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ONLINE FORUMS: COMMUNICATION MODEL, CATEGORIES OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION REGULATION AND NORMS OF BEHAVIOR
Corresponding Author(s) : Daria Bylieva
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 7 No. 1 (2019): January
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The paper addresses the issue of regulating Internet communication activities in the context of online forums. The study aims to create a forum communication model identifying the areas subject to social regulation and defining the most common types of norms
Methodology: The study draws upon the semiotic method to develop a new communication model based on classical theories. Quantitative empirical studies are also used. The rules and guidelines of 1,205 online forums were analyzed to identify the most common norms.
Main Findings: Communicators and moderators access the forum communication space via user accounts and create a sign system. Some categories, such as a ban on deceptive or offensive content, are similar to those used in offline life. Other regulations are Internet-specific in that they are determined by inherent challenges of online communication (for example, account cloning) or by the way a forum is structured.
Applications of this study: The findings related to the forum rules are presented in a summarized manner, although the rules vary slightly in reality, depending on the forum topic. The prevalence of deviant behaviors on online forums was also beyond the scope of this study. The study was based on the rules of Russian- and English-speaking forums, and it should be noted that language differences could influence the results.
Social Implications: The evolving social interactions on the Web require regulations, which can differ significantly from those used offline. The study of social norms on the Internet allows us to trace what types of online behavior are now considered deviant and examine the current potential of Internet self-regulation.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The study developed a new communication model for categorizing online communication norms. Major categories of online communication behavior regulation were identified and the most popular types of social norms were determined.
Keywords
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- Al-Fedaghi S. (2012). A Conceptual Foundation for the Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication. International Journal of Soft Computing, 7(1),12-19.DOI: 10.3923/ijscomp.2012.12.19ISSN: 1816-9503 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/ijscomp.2012.12.19
- Al-Fedaghi, S., Alsaqa, A., & Fadel, Z. (2009). Conceptual Model for Communication. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, 6 (2), 29-41.ISSN 1947 5500
- Barbillon, P., Donnet, S., Lazega, E., & Bar-Hen, A. (2017). Stochastic blockmodels for multiplex networks: an application to a multilevel network of researchers. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society),180(1), 295–314. DOI https://doi.org/10.1111/rssa.12193ISSN:1467-985X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/rssa.12193
- Elleström L. (2018). A medium-centred model of communication. Semiotica: Journal of the International Association for Semiotic Studies, 2018 (224), 269.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/sem-2016-0024ISSN 1613-3692 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/sem-2016-0024
- Fawkes, J., & Gregory, A. (2000). Applying communication theories to the Internet. Journal of Communication Management, 5(2), 109-124. DOI: 10.1108/13632540110806703ISSN: 1363-254X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13632540110806703
- Fuchs, C. (2016). Critical Theory of Communication. London: University of Westminster Press. DOIhttps://doi.org/10.16997/book1.ISBN 978-1-911534-06-8
- Garton, L., Haythornthwaite, C., &Wellman, B. (1997). Studying online social networks. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3(1), JCMC313. DOI https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00062.xEISSN 1083-6101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00062.x
- Hamelink, C. J. (2013). Normative bases for communication. In P. Cobley& P. J. Schulz (eds.), Theories and models of communication (pp. 59–83). Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter.ISBN-13: 978-3110240443 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110240450.147
