyses the agency which salafi women play through their internet usage, especially in online media they use.
Main Findings: Viewed as passive, voiceless and subordinated group, they use internet as media for reproducing knowledge, expressing their voice and negotiating their identity. While salafi manhaj requires them to strictly limit their appearance in public space, the online space has facilitated them to have more spaces to exist beyond their offline world
Applications of this study: The study gives an understanding on how a closed women group plays their agency to negotiate their boundary within modern world.
Novelty/Originality of this study: While salafi women are commonly viewed as having no agency, this paper found their agency through their online media usage.
Keywords
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- Ali, M.B. (2016). The roots of religious extremism: Understanding the Salafi doctrine of al-wala' wal bara'. London: Imperial College Press.
- Al-Rasheed, M. (2002). A history of Saudi Arabia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Amghar, S. (2007). Salafism and radicalisation of young European Muslims. In S. Amghar et.al. (Eds.), European Islam: Challenges for public policy and society (pp. 38-51). Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies.
- Anis, E.Z. (2018). Countering terrorist narratives: Winning the hearts and minds of Indonesian millennials. Proceeding. KnE Social Sciences: The 1st International Conference on South East Asia Studies 2016, 189-210, DOI 10.18502/kss.v3i5.2333 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i5.2333
- Armborst, A. (2009). A profile of religious fundamentalism and terrorist activism. Defence Against Terrorism Review. 2(3), 51-71.
- Astuti, E.R. (2010). Perempuan-perempuan terekslusi (Proses eksklusi sosial perempuan-perempuan Salafi di Yogyakarta). Thesis. Center for Religious and Cross-Cultural Studies (CRCS) Gadjah Mada University.
- Bilge, S. (2010). Beyond subordination vs resistance: An intersectional approach to the agency of veiled muslim women. Journal of Intercultural Studies, February. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07256860903477662
- Byman, D. & Gold, Z. (2012). The Salafi awakening. The National Interest, No. 120 (July/August), 27-37, http://www.jstor.org/stable/42896463
- Bruinessen, M.V. (2017). Genealogies of Islamic radicalism in post-Suharto Indonesia. South East Asia Research, 10(2), 117-154, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43818511 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5367/000000002101297035
- Burke, K. C. (2012). Women’s agency in gender-traditional religions: A review of four aApproaches. Sociology Compass, 6/2, 122-133, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2011.00439.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2011.00439.x
- Commins, D. (2006). The Wahhabi mission and Saudi Arabia. London: I.B. Tauris. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9780755609444
- 14. Fandi, M. (2001). Saudi Arabia and the politics of dissent. New York: Palgrave. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230108172
- 15. Hapsari, N.F. (2011). Studi analisis wacana kritis terhadap performativitas identitas perempuan Islam dalam akun pribadi perempuan Salafi di Facebook. Thesis, Department of Culture and Media Studies, Gadjah Mada University.
- 16. Hasan, N. (2007). The Salaï¬ movement in Indonesia: transnational dynamics and local development. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 27(1), 83-94, https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-2006-045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-2006-045
- 17. Hasan, N. (2011). Salafi madrasahs and Islamic radicalism in Post-New Order Indonesia. In K. Bustaman-Ahmad & P Jory. Islamic Studies and Islamic Education in Contemporary Southeast Asia. Malaysia: Yayasan Ilmuwan.
- 18. Hegghammer, T. (2009). Jihadi-Salafis or revolutionaries? On religion and politics in the study of militant Islamism. In R. Meijer (ed.). Global Salafism Islam’s New Religious Movement (pp. 244-266). New York: Columbia University Press.
- 19. Hisyam, M. (2010). Anatomi konflik dakwah Salafi di Indonesia. Jurnal Multikultural & Multireligius, IX(33), 26-45.
- 20. Holsti, O.L. (1969), Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities, Addison-Wesley: Reading Mass,.
