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MALAYSIAN STUDENTS' SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT TO THE UNIVERSITY CAMPUS IN EGYPT, MOROCCO, AND JORDAN
Corresponding Author(s) : Wail Muin Ismail
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 2 (2020): March
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study examines the social adjustment of Malaysian students studying in Egypt, Morocco, and Jordan. Quantitative, comparative and case study methods were used.
Methodology: Through the questionnaire, in which the social adjustment of the students to the university campus was defined, a total of 587 questionnaires were answered by Malaysian students studying in the three countries. SPSS software was used to carry out the calculation of the mean, t-test, ANOVA and Tukey HSD analysis.
Main Findings: The outcome of the analysis shows that Malaysian male and female students reached the medium level of social adjustment in the three countries. The differences in the means of female and male responses have no significance. Malaysian student's adjustment to the class climate was higher than that of the environment outside. Malaysian students more adjusted with a university campus in Jordan and Egypt than they are in Morocco.
Applications of this study: This study showed a view of conditions Malaysian students in Jordan, Morocco, and Egypt. It will be helpful for students, universities, teachers to be aware of foreign students’ social adjustment issues and pay more attention to this particular problem.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This paper found Malaysian students are more adjusted to the university campus in Jordan and Egypt than they are in Morocco. This suggests that Morocco is a better destination for study for Malaysian students as long as the social adjustment is concerned.
Keywords
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- Abdullah, M. C., Elias, H., Mahyuddin, R., & Uli, J. (2009). Adjustment amongst first-year students in a Malaysian university. European Journal of social sciences, 8(3), 496-505.
- Affandi, R., Majid, M. K. A., & Awang, I. (2007). Pengaruh Graduan Universiti Azhar terhadap pembangunan Pendidikan Islam di Malaysia dalam Isu-isu Kritikal Dalam Pendidikan Islam dan Pendidikan Bahasa Arab berteraskan pendekatan Islam Hadhari. Kuala Lumpur: Sekreteriat Islam Hadhari.
- Al-Sharideh, K. A., & Goe, W. R. (1998). Ethnic communities within the university: An examination of factors influencing the personal adjustment of international students. Research in higher education, 39(6), 699-725. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018714125581 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018714125581
- Bamber, M. (2014). What motivates Chinese women to study in the UK and how do they perceive their experience? Higher Education, 68(1), 47-68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-013-9679-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-013-9679-8
- Calder, M. J., Richter, S., Mao, Y., Kovacs Burns, K., Mogale, R. S., & Danko, M. (2016). International Students Attending Canadian Universities: Their Experiences with Housing, Finances, and Other Issues. Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 46(2), 92-110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.v46i2.184585
- Chavoshi, S., Wintre, M. G., Dentakos, S., & Wright, L. (2017). A developmental sequence model to university adjustment of international undergraduate students. Journal of International Students, 7(3), 703-727. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v7i3.295
- Chen, Y.-F., & Chen, H.-J. (2009). A study on international student adjustment from academic, social and cultural viewpoints in Taiwan. International Conference on Business Management and Information Technology Application (BMITA2009),
- Chirkov, V., Vansteenkiste, M., Tao, R., & Lynch, M. (2007). The role of self-determined motivation and goals for study abroad in the adaptation of international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31(2), 199-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2006.03.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2006.03.002
- Chirkov, V. I., Safdar, S., de Guzman, d. J., & Playford, K. (2008). Further examining the role of motivation to study abroad plays in the adaptation of international students in Canada. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32(5), 427-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2007.12.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2007.12.001
- Clinciu, A. I., & Cazan, A.-M. (2014). Academic Adjustment Questionnaire for university students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 127, 655-660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.330 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.330
- Cook, S. L. (1995). Acceptance and expectation of sexual aggression in college students. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19(2), 181-194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1995.tb00286.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1995.tb00286.x
- Eccles, J., Lord, S., & Roeser, R. (1996). Round holes, square pegs, rocky roads, and sore feet: A discussion of stage-environment fit theory applied to families and school. Rochester symposium on developmental psychopathology.
