Issue
Authors retain the copyright without restrictions for their published content in this journal. HSSR is a SHERPA ROMEO Green Journal.
Publishing License
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of
PARTY ACTIVISTS AND PARTY PROGRAMS AT GRASSROOTS LEVEL: THE INTERTWINED EFFECT
Corresponding Author(s) : Wan Rohila Ganti Wan Abdul Ghapar
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 3 (2020): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study explored how party activists retain their high activism with the party through their involvement with party activities. It also attempted to explore party programs at the grassroots level that helps maintain continuous grassroots support for the party. The strong symbiosis between party activists and party programs at the grassroots level was a secret formula to win elections.
Methodology: Being qualitative in nature, this study conducted in-depth interviews with thirty - two party activists. The PAS and UMNO party activists in Terengganu were selected as units of analysis using the purposive sampling technique. The interview data were thematically analysed through the content analysis method.
Main Findings: This study yielded that Community and Welfare programs, and Electoral Works were two impactful party programs to fish votes and maintain voters’ support at the grassroots level. On party efforts to maintain the motivation of its activists, this study found four main party programs namely internal programs, political training, involvement outside party, and joining special programs.
Applications of this study: This study concludes that ensuring party activists at their highest level of motivation by designing various programs are equally important with organizing party programs with the voters at local levels. When party activists are highly motivated, party programs at local levels would be successfully run, while organizing party programs at the local level without the presence of highly motivated party activists would be worthless.
Novelty/Originality of this study: Party activists are often neglected by party leaders, as much focus has been given to party manifesto, choosing winnable candidates, and encountering electoral issues. Neglecting party activists often leads to frustration, thus party programs cannot be properly organized without committed party activists.
Keywords
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Abdullah, M., Roslan L., & M.Amirul A. (2009). Pengaruh Ceramah Politik dalam Mempengaruhi Pengundi Memilih Parti dalam Pilihan Raya Umum 2008. Shah Alam: UPENA.
- Amer, S. G., Mohammad R. O., & Zulkanain A. R. (2010). Pengundi muda dan Pilihan Raya Kecil Parlimen : Tumpuan kepada Pilihanraya Kecil Parlimen Permatang Pauh , Kuala Terengganu dan Bukit Gantang. Sarjana, 25(1), 34–55.
- Azmah, A. M. (2013). Perkembangan politik dan kesannya ke atas pembangunan ekonomi Terengganu, antara tahun 1955 hingga 1969. Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics and Strategy, 40(1), 133–154.
- Beck, P., & Heidemann, E. D. (2014). Changing strategies in grassroots canvassing: 1956-2012. Party Politics, 20(August 2013), 261–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068813509518 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068813509518
- Blake, D. E., Carty, R. K., & Erickson, L. (1991). Grassroots Politicians: Party Activists in British Columbia. Vancouver: UBC Press.
- Cammett, M. C. (2011). Partisan activism and access to welfare in Lebanon. Studies in Comparative International Development, 46(1), 70–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-010-9081-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-010-9081-9
- Case, W. (2001). Malaysia’s General Elections in 1999: A consolidated and high-quality semi-democracy. Asian Studies Review, 25(1), 35–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357820108713294 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10357820108713294
- Che Hamdan, C. M. R. (2013). Kuala Nerus , Terengganu: New Malay politics? In Weiss, M. (Ed.), Electoral dynamics in Malaysia: Findings from the grassroots (pp. 68–85). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies / Strategic Information and Research Development Centre.
- Costantini, E., & Valenty, L. O. (1996). The motives: Ideology connection among political party activists. Political Psychology, 17(3), 497–524. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791966 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3791966
- Cross, W. (2016). The importance of local party activity in understanding Canadian politics : Winning from the ground up in the 2015 Federal Election. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 49(4), 601–620. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423916000962 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423916000962
- Crouch, H. (1996). Government and politics in Malaysia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501733901 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501733901
- Farish, N. (2003). Blood, sweat and jihad: The radicalization of the political discourse of the Pan Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) from 1982 onwards. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 25(2), 200–232. https://doi.org/10.1355/CS25-2B DOI: https://doi.org/10.1355/CS25-2B
- Fiorina, M. P. (2002). Parties, participation, and representation in America: Old theories face new realities. In Political science: The state of the discipline (pp. 511–541). New York: Norton.
