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ROLE OF SELF CONCEPT, EMOTIONAL REGULATION, EMPATHY IN PREDICTING FORGIVENESS IN TEENS OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN SURABAYA
Corresponding Author(s) : Wiwik Juwarini Prihastiwi
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 7 No. 3 (2019): May
Abstract
Purpose of Study: This research aimed to determine variables which are between self-concept, emotional regulation and empathy are the strongest predictors of forgiveness. The subjects were the teenagers in the 2nd grade of junior high school in Surabaya of Indonesia. The subjects were 111 people that consist of 60 boys and 51 girls.
Methodology: The research design was quantitative which correlated between self-concept, emotional regulation, empathy, and forgiveness. Data analysis was multiple regressions.
Results: The result of the test showed that there was a very significant positive correlation empathy, emotional regulation with forgiveness (significance level p <.05). On the contrary, there was no significant correlation self-concept with forgiveness. All predictors, self-concept, emotional regulation and empathy contributed 31.4% on forgiveness. The result also obtained that emotional regulation that was a stronger predictor of forgiveness (74.1%) compared to empathy (16.1%) and then there were no differences of emotional regulation and forgiveness based on gender, but girls are higher in empathy than boys.
Implications/Applications: The results showed that it gave the contribution to the therapy of forgiveness teenagers.
Keywords
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Al-Mabuk, R., Enright, R. D., and Cardis, P. (1995). Forgiveness education with parentally love-deprived college students.
Journal of Moral Education, 24:427–444.
Allemand, M., Amberg, I., Zimprich, D., and Fincham, F. D. (2007). Role Of Trait Forgiveness And Relationship Satisfac- tion In Episodic Forgivenes. Journal Of Social And Clinical Psychology, 26(2).
Baharudina, D. F., Amtb, M. A. C., Jailania, M. R. M., and Sumaric, M. (2011). The concept of forgiveness as a Tool in Counseling Intervention for Well-being enhancement. Perkama International Convention.
Baron, R. and dan Byrne, D. (2003). Social Psychology. New York. Pearson Education Inc.
Burns, B. (1993). Konsep Diri (Teori Pengukuran, Perkembangan dan Perilaku). volume 36, Jakarta. Arcan.
Castillo, R., Salguero, J., Berrocal, P., and Balluerka, N. (2013). Effects of an emotional intelligence intervention on aggression and empathy among adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 36.
Dyke, C. J. and Elias M, J. (2008). How Expression of Forgiveness, Purpose, and Religiousity relate to Emotional Intelli- gence and Self Consept in fifth grade Urban. American Journal of Orthopsychiatri, 78(4).
Eaton, J., Struthers, C. W., and Santelli, A. (2006). Dispositional and state forgiveness: The role of self-esteem, need for structure, and narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 41.
Enright, R. D. and Coyle, C. T. (1998). Researching the process model of forgiveness within psychological interventions. In Jr., E. L. W., editor, Dimensions of Forgiveness : Psychological Research and Theological Perspectives, pages 139–161, Philadelphia. Templeton Foundation Press.
Enright, R. D. and Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2000). Helping clients forgive: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope. American PsychologicalAssociation, Washington, DC.
Everett, L. W. and Michael Scherer, M. (2004). Forgiveness is an emotion-focused coping strategy that can reduce health risks and promote health resilience: theory, review, and hypotheses. Psychology and Health, 19(3).
Gault, B. A. and Sabini, J. (2000). The role of empathy, anger, and gender in predicting attitudes toward punitive, reparative, and prevent active public policies. Cognition and Emotion, 14:495–520.
Gross, J. J. and John, O. P. (2003). Individual Differences in Two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, Relationships, and Well-Being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2).
Hall, C. and Lindzey, G. (1993). Theories of personality. New York. John Wiley& Son.
Hansen, M. J. (2002). Forgiveness as an educational intervention goal for persons at the end of life. Unpublished disserta- tion. Madison. University of Wisconsin.
Hargrave, T. D. (1994). Families and forgiveness: A theoretical and therapeutic framework. The Family Journal, 2:339– 348.
Jacinto, G. A. and Edwards, B. L. (2011). Therapeutic Stages of Forgiveness and Self-Forgiveness. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 21:423–437.
Jr. Everett, L. W., Greer, C. L., Hook, J. N., and Davis, D. E. (2010). Forgiveness and spirituality in organizational life: theory, status of research, and new ideas for discovery. journal of management, Spirituality & Religion, 7(2).
Jr. Worthington, E. L. (1998). Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research and theological perspectives. Philadel- phia, PA. Templeton Foundation Press.
Lerner, R. M. and Spanier, G. (1999). Adolecent Development, A. Life Span Perspective. New York. McGrow Hill.
Maltby, J. and Day, L. (2004). Forgiveness and defense style. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 165:99–110.
Maltby, J., Macaskill, A., and Gillett, R. (2007). The Cognitive Nature of Forgiveness: Using Cognitive Strategies of Primary Appraisal and Coping to Describe the Process of Forgiving. Journal of clinical psychology, 63(6).
McCullough, M. E., Pargament, K. I., and Thoresen, C. E. (2000). Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice. New York, NY. The Guilford Press.
Santrock, J. W. (2011). Life-Span Development. New York. McGraw-Hill.
Scobie, E. D. and Scobie, G. E. W. (1998). Damaging events: the perceived need for forgiveness. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 28.