- Furnham, A., & Bochner, S. (1986). Culture shock. Psychological reactions to unfamiliar environments. Culture shock. Psychological reactions to unfamiliar environments.
- Glass, C. R. (2014). International student adjustment to college: Social networks, acculturation, and leisure. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 32(1).
- Gong, Y., & Fan, J. (2006). A longitudinal examination of the role of goal orientation in cross-cultural adjustment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(1), 176. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.1.176 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.1.176
- Hayes, R. L., & Lin, H. R. (1994). Coming to America: Developing social support systems for international students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 22(1), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.1994.tb00238.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.1994.tb00238.x
- Hendrickson, B., Rosen, D., & Aune, R. K. (2011). An analysis of friendship networks, social connectedness, homesickness, and satisfaction levels of international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(3), 281-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.08.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.08.001
- Hommes, J., Rienties, B., de Grave, W., Bos, G., Schuwirth, L., & Scherpbier, A. (2012). Visualizing the invisible: a network approach to reveal the informal social side of student learning. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 17(5), 743-757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-012-9349-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-012-9349-0
- Ismail, W., Mahmod, Z., Qadous, A., & Mohamed, M. (2013). A study of adjustment (academic, social and to the urban environment) among Malaysian students at Jordanian universities and its correlation with their academic achievement. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 6(06), 23-36.
- Ismail, W., Zailaini, M. A., Mohamed, M. F., Ali, S. K. S., & Xuan, D. (2015). The relationship between social adjustment and the practice of the second language among non-native speakers of Arabic. International Journal of Social Science & Human Behavior Study–IJSSHBS Volume, 2, 2374-1627.
- Kağnıcı, D. Y. (2012). The role of multicultural personality in predicting university adjustment of international students in Turkey. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 34(2), 174-184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-012-9149-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-012-9149-5
- Lehto, X. Y., Cai, L. A., Fu, X., & Chen, Y. (2014). Intercultural interactions outside the classroom: Narratives on a US campus. Journal of College Student Development, 55(8), 837-853. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2014.0083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2014.0083
- Malaklolunthu, S., & Selan, P. S. (2011). Adjustment problems among international students in Malaysian private higher education institutions. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 833-837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.08.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.08.001
- Matsumoto, D., LeRoux, J. A., Bernhard, R., & Gray, H. (2004). Unraveling the psychological correlates of intercultural adjustment potential. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 28(3-4), 281-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2004.06.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2004.06.002
- McFaul, S. (2016). International students’ social network: Network mapping to gage friendship formation and student engagement on campus. Journal of International Students, 6(1), 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v6i1.393
- Michael, I. (2013). The impact of the trends and emotions in the interest of using the Arabic language in the communication process. A case study to Arabic language learners as a second language at International Islamic University in Malaysia. Journal of Education and Psychology Studies, 7(3), 333-343. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315308321994 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315308321994
- Montgomery, C., & McDowell, L. (2009). Social networks and the international student experience: An international community of practice? Journal of studies in international education, 13(4), 455-466. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315308321994
- Özturgut, O., & Murphy, C. (2009). Literature vs. practice: challenges for international students in the US. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 22(3), 374-385.
- Perry, R. P., Hladkyj, S., Pekrun, R. H., & Pelletier, S. T. (2001). Academic control and action control in the achievement of college students: A longitudinal field study. Journal of educational psychology, 93(4), 776. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.93.4.776 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.93.4.776
- Rienties, B., Héliot, Y., & Jindal-Snape, D. (2013). Understanding social learning relations of international students in a large classroom using social network analysis. Higher Education, 66(4), 489-504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-013-9617-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-013-9617-9
- Savicki, V., Downing-Burnette, R., Heller, L., Binder, F., & Suntinger, W. (2004). Contrasts, changes, and correlates in actual and potential intercultural adjustment. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 28(3-4), 311-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2004.06.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2004.06.001
- Stone Feinstein, E., & Ward, C. (1990). Loneliness and psychological adjustment of sojourners: New perspectives on culture shock. Heterogeneity in cross-cultural psychology, 537-547.