- Hanneke, S., Fu, W., & Xing, E. P. (2010). Discrete temporal models of social networks. Electronic Journal of Statistics, 4, 585–605.DOI: 10.1214/09-EJS548 ISSN: 1935-7524 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1214/09-EJS548
- Harris, R. (2003). Saussure and his interpreters(2nd ed). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.ISBN9780748617838
- Hurme, T.-R., Veermans, K., Palonen, T., & Järvelä, S. (2008). Exploring changes in network structures during online discussions. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference for the Learning Sciences (Vol. 1, pp. 382–389).London, UK: International Society of the Learning Sciences. ISBN: 978-1-7324672-2-4
- Jakobson, R. (1978). Closing statement: Linguistics and poetics. In T.Sebeok (ed.), Style in the language (pp. 350–377). Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press. ISBN 13: 9780262690102
- Kostin, G. A., Pokrovskaia, N. N. &Ababkova,M. U. (2017). Master-chain as an intellectual governing system for producing and transfer of knowledge. In S.Shaposhnikov (ed.), Proceedings of 2017 IEEE II International Conference on Control in Technical Systems (CTS), (pp. 71-75) IEEE. DOI: 10.1109/CTSYS.2017.8109491ISBN 978-1-5386-0777-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CTSYS.2017.8109491
- Krichene, H., Chakraborty, A., Fujiwara, Y., Inoue, H., &Terai, M. (2019). Tie-formation process within the communities of the Japanese production network: application of an exponential random graph model. Applied Network Science, 4(1), 5. DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-019-0112-9ISSN: 2364-8228 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-019-0112-9
- Krivitsky, P. N., & Handcock, M. S. (2014). A separable model for dynamic networks. JRSS Series B-Statistical Methodology, 76(1), 29–46. doi:10.1111/rssb.12014 JAN 2014ISSN:1467-9868 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/rssb.12014
- Lasswell, H. D. (1948). The structure and function of communication in society. In Lyman Bryson (ed.), The Communication of Ideas (pp. 215-228). New York: The Institute for Religious and Social Studies.
- Livingstone, S. (2004). The challenge of changing audiences. Or, what is the audience researcher to do in the age of the internet? European Journal of Communication, 19 (1). 75–86. doi:10.1177/0267323104040695 ISSN: 0267-3231EISSN: 1460-3705 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323104040695
- Matias, C., Rebafka, T., & Villers, F. (2018). A semiparametric extension of the stochastic block model for longitudinal networks. Biometrika, 105(3), 665–680. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/asy016ISSN 0006-3444EISSN 1464-3510 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/asy016
- McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding media: The extensions of man (2nd ed., Signet book). New York, NY: New American Library. ISBN13: 978-0262631594
- O’Sullivan, P. B., &Carr, C. T. (2018). Mass personal communication: A model bridging the mass-interpersonal divide. New Media & Society, 20(3), 1161-1180.https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816686104ISSN:1461-4448EISSN: 1461-7315 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816686104
- Peirce, C. S. (1931-58). Collected Papers (Vols. 1-6). ed. C. Hartshorne, & P. Weiss. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press.
- Schramm, W. (1971). The nature of communication between humans. In W. Schramm & D. F. Roberts (eds.), The process and effects of mass communication (pp. 3–53). Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252001974
- Shannon, C. E. & Weaver W. (1963). The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252725484
- Shannon, C. E. (1948). A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27, 379–423.ISSN:2376-7154 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x
- Shipunova, O.D., Berezovskaya, I.P., Mureyko, L.M., Evseev, V.V.; Evseeva, L.I. (2018). Personal intellectual potential in the e-culture conditions, Espacios, 39 (40), 15. ISSN 0798 1015
- Shipunova, O.D., Mureyko, L.V., Berezovskaya I.P., Kolomeyzev, I.V., &Serkova, V.A. (2017).The cultural code in controlling stereotypes of mass consciousness.European Research Studies Journal, 20 (4), 694-705. ISSN: 1108-2976 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/921
- Teixeira, M. & Tiago, F. (2014). The communication model of the virtual universe. Munich: Grin Verlag.