Smeesters, D., Yzerbyt, V. Y., Corneille, O., and Warlop, L. (2009). When do primes prime? The moderating role of the self-concept in individuals’ susceptibility to priming effects on social behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45.
Sukhodolsky, D. G., Golub, A., Stone, E. C., and Orban, L. (2005). Dismantling anger control training for children: A randomized pilot study of social problem-solving versus social skills training components. Behavior Therapy, 36:15–23.
Toussaint, L. and Webb, J. (2005). Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Empathy and Forgiveness. The Journal of Social Psychology, 145(6).
William, F. H. (1971). The Self Concept and Self Actualization. Los Angeles, California.
Wiwik, J. P. (2012). Risk Factor for anger awakening in lower economic class adolescents in Surabaya. Reseachreport.
References
Journal of Moral Education, 24:427–444.
Allemand, M., Amberg, I., Zimprich, D., and Fincham, F. D. (2007). Role Of Trait Forgiveness And Relationship Satisfac- tion In Episodic Forgivenes. Journal Of Social And Clinical Psychology, 26(2).
Baharudina, D. F., Amtb, M. A. C., Jailania, M. R. M., and Sumaric, M. (2011). The concept of forgiveness as a Tool in Counseling Intervention for Well-being enhancement. Perkama International Convention.
Baron, R. and dan Byrne, D. (2003). Social Psychology. New York. Pearson Education Inc.
Burns, B. (1993). Konsep Diri (Teori Pengukuran, Perkembangan dan Perilaku). volume 36, Jakarta. Arcan.
Castillo, R., Salguero, J., Berrocal, P., and Balluerka, N. (2013). Effects of an emotional intelligence intervention on aggression and empathy among adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 36.
Dyke, C. J. and Elias M, J. (2008). How Expression of Forgiveness, Purpose, and Religiousity relate to Emotional Intelli- gence and Self Consept in fifth grade Urban. American Journal of Orthopsychiatri, 78(4).
Eaton, J., Struthers, C. W., and Santelli, A. (2006). Dispositional and state forgiveness: The role of self-esteem, need for structure, and narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 41.
Enright, R. D. and Coyle, C. T. (1998). Researching the process model of forgiveness within psychological interventions. In Jr., E. L. W., editor, Dimensions of Forgiveness : Psychological Research and Theological Perspectives, pages 139–161, Philadelphia. Templeton Foundation Press.
Enright, R. D. and Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2000). Helping clients forgive: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope. American PsychologicalAssociation, Washington, DC.
Everett, L. W. and Michael Scherer, M. (2004). Forgiveness is an emotion-focused coping strategy that can reduce health risks and promote health resilience: theory, review, and hypotheses. Psychology and Health, 19(3).
Gault, B. A. and Sabini, J. (2000). The role of empathy, anger, and gender in predicting attitudes toward punitive, reparative, and prevent active public policies. Cognition and Emotion, 14:495–520.
Gross, J. J. and John, O. P. (2003). Individual Differences in Two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, Relationships, and Well-Being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2).
Hall, C. and Lindzey, G. (1993). Theories of personality. New York. John Wiley& Son.
Hansen, M. J. (2002). Forgiveness as an educational intervention goal for persons at the end of life. Unpublished disserta- tion. Madison. University of Wisconsin.
Hargrave, T. D. (1994). Families and forgiveness: A theoretical and therapeutic framework. The Family Journal, 2:339– 348.
Jacinto, G. A. and Edwards, B. L. (2011). Therapeutic Stages of Forgiveness and Self-Forgiveness. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 21:423–437.
Jr. Everett, L. W., Greer, C. L., Hook, J. N., and Davis, D. E. (2010). Forgiveness and spirituality in organizational life: theory, status of research, and new ideas for discovery. journal of management, Spirituality & Religion, 7(2).
Jr. Worthington, E. L. (1998). Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research and theological perspectives. Philadel- phia, PA. Templeton Foundation Press.
Lerner, R. M. and Spanier, G. (1999). Adolecent Development, A. Life Span Perspective. New York. McGrow Hill.
Maltby, J. and Day, L. (2004). Forgiveness and defense style. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 165:99–110.
Maltby, J., Macaskill, A., and Gillett, R. (2007). The Cognitive Nature of Forgiveness: Using Cognitive Strategies of Primary Appraisal and Coping to Describe the Process of Forgiving. Journal of clinical psychology, 63(6).
McCullough, M. E., Pargament, K. I., and Thoresen, C. E. (2000). Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice. New York, NY. The Guilford Press.
Santrock, J. W. (2011). Life-Span Development. New York. McGraw-Hill.
Scobie, E. D. and Scobie, G. E. W. (1998). Damaging events: the perceived need for forgiveness. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 28.
Smeesters, D., Yzerbyt, V. Y., Corneille, O., and Warlop, L. (2009). When do primes prime? The moderating role of the self-concept in individuals’ susceptibility to priming effects on social behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45.
Sukhodolsky, D. G., Golub, A., Stone, E. C., and Orban, L. (2005). Dismantling anger control training for children: A randomized pilot study of social problem-solving versus social skills training components. Behavior Therapy, 36:15–23.
Toussaint, L. and Webb, J. (2005). Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Empathy and Forgiveness. The Journal of Social Psychology, 145(6).
William, F. H. (1971). The Self Concept and Self Actualization. Los Angeles, California.
Wiwik, J. P. (2012). Risk Factor for anger awakening in lower economic class adolescents in Surabaya. Reseachreport.