- Tinto, V. (1996). Reconstructing the First Year of College. Planning for higher education, 25(1), 1-6.
- Tseng, W.-C., & Newton, F. B. (2002). International students' strategies for well-being. College Student Journal, 36(4), 591-598.
- Wintre, M. G., & Yaffe, M. (2000). First-year students’ adjustment to university life as a function of relationships with parents. Journal of adolescent research, 15(1), 9-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558400151002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558400151002
- Wu, H.-p., Garza, E., & Guzman, N. (2015). International Student’s Challenge and Adjustment to College. Education Research International, 2015, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/202753 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/202753
- Youniss, J., & Smollar, J. (1987). Adolescent relations with mothers, fathers, and friends. University of Chicago Press.
References
Abdullah, M. C., Elias, H., Mahyuddin, R., & Uli, J. (2009). Adjustment amongst first-year students in a Malaysian university. European Journal of social sciences, 8(3), 496-505.
Affandi, R., Majid, M. K. A., & Awang, I. (2007). Pengaruh Graduan Universiti Azhar terhadap pembangunan Pendidikan Islam di Malaysia dalam Isu-isu Kritikal Dalam Pendidikan Islam dan Pendidikan Bahasa Arab berteraskan pendekatan Islam Hadhari. Kuala Lumpur: Sekreteriat Islam Hadhari.
Al-Sharideh, K. A., & Goe, W. R. (1998). Ethnic communities within the university: An examination of factors influencing the personal adjustment of international students. Research in higher education, 39(6), 699-725. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018714125581 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018714125581
Bamber, M. (2014). What motivates Chinese women to study in the UK and how do they perceive their experience? Higher Education, 68(1), 47-68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-013-9679-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-013-9679-8
Calder, M. J., Richter, S., Mao, Y., Kovacs Burns, K., Mogale, R. S., & Danko, M. (2016). International Students Attending Canadian Universities: Their Experiences with Housing, Finances, and Other Issues. Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 46(2), 92-110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.v46i2.184585
Chavoshi, S., Wintre, M. G., Dentakos, S., & Wright, L. (2017). A developmental sequence model to university adjustment of international undergraduate students. Journal of International Students, 7(3), 703-727. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v7i3.295
Chen, Y.-F., & Chen, H.-J. (2009). A study on international student adjustment from academic, social and cultural viewpoints in Taiwan. International Conference on Business Management and Information Technology Application (BMITA2009),
Chirkov, V., Vansteenkiste, M., Tao, R., & Lynch, M. (2007). The role of self-determined motivation and goals for study abroad in the adaptation of international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31(2), 199-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2006.03.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2006.03.002
Chirkov, V. I., Safdar, S., de Guzman, d. J., & Playford, K. (2008). Further examining the role of motivation to study abroad plays in the adaptation of international students in Canada. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32(5), 427-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2007.12.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2007.12.001
Clinciu, A. I., & Cazan, A.-M. (2014). Academic Adjustment Questionnaire for university students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 127, 655-660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.330 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.330
Cook, S. L. (1995). Acceptance and expectation of sexual aggression in college students. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19(2), 181-194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1995.tb00286.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1995.tb00286.x
Eccles, J., Lord, S., & Roeser, R. (1996). Round holes, square pegs, rocky roads, and sore feet: A discussion of stage-environment fit theory applied to families and school. Rochester symposium on developmental psychopathology.
Furnham, A., & Bochner, S. (1986). Culture shock. Psychological reactions to unfamiliar environments. Culture shock. Psychological reactions to unfamiliar environments.
Glass, C. R. (2014). International student adjustment to college: Social networks, acculturation, and leisure. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 32(1).