- Tranmer, M., Steel, D., & Browne, W. J. (2014). Multiple-membership multiple-classification models for social network and group dependencies. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society),177(2), 439–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/rssa.12021ISSN:1467-985X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/rssa.12021
- Trostinskaia, I.R., Safonova, A.S., &Pokrovskaia, N.N (2017). Professionalizationofeducationwithinthe digital economy and communicative competencies. In S.Shaposhnikov (ed.), Proceedings of 2017 IEEE 6th Forum Strategic Partnership ofUniversities and Enterprises of Hi-Tech Branches (Science. Education. Innovations), SPUE (pp. 29-32).IEEE.DOI:10.1109/IVForum.2017.8245961ISBN 978-1-5386-2571-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IVForum.2017.8245961
- Welles, B. F., Vashevko, A., Bennett, N. & Contractor, N. (2014) Dynamic Models of Communication in an Online Friendship Network, Communication Methods and Measures, 8(4), 223-243. DOI: 10.1080/19312458.2014.967843ISSN: 1931-2458 EISSN: 1931-2466 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2014.967843
- Westley, B. H. & McLean, M. (1957). A conceptual model for communication research. Journalism Quarterly, 34, 31-38. ISSN:0196-3031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/107769905703400103
- Zandberg, T., & Huisman, M. (2019). Missing behavior data in longitudinal network studies: the impact of treatment methods on estimated effect parameters in stochastic actor-oriented models. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 9(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-019-0553-2ISSN: 1869-5450 EISSN: 1869-5469 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-019-0553-2
References
Al-Fedaghi S. (2012). A Conceptual Foundation for the Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication. International Journal of Soft Computing, 7(1),12-19.DOI: 10.3923/ijscomp.2012.12.19ISSN: 1816-9503 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/ijscomp.2012.12.19
Al-Fedaghi, S., Alsaqa, A., & Fadel, Z. (2009). Conceptual Model for Communication. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, 6 (2), 29-41.ISSN 1947 5500
Barbillon, P., Donnet, S., Lazega, E., & Bar-Hen, A. (2017). Stochastic blockmodels for multiplex networks: an application to a multilevel network of researchers. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society),180(1), 295–314. DOI https://doi.org/10.1111/rssa.12193ISSN:1467-985X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/rssa.12193
Elleström L. (2018). A medium-centred model of communication. Semiotica: Journal of the International Association for Semiotic Studies, 2018 (224), 269.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/sem-2016-0024ISSN 1613-3692 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/sem-2016-0024
Fawkes, J., & Gregory, A. (2000). Applying communication theories to the Internet. Journal of Communication Management, 5(2), 109-124. DOI: 10.1108/13632540110806703ISSN: 1363-254X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13632540110806703
Fuchs, C. (2016). Critical Theory of Communication. London: University of Westminster Press. DOIhttps://doi.org/10.16997/book1.ISBN 978-1-911534-06-8
Garton, L., Haythornthwaite, C., &Wellman, B. (1997). Studying online social networks. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3(1), JCMC313. DOI https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00062.xEISSN 1083-6101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00062.x
Hamelink, C. J. (2013). Normative bases for communication. In P. Cobley& P. J. Schulz (eds.), Theories and models of communication (pp. 59–83). Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter.ISBN-13: 978-3110240443 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110240450.147
Hanneke, S., Fu, W., & Xing, E. P. (2010). Discrete temporal models of social networks. Electronic Journal of Statistics, 4, 585–605.DOI: 10.1214/09-EJS548 ISSN: 1935-7524 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1214/09-EJS548
Harris, R. (2003). Saussure and his interpreters(2nd ed). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.ISBN9780748617838
Hurme, T.-R., Veermans, K., Palonen, T., & Järvelä, S. (2008). Exploring changes in network structures during online discussions. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference for the Learning Sciences (Vol. 1, pp. 382–389).London, UK: International Society of the Learning Sciences. ISBN: 978-1-7324672-2-4
Jakobson, R. (1978). Closing statement: Linguistics and poetics. In T.Sebeok (ed.), Style in the language (pp. 350–377). Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press. ISBN 13: 9780262690102
Kostin, G. A., Pokrovskaia, N. N. &Ababkova,M. U. (2017). Master-chain as an intellectual governing system for producing and transfer of knowledge. In S.Shaposhnikov (ed.), Proceedings of 2017 IEEE II International Conference on Control in Technical Systems (CTS), (pp. 71-75) IEEE. DOI: 10.1109/CTSYS.2017.8109491ISBN 978-1-5386-0777-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CTSYS.2017.8109491
Krichene, H., Chakraborty, A., Fujiwara, Y., Inoue, H., &Terai, M. (2019). Tie-formation process within the communities of the Japanese production network: application of an exponential random graph model. Applied Network Science, 4(1), 5. DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-019-0112-9ISSN: 2364-8228 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-019-0112-9
Krivitsky, P. N., & Handcock, M. S. (2014). A separable model for dynamic networks. JRSS Series B-Statistical Methodology, 76(1), 29–46. doi:10.1111/rssb.12014 JAN 2014ISSN:1467-9868 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/rssb.12014
Lasswell, H. D. (1948). The structure and function of communication in society. In Lyman Bryson (ed.), The Communication of Ideas (pp. 215-228). New York: The Institute for Religious and Social Studies.