- 21. Ida, R. (2016). Cyberculture and sectarianism in Indonesia: the rise of Shia media and anti-Shia online movements. Jurnal Komunikasi Islam, 6(2), 194-215,, http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/jki.2016.6.2.1-19
- 22. Inge, A. (2017). The making of salafi Muslim women: paths to conversion. New York: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190611675.001.0001
- 23. Iqbal, A.M. (2017). Cyber-activism and the Islamic Salafi movement in Indonesia. PhD Thesis. Murdoch University.
- 24. Iqbal, A.M. (2014). Internet, identity and Islamic movements: the case of Salafism in Indonesia. Islamika Indonesiana, 1(1), 81-105, https://doi.org/10.15575/isin.v1i1.42 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15575/isin.v1i1.42
- 25. Jahroni, J. (2015). The political economy of knowledge: Salafism in post-Soeharto urban Indonesia. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertation. Boston University.
- 26. Lauzière, H. (2016). The making of Salafism: Islamic reform in the twentieth century. New York: Columbia University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231175500.001.0001
- 27. Lia, B. (2007). Architect of global jihad: the life of al-Qaida strategist Abu Mus’ab Al-Suri. London and New York: Hurst and Columbia University Press.
- 28. Mahanani, P.A.R. (2016). Mediatisasi pada aktifitas dakwah perempuan Salafi. Ri'ayah: Journal of Social and Religious. [S.l.], 1(2), 152-167, http://e-journal.metrouniv.ac.id/index.php/riayah/article/view/mediatisasi-pada-aktivitas-dakwah-perempuan-salafi DOI: https://doi.org/10.32332/riayah.v1i02.106
- 29. Marcotte, R.D. (2010). Gender and sexuality online on Australian Muslim forums. Cont Islam, 4, 117–138, DOI 10.1007/s11562-009-0104-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-009-0104-0
- 30. Maslak, M.A. (Ed.). (2008). The structure and agency of women’s education. Albany: State University of New York Press.
- 31. Meijer, R. (Ed.). (2009). Global Salafism Islam’s new religious movement. New York: Columbia University Press.
- 32. Merlins, R.R. (2010). Pemaknaan kesetaraan gender pada perempuan dalam komunitas Islam: Studi pada komunitas Salafi, Wahdah Islamiyah, dan Hizbut Tahrir. Thesis, Sociology Department Gadjah Mada University.
- 33. Nisa, E.F. (2012). Cadari of Wahdah Islamiyah: women as dedicated actors of ultra-conservatism. Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific, Issue 30, November, http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue30/nisa.htm
- 34. Nisa, E.F. (2013). The internet subculture of Indonesian face-veiled women. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 16 (2), 1-15, DOI: 10.1177/1367877912474534 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877912474534
- 35. Piela, A. (2017). How do Muslim women who wear the niqab interact with others online? A case study of a profile on a photo-sharing website?, New Media & Society, 19 (1), 67-80, ps://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816649919 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816649919
- 36. Roy, O. (2004). Globalised Islam: the search for a new ummah. London: C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd.
- 37. Sabrina, F. (2014). Perempuan dan media: perempuan Salafi dan aksesibilitas media (Studi etnografi pada perempuan Salafi di Wisma Qaanitah, Yogyakarta). Skripsi, Department of communication Science, Gadjah Mada University.
- 38. Sedgwick, M.. (2012). Salafism, the social and the global resurgence of religion. Comparative Islamic Studies, 8(1-2), 57-69, doi: 10.1558/cis.v8il-2.57 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1558/cis.v8i1-2.57
- 39. Tarawiyah, S. (2012). Behind the Burqa: a study on ideology and social role of salafi women in South Kalimantan. Conference Proceedings: Annual International Conference on Islamic Studies (AICIS) XII, Surabaya, 5-8 November, 1485-1500.