Gong, Y., & Fan, J. (2006). A longitudinal examination of the role of goal orientation in cross-cultural adjustment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(1), 176. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.1.176 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.1.176
Hayes, R. L., & Lin, H. R. (1994). Coming to America: Developing social support systems for international students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 22(1), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.1994.tb00238.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.1994.tb00238.x
Hendrickson, B., Rosen, D., & Aune, R. K. (2011). An analysis of friendship networks, social connectedness, homesickness, and satisfaction levels of international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(3), 281-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.08.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.08.001
Hommes, J., Rienties, B., de Grave, W., Bos, G., Schuwirth, L., & Scherpbier, A. (2012). Visualizing the invisible: a network approach to reveal the informal social side of student learning. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 17(5), 743-757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-012-9349-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-012-9349-0
Ismail, W., Mahmod, Z., Qadous, A., & Mohamed, M. (2013). A study of adjustment (academic, social and to the urban environment) among Malaysian students at Jordanian universities and its correlation with their academic achievement. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 6(06), 23-36.
Ismail, W., Zailaini, M. A., Mohamed, M. F., Ali, S. K. S., & Xuan, D. (2015). The relationship between social adjustment and the practice of the second language among non-native speakers of Arabic. International Journal of Social Science & Human Behavior Study–IJSSHBS Volume, 2, 2374-1627.
Kağnıcı, D. Y. (2012). The role of multicultural personality in predicting university adjustment of international students in Turkey. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 34(2), 174-184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-012-9149-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-012-9149-5
Lehto, X. Y., Cai, L. A., Fu, X., & Chen, Y. (2014). Intercultural interactions outside the classroom: Narratives on a US campus. Journal of College Student Development, 55(8), 837-853. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2014.0083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2014.0083
Malaklolunthu, S., & Selan, P. S. (2011). Adjustment problems among international students in Malaysian private higher education institutions. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 833-837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.08.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.08.001
Matsumoto, D., LeRoux, J. A., Bernhard, R., & Gray, H. (2004). Unraveling the psychological correlates of intercultural adjustment potential. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 28(3-4), 281-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2004.06.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2004.06.002
McFaul, S. (2016). International students’ social network: Network mapping to gage friendship formation and student engagement on campus. Journal of International Students, 6(1), 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v6i1.393
Michael, I. (2013). The impact of the trends and emotions in the interest of using the Arabic language in the communication process. A case study to Arabic language learners as a second language at International Islamic University in Malaysia. Journal of Education and Psychology Studies, 7(3), 333-343. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315308321994 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315308321994
Montgomery, C., & McDowell, L. (2009). Social networks and the international student experience: An international community of practice? Journal of studies in international education, 13(4), 455-466. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315308321994
Özturgut, O., & Murphy, C. (2009). Literature vs. practice: challenges for international students in the US. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 22(3), 374-385.
Perry, R. P., Hladkyj, S., Pekrun, R. H., & Pelletier, S. T. (2001). Academic control and action control in the achievement of college students: A longitudinal field study. Journal of educational psychology, 93(4), 776. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.93.4.776 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.93.4.776
Rienties, B., Héliot, Y., & Jindal-Snape, D. (2013). Understanding social learning relations of international students in a large classroom using social network analysis. Higher Education, 66(4), 489-504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-013-9617-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-013-9617-9
Savicki, V., Downing-Burnette, R., Heller, L., Binder, F., & Suntinger, W. (2004). Contrasts, changes, and correlates in actual and potential intercultural adjustment. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 28(3-4), 311-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2004.06.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2004.06.001
Stone Feinstein, E., & Ward, C. (1990). Loneliness and psychological adjustment of sojourners: New perspectives on culture shock. Heterogeneity in cross-cultural psychology, 537-547.
Tinto, V. (1996). Reconstructing the First Year of College. Planning for higher education, 25(1), 1-6.
Tseng, W.-C., & Newton, F. B. (2002). International students' strategies for well-being. College Student Journal, 36(4), 591-598.
Wintre, M. G., & Yaffe, M. (2000). First-year students’ adjustment to university life as a function of relationships with parents. Journal of adolescent research, 15(1), 9-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558400151002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558400151002
Wu, H.-p., Garza, E., & Guzman, N. (2015). International Student’s Challenge and Adjustment to College. Education Research International, 2015, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/202753 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/202753
Youniss, J., & Smollar, J. (1987). Adolescent relations with mothers, fathers, and friends. University of Chicago Press.