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THE DISPLAY OF RELIGIOUS SYMBOLS IN PUBLIC SPACE: THE CONTESTATION OF MUSLIM AND CHRISTIAN IDENTITIES IN JAYAPURA, PAPUA
Corresponding Author(s) : Hasse Jubba
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 1 (2020): January
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study seeks to show that religious contestation in Jayapura, as apparent through the widespread use of religious symbols in the city, is not only a form of resistance against other faiths but also reflective of historical apprehensiveness. Studies on Muslim-Christian relations tend to deny the historical perspective by giving more attention to economic and political factors.
Methodology: As the basis of its analysis, this study uses visual data in the form of photographs. Further data was collected from informants through unstructured interviews. Using a phenomenological approach, data were analyzed to ascertain the meaning of the studied phenomenon.
Main Findings: This study shows that religious contestation in Papua, as manifested in public religious symbols, is not only a form of resistance against other faiths but also a continuation of unresolved interfaith tensions.
Applications of this study: Knowledge of the interfaith contestation, as manifested through the public display of religious symbols, is of paramount importance in creating a spatial planning policy that accommodates a multiethnic and multireligious society.
Novelty/Originality of this study: While previous studies have tended to show the causes of interfaith conflict, often by emphasizing religious differences, this study finds a shared space that offers an opportunity for religious accommodation and the resolution of interfaith tensions.
Keywords
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- Abbink, J. (2011). Religion in Public Spaces: Emerging Muslim–Christian Polemics in Ethiopia. The Royal African Society, 110(439), 253–274. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraffadr002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adr002
- Abra, E. H. (2016). Kontroversi Legalitas dan Penerapan Perda Syariah dalam Sistem Hukum Indonesia. Jurnal Dimensi. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33373/dms.v3i3.95
- Ahmad, M. (2009). Muslims and the Contestations of Religio-Political Space in America. Policy Perspectives, 6(1), 47–62.
- Armayanto, H. (2018). Kristen-Barat Membangun Kerukunan. Kalimah. https://doi.org/10.21111/klm.v11i1.482. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21111/klm.v11i1.482
- Bik, A. (2018). Peraturan Daerah Syariah dalam Bingkai Otonomi Daerah. Al-Daulah: Jurnal Hukum dan Perundangan Islam. https://doi.org/10.15642/ad.2013.3.2.279-298. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15642/ad.2013.3.2.279-298
- Carol, S., & Koopmans, R. (2013). Dynamics of Contestation over Islamic Religious Rights in Western Europe. Ethnicities, 13(2), 165–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796812470893. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796812470893
- Dilger, H., & Schulz, D. (2013). Politics of Religious Schooling: Christian and Muslim Engagements with Education in Africa. Journal of Religion in Africa, 43(4), 365–378. https://doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12341262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12341262
- Ernas, S. (2016). Dinamika Integrasi Sosial di Papua: Fenomena Masyarakat Fakfak Di Provinsi Papua Barat. Jurnal Kawistara. https://doi.org/10.22146/kawistara.5233. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/kawistara.5233
- Frederiks, M. T. (2010). Let Us Understand Our Differences: Current Trends in Christian-Muslim Relations in Sub-Saharan Africa. Transformation: An International Journal of Holistic Mission Studies, 27(4), 261–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265378810378562. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0265378810378562
- Habermas, J. (2006). The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article. In Media and Cultural Studies. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
- Helbling, M. (2014). Opposing Muslims and the Muslim Headscarf in Western Europe. European Sociological Review, 30(2), 242–257. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jct038. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jct038
- Hoexter, M., Eisenstadt, S. N., & Levtzion, N. (2002). The Public Sphere in Muslim Societies. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
- Hutabarat, B. A. (2019). Perda Manokwari Kota Injil: Makna dan Konsekuensi bagi Gereja-gereja di Indonesia. Societas Dei: Jurnal Agama dan Masyarakat. https://doi.org/10.33550/sd.v2i1.58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33550/sd.v2i1.58
- Iribaram, S., Abdullah, I., & Pribadi, U. (2019). Diskriminasi Muslim dalam Birokrasi: Studi pada Pemerintahan Kota Jayapura. Al-Ulum. https://doi.org/10.30603/au.v18i1.363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30603/au.v18i1.363
- Jati, W. R. (2018). Permasalahan Implementasi Perda Syariah dalam Otonomi Daerah. Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v7i2.571. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v7i2.571
- Jubba, H. (2019). Kontestasi Identitas Agama: Spiritual dan Lokalitas di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: The Phinisi Press.
