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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-ESTEEM, FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS AND SOCIAL SUPPORT AS THE PROTECTIVE FACTORS AND ADOLESCENT MENTAL HEALTH
Corresponding Author(s) : Rike Triana
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 7 No. 1 (2019): January
Abstract
Purpose : Mental disorders begin to occur at the age of 10-29 years about 10-20 %. Protective factors to prevent mental disorders in adolescents were self-esteem, family relationships and social support. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the protective factors of self-esteem, family relationships, and social support and adolescent mental health.
Methodology: This research employs a correlative design. The subjects were 452 students in 8 grade (aged < 15 years old) that chosen by a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected by five questionnaires: demographic data, Rossenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Family Relation Index, Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale, Mental Health Continuum Short Form.
Main Findings: The results show that the protective factors of self-esteem, family relationships, and social support have a positive and significant influence on adolescent mental health (p < 0,05).
Applications: These findings showed the important role of protective factors (self-esteem, family relationships, social support) to adolescent mental health. Schools, parents and mental health nurses need to develop programs to promote mental health by improving the protective factors of self-esteem, family relationships, and social support.
Novelty/Originality: There are no studies involving comprehensive protective factors include individuals, families and communities on adolescent mental health.
Keywords
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- Adachi, P. J. C., & Willoughby, T. (2014). It’s Not How Much You Play, but How Much You Enjoy the Game: The Longitudinal Associations Between Adolescents’ Self-Esteem and the Frequency Versus Enjoyment of Involvement in Sports. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(1), 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9988-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9988-3
- Ahmed, W., Minnaert, A., van der Werf, G., & Kuyper, H. (2010). Perceived Social Support and Early Adolescents’ Achievement: The Mediational Roles of Motivational Beliefs and Emotions. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(1), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9367-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9367-7
- Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. (2013). Riset Kesehatan Dasar (RISKESDAS) 2013. Laporan Nasional 2013, 1–384. https://doi.org/1 Desember 2013
- Cheng, Y., Li, X., Lou, C., Sonenstein, F. L., Kalamar, A., Jejeebhoy, S., … Ojengbede, O. (2014). The association between social support and mental health among vulnerable adolescents in five cities: Findings from the study of the well-being of adolescents in vulnerable environments. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(6), S31–S38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.08.020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.08.020
- Coverdale, G. E., & Long, A. F. (2015). Emotional wellbeing and mental health: An exploration into health promotion in young people and families. Perspectives in Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913914558080 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913914558080
- Curtis, A. C. (2015). Defining Adolescence. Journal of Adolescent and Family Health, 7(2), 1–39. https://doi.org/http://scholar.utc.edu/jafh/vol7/iss2/2/
- Demir, T., Karacetin, G., Demir, D. E., & Uysal, O. (2011). Epidemiology of depression in an urban population of Turkish children and adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 134(1–3), 168–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.05.041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.05.041
- Farshi, M. G., Sharifi, H. P., & Rad, M. A. (2013). The Relationship between Self-Esteem, Mental Health and Quality of Life in Patients with Skin Diseases. Asian Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Researches, 3(2), 50–54.
- Glanz, K., Rimer, B. K., & Vismanath, K. (2008). Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass A Wiley Imprint.
- Graziano, F., Bonino, S., & Cattelino, E. (2009). Links between maternal and paternal support, depressive feelings and social and academic self-efficacy in adolescence. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 6(2), 241–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405620701252066 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17405620701252066
- Haroz, E. E., Murray, L. K., Bolton, P., Betancourt, T., & Bass, J. K. (2013). Adolescent Resilience in Northern Uganda: The Role of Social Support and Prosocial Behavior in Reducing Mental Health Problems. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23(1), 138–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00802.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00802.x
- Heinssen, R. K., Goldstein, A. B., & Azrin, S. T. (2014). Evidence-Based Treatments for First Episode Psychosis: Components of Coordinated Specialty Care. NIMH White Paper.
- Hockenberry, M. J., & Wilson, D. (2015). Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children (10th Ed). Missouri: Elsevier Mosby.
- IDAI. (2013). Masalah Kesehatan Mental Emosional Remaja, 1–7. Retrieved from http://www.idai.or.id/artikel/seputar-ÂkesehatanÂ-anak/masalah-ÂkesehatanÂ-mentalÂ-emosionalÂ-remaja
- Jang, H. J., & Jeon, M. K. (2015). Relationship between self-esteem and mental health according to mindfulness of university students. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 8(21). https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i21/78459 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i21/78459
- Kartono, K. (2002). Hygiene Mental. Bandung: Mandar Maju.