- 40. Teitelbaum, J. (2000). Holier than Thou: Saudi Arabia’s Islamic Opposition. WashingtonDC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
- 41. Turner, J.A. (2014). Religious Ideology and the Roots of the Global Jihad: Salafi Jihadism and International Order. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137409577
- 42. Wahid, D. (2014). Nurturing the Salafi Manhaj: a Study of Salafi Pesantren in Contemporary Indonesia. PhD Thesis, Utrecht University. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17510/wacana.v15i2.413
References
Ali, M.B. (2016). The roots of religious extremism: Understanding the Salafi doctrine of al-wala' wal bara'. London: Imperial College Press.
Al-Rasheed, M. (2002). A history of Saudi Arabia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Amghar, S. (2007). Salafism and radicalisation of young European Muslims. In S. Amghar et.al. (Eds.), European Islam: Challenges for public policy and society (pp. 38-51). Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies.
Anis, E.Z. (2018). Countering terrorist narratives: Winning the hearts and minds of Indonesian millennials. Proceeding. KnE Social Sciences: The 1st International Conference on South East Asia Studies 2016, 189-210, DOI 10.18502/kss.v3i5.2333 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i5.2333
Armborst, A. (2009). A profile of religious fundamentalism and terrorist activism. Defence Against Terrorism Review. 2(3), 51-71.
Astuti, E.R. (2010). Perempuan-perempuan terekslusi (Proses eksklusi sosial perempuan-perempuan Salafi di Yogyakarta). Thesis. Center for Religious and Cross-Cultural Studies (CRCS) Gadjah Mada University.
Bilge, S. (2010). Beyond subordination vs resistance: An intersectional approach to the agency of veiled muslim women. Journal of Intercultural Studies, February. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07256860903477662
Byman, D. & Gold, Z. (2012). The Salafi awakening. The National Interest, No. 120 (July/August), 27-37, http://www.jstor.org/stable/42896463
Bruinessen, M.V. (2017). Genealogies of Islamic radicalism in post-Suharto Indonesia. South East Asia Research, 10(2), 117-154, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43818511 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5367/000000002101297035
Burke, K. C. (2012). Women’s agency in gender-traditional religions: A review of four aApproaches. Sociology Compass, 6/2, 122-133, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2011.00439.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2011.00439.x
Commins, D. (2006). The Wahhabi mission and Saudi Arabia. London: I.B. Tauris. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9780755609444
14. Fandi, M. (2001). Saudi Arabia and the politics of dissent. New York: Palgrave. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230108172
15. Hapsari, N.F. (2011). Studi analisis wacana kritis terhadap performativitas identitas perempuan Islam dalam akun pribadi perempuan Salafi di Facebook. Thesis, Department of Culture and Media Studies, Gadjah Mada University.
16. Hasan, N. (2007). The Salaï¬ movement in Indonesia: transnational dynamics and local development. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 27(1), 83-94, https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-2006-045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-2006-045
17. Hasan, N. (2011). Salafi madrasahs and Islamic radicalism in Post-New Order Indonesia. In K. Bustaman-Ahmad & P Jory. Islamic Studies and Islamic Education in Contemporary Southeast Asia. Malaysia: Yayasan Ilmuwan.
18. Hegghammer, T. (2009). Jihadi-Salafis or revolutionaries? On religion and politics in the study of militant Islamism. In R. Meijer (ed.). Global Salafism Islam’s New Religious Movement (pp. 244-266). New York: Columbia University Press.