Livingstone, S. (2004). The challenge of changing audiences. Or, what is the audience researcher to do in the age of the internet? European Journal of Communication, 19 (1). 75–86. doi:10.1177/0267323104040695 ISSN: 0267-3231EISSN: 1460-3705 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323104040695
Matias, C., Rebafka, T., & Villers, F. (2018). A semiparametric extension of the stochastic block model for longitudinal networks. Biometrika, 105(3), 665–680. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/asy016ISSN 0006-3444EISSN 1464-3510 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/asy016
McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding media: The extensions of man (2nd ed., Signet book). New York, NY: New American Library. ISBN13: 978-0262631594
O’Sullivan, P. B., &Carr, C. T. (2018). Mass personal communication: A model bridging the mass-interpersonal divide. New Media & Society, 20(3), 1161-1180.https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816686104ISSN:1461-4448EISSN: 1461-7315 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816686104
Peirce, C. S. (1931-58). Collected Papers (Vols. 1-6). ed. C. Hartshorne, & P. Weiss. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press.
Schramm, W. (1971). The nature of communication between humans. In W. Schramm & D. F. Roberts (eds.), The process and effects of mass communication (pp. 3–53). Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252001974
Shannon, C. E. & Weaver W. (1963). The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252725484
Shannon, C. E. (1948). A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27, 379–423.ISSN:2376-7154 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x
Shipunova, O.D., Berezovskaya, I.P., Mureyko, L.M., Evseev, V.V.; Evseeva, L.I. (2018). Personal intellectual potential in the e-culture conditions, Espacios, 39 (40), 15. ISSN 0798 1015
Shipunova, O.D., Mureyko, L.V., Berezovskaya I.P., Kolomeyzev, I.V., &Serkova, V.A. (2017).The cultural code in controlling stereotypes of mass consciousness.European Research Studies Journal, 20 (4), 694-705. ISSN: 1108-2976 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/921
Teixeira, M. & Tiago, F. (2014). The communication model of the virtual universe. Munich: Grin Verlag.
Tranmer, M., Steel, D., & Browne, W. J. (2014). Multiple-membership multiple-classification models for social network and group dependencies. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society),177(2), 439–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/rssa.12021ISSN:1467-985X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/rssa.12021
Trostinskaia, I.R., Safonova, A.S., &Pokrovskaia, N.N (2017). Professionalizationofeducationwithinthe digital economy and communicative competencies. In S.Shaposhnikov (ed.), Proceedings of 2017 IEEE 6th Forum Strategic Partnership ofUniversities and Enterprises of Hi-Tech Branches (Science. Education. Innovations), SPUE (pp. 29-32).IEEE.DOI:10.1109/IVForum.2017.8245961ISBN 978-1-5386-2571-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IVForum.2017.8245961
Welles, B. F., Vashevko, A., Bennett, N. & Contractor, N. (2014) Dynamic Models of Communication in an Online Friendship Network, Communication Methods and Measures, 8(4), 223-243. DOI: 10.1080/19312458.2014.967843ISSN: 1931-2458 EISSN: 1931-2466 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2014.967843
Westley, B. H. & McLean, M. (1957). A conceptual model for communication research. Journalism Quarterly, 34, 31-38. ISSN:0196-3031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/107769905703400103
Zandberg, T., & Huisman, M. (2019). Missing behavior data in longitudinal network studies: the impact of treatment methods on estimated effect parameters in stochastic actor-oriented models. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 9(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-019-0553-2ISSN: 1869-5450 EISSN: 1869-5469 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-019-0553-2