- Kemenkes RI. (2013). Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013. Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, (1), 1–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2
- Mann, M., Hosmar, C. M. H., Schaalma, H. P., & DeVries. (2004). Self-esteem in a broad-spectrum approach for mental health promotion. Health Education Reseahrc, 19(4), 357–372. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyg041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyg041
- Matthews, D. W. (2008). Strengthening Family Relationships. Retrieved January 25, 2018, from http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/publications/1229-strengthening-family-relationships
- Merikangas, K., Jian-ping, H., Burstein, M., Swanson, S., Avenevoli, S., Lihong, C., … Swendsen, J. (2011). Lifetime Prevalence of Mental Disorders in US Adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Study-Adolescent Supplement. Journal of the American Academy Children Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(10), 980–989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017
- Mo, P. K. H., & Mak, W. W. S. (2008). Application of the PRECEDE model to understanding mental health promoting behaviors in Hong Kong. Health Education & Behavior : The Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education, 35(4), 574–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198108317409 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198108317409
- Moore, G., Cox, R., Evans, R., Hallingberg, B., Hawkins, J., & Littlecott, H. (2018). School , Peer and Family Relationships and Adolescent Substance Use , Subjective Wellbeing and Mental Health Symptoms in Wales : a Cross Sectional Study. Child Indicators Research, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-017-9524-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-017-9524-1
- Moshki, M., Atarodi, B. A., Moslem, A., & Taheri, M. (2012). Applying an Educational-participatory Program based on the PRECEDE Model for Promoting Self-esteem and Mental Health of Students in Iran. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 3(4), 241–248.
- Mulligan, A. (2011). The relationship between self-esteem and mental health outcomes in children and youth. New York. Retrieved from http://www.excellenceforchildandyouth.ca/sites/default/files/resource/EIS_Self_Esteem_MH.pdf
- O’Connell, M. E., Boat, T., & Warner, K. E. (2009). Preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among young people: Progress and possibilities (Vol. 23). Washington DC: National Academies Press.
- Pritchard, R., Pryor, J., & Murphy, M. (2007). Healthy Family Relationships.
- Sarafino, E. P., & Smith, T. W. (2011). Health psychology biopsychosocial interactions (7th Ed). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(91)90058-V DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(91)90058-V
- Shives, L. R. (2011). Basic Concepts of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing (8th Ed). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- Wang, X., Cai, L., Qian, J., & Peng, J. (2014). Social support moderates stress effects on depression. International Journal of MentalHealth Systems, 8(41), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-8-41 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-8-41
- Wangge, B. D. R., & Hartini, N. (2013). Hubungan antara Penerimaan Diri dengan Harga Diri pada Remaja pasca Perceraian Orangtua. Jurnal Psikologi Kepribadian Dan Sosial, 2(1), 1–6.
- Whiteford, H. A., Ferrari, A. J., Degenhardt, L., Feigin, V., & Vos, T. (2015). The global burden of mental, neurological and substance use disorders: An analysis from the global burden of disease study 2010. PLoS ONE, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116820 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116820
- Wille, N., Bettge, S., & Ravens-Sieberer, U. (2008). Risk and protective factors for children’s and adolescents’ mental health: Results of the BELLA study. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 17(SUPPL. 1), 133–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-008-1015-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-008-1015-y
- World Health Organization. (2017). Adolescents and mental health. Retrieved January 1, 2018, from http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/adolescence/mental_health/en/
References
Adachi, P. J. C., & Willoughby, T. (2014). It’s Not How Much You Play, but How Much You Enjoy the Game: The Longitudinal Associations Between Adolescents’ Self-Esteem and the Frequency Versus Enjoyment of Involvement in Sports. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(1), 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9988-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9988-3
Ahmed, W., Minnaert, A., van der Werf, G., & Kuyper, H. (2010). Perceived Social Support and Early Adolescents’ Achievement: The Mediational Roles of Motivational Beliefs and Emotions. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(1), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9367-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9367-7
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. (2013). Riset Kesehatan Dasar (RISKESDAS) 2013. Laporan Nasional 2013, 1–384. https://doi.org/1 Desember 2013
Cheng, Y., Li, X., Lou, C., Sonenstein, F. L., Kalamar, A., Jejeebhoy, S., … Ojengbede, O. (2014). The association between social support and mental health among vulnerable adolescents in five cities: Findings from the study of the well-being of adolescents in vulnerable environments. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(6), S31–S38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.08.020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.08.020
Coverdale, G. E., & Long, A. F. (2015). Emotional wellbeing and mental health: An exploration into health promotion in young people and families. Perspectives in Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913914558080 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913914558080
Curtis, A. C. (2015). Defining Adolescence. Journal of Adolescent and Family Health, 7(2), 1–39. https://doi.org/http://scholar.utc.edu/jafh/vol7/iss2/2/
Demir, T., Karacetin, G., Demir, D. E., & Uysal, O. (2011). Epidemiology of depression in an urban population of Turkish children and adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 134(1–3), 168–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.05.041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.05.041
Farshi, M. G., Sharifi, H. P., & Rad, M. A. (2013). The Relationship between Self-Esteem, Mental Health and Quality of Life in Patients with Skin Diseases. Asian Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Researches, 3(2), 50–54.