19. Hisyam, M. (2010). Anatomi konflik dakwah Salafi di Indonesia. Jurnal Multikultural & Multireligius, IX(33), 26-45.
20. Holsti, O.L. (1969), Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities, Addison-Wesley: Reading Mass,.
21. Ida, R. (2016). Cyberculture and sectarianism in Indonesia: the rise of Shia media and anti-Shia online movements. Jurnal Komunikasi Islam, 6(2), 194-215,, http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/jki.2016.6.2.1-19
22. Inge, A. (2017). The making of salafi Muslim women: paths to conversion. New York: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190611675.001.0001
23. Iqbal, A.M. (2017). Cyber-activism and the Islamic Salafi movement in Indonesia. PhD Thesis. Murdoch University.
24. Iqbal, A.M. (2014). Internet, identity and Islamic movements: the case of Salafism in Indonesia. Islamika Indonesiana, 1(1), 81-105, https://doi.org/10.15575/isin.v1i1.42 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15575/isin.v1i1.42
25. Jahroni, J. (2015). The political economy of knowledge: Salafism in post-Soeharto urban Indonesia. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertation. Boston University.
26. Lauzière, H. (2016). The making of Salafism: Islamic reform in the twentieth century. New York: Columbia University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231175500.001.0001
27. Lia, B. (2007). Architect of global jihad: the life of al-Qaida strategist Abu Mus’ab Al-Suri. London and New York: Hurst and Columbia University Press.
28. Mahanani, P.A.R. (2016). Mediatisasi pada aktifitas dakwah perempuan Salafi. Ri'ayah: Journal of Social and Religious. [S.l.], 1(2), 152-167, http://e-journal.metrouniv.ac.id/index.php/riayah/article/view/mediatisasi-pada-aktivitas-dakwah-perempuan-salafi DOI: https://doi.org/10.32332/riayah.v1i02.106
29. Marcotte, R.D. (2010). Gender and sexuality online on Australian Muslim forums. Cont Islam, 4, 117–138, DOI 10.1007/s11562-009-0104-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-009-0104-0
30. Maslak, M.A. (Ed.). (2008). The structure and agency of women’s education. Albany: State University of New York Press.
31. Meijer, R. (Ed.). (2009). Global Salafism Islam’s new religious movement. New York: Columbia University Press.
32. Merlins, R.R. (2010). Pemaknaan kesetaraan gender pada perempuan dalam komunitas Islam: Studi pada komunitas Salafi, Wahdah Islamiyah, dan Hizbut Tahrir. Thesis, Sociology Department Gadjah Mada University.
33. Nisa, E.F. (2012). Cadari of Wahdah Islamiyah: women as dedicated actors of ultra-conservatism. Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific, Issue 30, November, http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue30/nisa.htm
34. Nisa, E.F. (2013). The internet subculture of Indonesian face-veiled women. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 16 (2), 1-15, DOI: 10.1177/1367877912474534 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877912474534
35. Piela, A. (2017). How do Muslim women who wear the niqab interact with others online? A case study of a profile on a photo-sharing website?, New Media & Society, 19 (1), 67-80, ps://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816649919 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816649919
36. Roy, O. (2004). Globalised Islam: the search for a new ummah. London: C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd.
37. Sabrina, F. (2014). Perempuan dan media: perempuan Salafi dan aksesibilitas media (Studi etnografi pada perempuan Salafi di Wisma Qaanitah, Yogyakarta). Skripsi, Department of communication Science, Gadjah Mada University.
38. Sedgwick, M.. (2012). Salafism, the social and the global resurgence of religion. Comparative Islamic Studies, 8(1-2), 57-69, doi: 10.1558/cis.v8il-2.57 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1558/cis.v8i1-2.57
39. Tarawiyah, S. (2012). Behind the Burqa: a study on ideology and social role of salafi women in South Kalimantan. Conference Proceedings: Annual International Conference on Islamic Studies (AICIS) XII, Surabaya, 5-8 November, 1485-1500.
40. Teitelbaum, J. (2000). Holier than Thou: Saudi Arabia’s Islamic Opposition. WashingtonDC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
41. Turner, J.A. (2014). Religious Ideology and the Roots of the Global Jihad: Salafi Jihadism and International Order. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137409577
42. Wahid, D. (2014). Nurturing the Salafi Manhaj: a Study of Salafi Pesantren in Contemporary Indonesia. PhD Thesis, Utrecht University. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17510/wacana.v15i2.413