- King, R. R. (2016). Music, Peacebuilding, and Interfaith Dialogue: Transformative Bridges in Muslim–Christian Relations. International Bulletin of Missionary Research, 40(3), 202–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/2396939316636884. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2396939316636884
- Losonczi, P. (2013). The Power of Religion in the Public Sphere. Political Theology. https://doi.org/10.1558/poth.v13i6.775. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1558/poth.v13i6.775
- Migliore, D. L. (2008). The Love Commandments: An Opening for Christian-Muslim Dialogue? Theology Today, 65(1), 312–330. https://doi.org/10.1177/004057366702400101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/004057366702400101
- Murtadlo, M. (2018). Perkembangan Pendidikan Madrasah di Tanah Papua. Al-Qalam. https://doi.org/10.31969/alq.v21i2.235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31969/alq.v21i2.235
- Mythen, G., Walklate, S., & Khan, F. (2009). "I'm a Muslim, but I'm not a Terrorist": Victimization, Risky Identities, and the Performance of Safety. British Journal of Criminology, 49(6), 736–754. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azp032. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azp032
- Pessireron, M. F., Lolo, A., & Eisenring, T. S. S. (2017). The Application of the Functions and the Roles of Tiga Batu Tungku to Solve Social Conflicts of Seram Society in Kamarian Village, Maluku Province, Indonesia. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2017.v8n3p117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2017.v8n3p117
- Qadir, Z. (2014). Contestation of Religious Public Space: Christians vs Muslims: Cases in Papua. Al-Albab, 3(2), 233–247. https://doi.org/10.24260/alalbab.v3i2.241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24260/alalbab.v3i2.241
- Rahawarin, Y. (2017). Kerjasama Antar Umat Beragama: Studi Rekonsiliasi Konflik Agama di Maluku dan Tual. Kalam. https://doi.org/10.24042/klm.v7i1.451. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24042/klm.v7i1.451
- Roose, J. M. (2013). Contesting Islam through the 2012 Sydney Protests: An Analysis of Post-Protest Political Discourse amongst Australian Muslims. Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, 24(4), 479–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2013.812323. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2013.812323
- Safi, J. (2019). Konflik Komunal: Maluku 1999-2000. Istoria: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sejarah. https://doi.org/10.21831/istoria.v13i1.17615. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21831/istoria.v13i1.17615
- Shihab, A. (2004). Christian–Muslim Relations into the Twentyâ€First Century. Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410310001631821. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410310001631821
- Shirky, C. (2011). The Political Power of Social Media: Technology, the Public Sphere, and Political Change. Foreign Affairs.
- Tualeka Zn, H. (2015). Kearifan Lokal Pela–Gandong di Lumbung Konflik. El-Harakah. https://doi.org/10.18860/el.v0i0.457. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18860/el.v0i0.457
- Williams, R. H. (2007). Hijab and American Muslim Women: Creating the Space for Autonomous Selves. Sociology of Religion, 68(3), 269–287. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1038602. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1038602
References
Abbink, J. (2011). Religion in Public Spaces: Emerging Muslim–Christian Polemics in Ethiopia. The Royal African Society, 110(439), 253–274. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraffadr002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adr002
Abra, E. H. (2016). Kontroversi Legalitas dan Penerapan Perda Syariah dalam Sistem Hukum Indonesia. Jurnal Dimensi. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33373/dms.v3i3.95
Ahmad, M. (2009). Muslims and the Contestations of Religio-Political Space in America. Policy Perspectives, 6(1), 47–62.