Glanz, K., Rimer, B. K., & Vismanath, K. (2008). Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass A Wiley Imprint.
Graziano, F., Bonino, S., & Cattelino, E. (2009). Links between maternal and paternal support, depressive feelings and social and academic self-efficacy in adolescence. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 6(2), 241–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405620701252066 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17405620701252066
Haroz, E. E., Murray, L. K., Bolton, P., Betancourt, T., & Bass, J. K. (2013). Adolescent Resilience in Northern Uganda: The Role of Social Support and Prosocial Behavior in Reducing Mental Health Problems. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23(1), 138–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00802.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00802.x
Heinssen, R. K., Goldstein, A. B., & Azrin, S. T. (2014). Evidence-Based Treatments for First Episode Psychosis: Components of Coordinated Specialty Care. NIMH White Paper.
Hockenberry, M. J., & Wilson, D. (2015). Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children (10th Ed). Missouri: Elsevier Mosby.
IDAI. (2013). Masalah Kesehatan Mental Emosional Remaja, 1–7. Retrieved from http://www.idai.or.id/artikel/seputar-ÂkesehatanÂ-anak/masalah-ÂkesehatanÂ-mentalÂ-emosionalÂ-remaja
Jang, H. J., & Jeon, M. K. (2015). Relationship between self-esteem and mental health according to mindfulness of university students. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 8(21). https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i21/78459 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i21/78459
Kartono, K. (2002). Hygiene Mental. Bandung: Mandar Maju.
Kemenkes RI. (2013). Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013. Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, (1), 1–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2
Mann, M., Hosmar, C. M. H., Schaalma, H. P., & DeVries. (2004). Self-esteem in a broad-spectrum approach for mental health promotion. Health Education Reseahrc, 19(4), 357–372. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyg041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyg041
Matthews, D. W. (2008). Strengthening Family Relationships. Retrieved January 25, 2018, from http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/publications/1229-strengthening-family-relationships
Merikangas, K., Jian-ping, H., Burstein, M., Swanson, S., Avenevoli, S., Lihong, C., … Swendsen, J. (2011). Lifetime Prevalence of Mental Disorders in US Adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Study-Adolescent Supplement. Journal of the American Academy Children Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(10), 980–989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017
Mo, P. K. H., & Mak, W. W. S. (2008). Application of the PRECEDE model to understanding mental health promoting behaviors in Hong Kong. Health Education & Behavior : The Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education, 35(4), 574–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198108317409 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198108317409
Moore, G., Cox, R., Evans, R., Hallingberg, B., Hawkins, J., & Littlecott, H. (2018). School , Peer and Family Relationships and Adolescent Substance Use , Subjective Wellbeing and Mental Health Symptoms in Wales : a Cross Sectional Study. Child Indicators Research, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-017-9524-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-017-9524-1
Moshki, M., Atarodi, B. A., Moslem, A., & Taheri, M. (2012). Applying an Educational-participatory Program based on the PRECEDE Model for Promoting Self-esteem and Mental Health of Students in Iran. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 3(4), 241–248.
Mulligan, A. (2011). The relationship between self-esteem and mental health outcomes in children and youth. New York. Retrieved from http://www.excellenceforchildandyouth.ca/sites/default/files/resource/EIS_Self_Esteem_MH.pdf
O’Connell, M. E., Boat, T., & Warner, K. E. (2009). Preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among young people: Progress and possibilities (Vol. 23). Washington DC: National Academies Press.
Pritchard, R., Pryor, J., & Murphy, M. (2007). Healthy Family Relationships.
Sarafino, E. P., & Smith, T. W. (2011). Health psychology biopsychosocial interactions (7th Ed). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(91)90058-V DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(91)90058-V
Shives, L. R. (2011). Basic Concepts of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing (8th Ed). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Wang, X., Cai, L., Qian, J., & Peng, J. (2014). Social support moderates stress effects on depression. International Journal of MentalHealth Systems, 8(41), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-8-41 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-8-41
Wangge, B. D. R., & Hartini, N. (2013). Hubungan antara Penerimaan Diri dengan Harga Diri pada Remaja pasca Perceraian Orangtua. Jurnal Psikologi Kepribadian Dan Sosial, 2(1), 1–6.
Whiteford, H. A., Ferrari, A. J., Degenhardt, L., Feigin, V., & Vos, T. (2015). The global burden of mental, neurological and substance use disorders: An analysis from the global burden of disease study 2010. PLoS ONE, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116820 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116820
Wille, N., Bettge, S., & Ravens-Sieberer, U. (2008). Risk and protective factors for children’s and adolescents’ mental health: Results of the BELLA study. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 17(SUPPL. 1), 133–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-008-1015-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-008-1015-y
World Health Organization. (2017). Adolescents and mental health. Retrieved January 1, 2018, from http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/adolescence/mental_health/en/