Armayanto, H. (2018). Kristen-Barat Membangun Kerukunan. Kalimah. https://doi.org/10.21111/klm.v11i1.482. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21111/klm.v11i1.482
Bik, A. (2018). Peraturan Daerah Syariah dalam Bingkai Otonomi Daerah. Al-Daulah: Jurnal Hukum dan Perundangan Islam. https://doi.org/10.15642/ad.2013.3.2.279-298. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15642/ad.2013.3.2.279-298
Carol, S., & Koopmans, R. (2013). Dynamics of Contestation over Islamic Religious Rights in Western Europe. Ethnicities, 13(2), 165–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796812470893. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796812470893
Dilger, H., & Schulz, D. (2013). Politics of Religious Schooling: Christian and Muslim Engagements with Education in Africa. Journal of Religion in Africa, 43(4), 365–378. https://doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12341262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12341262
Ernas, S. (2016). Dinamika Integrasi Sosial di Papua: Fenomena Masyarakat Fakfak Di Provinsi Papua Barat. Jurnal Kawistara. https://doi.org/10.22146/kawistara.5233. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/kawistara.5233
Frederiks, M. T. (2010). Let Us Understand Our Differences: Current Trends in Christian-Muslim Relations in Sub-Saharan Africa. Transformation: An International Journal of Holistic Mission Studies, 27(4), 261–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265378810378562. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0265378810378562
Habermas, J. (2006). The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article. In Media and Cultural Studies. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Helbling, M. (2014). Opposing Muslims and the Muslim Headscarf in Western Europe. European Sociological Review, 30(2), 242–257. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jct038. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jct038
Hoexter, M., Eisenstadt, S. N., & Levtzion, N. (2002). The Public Sphere in Muslim Societies. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Hutabarat, B. A. (2019). Perda Manokwari Kota Injil: Makna dan Konsekuensi bagi Gereja-gereja di Indonesia. Societas Dei: Jurnal Agama dan Masyarakat. https://doi.org/10.33550/sd.v2i1.58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33550/sd.v2i1.58
Iribaram, S., Abdullah, I., & Pribadi, U. (2019). Diskriminasi Muslim dalam Birokrasi: Studi pada Pemerintahan Kota Jayapura. Al-Ulum. https://doi.org/10.30603/au.v18i1.363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30603/au.v18i1.363
Jati, W. R. (2018). Permasalahan Implementasi Perda Syariah dalam Otonomi Daerah. Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v7i2.571. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v7i2.571
Jubba, H. (2019). Kontestasi Identitas Agama: Spiritual dan Lokalitas di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: The Phinisi Press.
King, R. R. (2016). Music, Peacebuilding, and Interfaith Dialogue: Transformative Bridges in Muslim–Christian Relations. International Bulletin of Missionary Research, 40(3), 202–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/2396939316636884. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2396939316636884
Losonczi, P. (2013). The Power of Religion in the Public Sphere. Political Theology. https://doi.org/10.1558/poth.v13i6.775. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1558/poth.v13i6.775
Migliore, D. L. (2008). The Love Commandments: An Opening for Christian-Muslim Dialogue? Theology Today, 65(1), 312–330. https://doi.org/10.1177/004057366702400101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/004057366702400101
Murtadlo, M. (2018). Perkembangan Pendidikan Madrasah di Tanah Papua. Al-Qalam. https://doi.org/10.31969/alq.v21i2.235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31969/alq.v21i2.235
Mythen, G., Walklate, S., & Khan, F. (2009). "I'm a Muslim, but I'm not a Terrorist": Victimization, Risky Identities, and the Performance of Safety. British Journal of Criminology, 49(6), 736–754. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azp032. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azp032
Pessireron, M. F., Lolo, A., & Eisenring, T. S. S. (2017). The Application of the Functions and the Roles of Tiga Batu Tungku to Solve Social Conflicts of Seram Society in Kamarian Village, Maluku Province, Indonesia. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2017.v8n3p117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2017.v8n3p117
Qadir, Z. (2014). Contestation of Religious Public Space: Christians vs Muslims: Cases in Papua. Al-Albab, 3(2), 233–247. https://doi.org/10.24260/alalbab.v3i2.241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24260/alalbab.v3i2.241
Rahawarin, Y. (2017). Kerjasama Antar Umat Beragama: Studi Rekonsiliasi Konflik Agama di Maluku dan Tual. Kalam. https://doi.org/10.24042/klm.v7i1.451. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24042/klm.v7i1.451
Roose, J. M. (2013). Contesting Islam through the 2012 Sydney Protests: An Analysis of Post-Protest Political Discourse amongst Australian Muslims. Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, 24(4), 479–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2013.812323. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2013.812323
Safi, J. (2019). Konflik Komunal: Maluku 1999-2000. Istoria: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sejarah. https://doi.org/10.21831/istoria.v13i1.17615. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21831/istoria.v13i1.17615
Shihab, A. (2004). Christian–Muslim Relations into the Twentyâ€First Century. Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410310001631821. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410310001631821
Shirky, C. (2011). The Political Power of Social Media: Technology, the Public Sphere, and Political Change. Foreign Affairs.
Tualeka Zn, H. (2015). Kearifan Lokal Pela–Gandong di Lumbung Konflik. El-Harakah. https://doi.org/10.18860/el.v0i0.457. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18860/el.v0i0.457
Williams, R. H. (2007). Hijab and American Muslim Women: Creating the Space for Autonomous Selves. Sociology of Religion, 68(3), 269–287. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1038602. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1038602