- Fisher, J., Cutts, D., Fieldhouse, E., & Rottweiler, B. (2017). District-level explanations for supporter involvement in political parties : The importance of electoral factors. Party Politics, (February), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068817699171 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068817699171
- Fisher, J., Fieldhouse, E., & Cutts, D. (2014). Members are not the only fruit: Volunteer activity in British political parties at the 2010 general election. British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 16(1), 75–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-856X.12011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-856X.12011
- Gallagher, M., Liston, V., Marsh, M., & Weeks, L. (2002). Explaining activism levels among Fine Gael members : A test of the General Incentives Model. Irish Political Studies, 17(1), 97–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/714003142 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/714003142
- Granik, S. (2005). A reconceptualisation of the antecedents of party activism: A multidisciplinary approach. Political Studies, 53(3), 598–620. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2005.00546.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2005.00546.x
- Hamayotsu, K. (2015). Patronage, welfare provisions, and state–society relations: Lessons from Muslim-dominant regimes in Southeast Asia (Indonesia and Malaysia). In P. Fountain, R. B. R., & M. Feener (Eds.), Religion and the politics of development (pp. 155–176). Singapore: National University of Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137438577_8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137438577_8
- Hamdan, A. (2015). Pilihan Raya Umum Terengganu 1955-2013 (1st ed.). Kuala Terengganu: Penerbit UMT.
- Junaidi, A. B. (2017). Trend pengundian dalam pilihanraya umum Malaysia ke-13. E-Bangi: Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 12(2), 126–149.
- Karim, L. (2001). Politics of the poor? NGOs and grassroots political mobilization in Bangladesh. PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review, 24(1), 92–107. https://doi.org/10.1525/pol.2001.24.1.92 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/pol.2001.24.1.92
- Klein, M. (2006). Partizipation in politischen parteien. Eine empirische analyse des mobilisierungspotenzials politischer parteien sowie der struktur innerparteilicher partizipation in Deutschland. Politische Vierteljahresschrift, 47(1), 35–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11615-006-0003-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11615-006-0003-4
- Liow, J. C. (2011). Creating cadres: Mobilization, activism and the Youth Wing of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party, PAS. Pacific Affairs, 84(4), 665–686. https://doi.org/10.5509/2011844665 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5509/2011844665
- Low, M. (2014). The Changing nature of activist engagement within the Conservative Party : A review of Susan Scarrow’s task-orientated approach to party membership. British Politics, 9(1), 93–119. https://doi.org/10.1057/bp.2013.10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/bp.2013.10
- Madestam, A., Shoag, D., Veuger, S., & Yanagizawa-Drott, D. (2013). Do political protests matter? Evidence from the Tea Party movement. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1633–1685. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjt021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjt021
- Mahadzir, M.K. (1980). The Kedah UMNO-PAS struggle: Its origin and development. Southeast Asian Affairs, 228–237. https://doi.org/10.1355/SEAA80P DOI: https://doi.org/10.1355/SEAA80P
- Malike, B., Mohd, F. S., & Musliza, M. (2013). Peranan wakil rakyat dalam parti politik: Isu dan cabaran. Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics & Strategic Studies, 40(July), 91–115.
- Nexon, D. (1971). Asymmetry in the political system : Occasional activists in the Republican and Democratic Parties , 1956-1964. The American Political Science Review, 65(3), 716–730. https://doi.org/10.2307/1955516 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1955516
- Pasuni, A. (2014). The tussle in Terengganu: Islamisation, shared languages and blurred identities. In Osman, M. N. (Ed.), The 13th Malaysia elections: Issues, trends and future trajectories (pp. 7–24). Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies.
- Poletti, M., Webb, P., & Bale, T. (2018). Why do only some people who support parties actually join them? Evidence from Britain. West European Politics, 42(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2018.1479921 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2018.1479921
- Ribeiro, P. F. (2014). What do these people want? Membership and activism in Brazilian political parties. Contemporary Meanings of Party Membership Workshop. ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, 22. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2431874 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2431874
- Riker, W. H., & Ordeshook, P. C. (1968). A theory of the calculus of voting. American Political Science Review, 62(01), 25–42. https://doi.org/10.2307/1953324 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1953324
- Ritchie, J., Spencer, L., & O’Connor, W. (2003). Carrying out qualitative analysis. In Jane Ritchie & J. Lewis (Eds.), Qualitative Research Practice: A guide for social science students and researchers (pp. 219–262). London: Sage Publications.
- Saunders, B., Kitzinger, J., & Kitzinger, C. (2015). Anonymising interview data: challenges and compromise in practice. Qualitative Research, 15(5), 616–632. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794114550439 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794114550439
- Scott, Jim. (1986). Everyday forms of peasant resistance. In James Scott & B. T. Kerk (Eds.), Everyday forms of peasant resistance in South-East Asia (1st ed, pp. 5–35). London: Frank Cass and Company. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066158608438289 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03066158608438289
- Seyd, P., & Whiteley, P. (2004). British party members: An overview. Party Politics, 10(4), 355–366. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068804043903 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068804043903
- Shaharuddin, B., & Mujibu, M. (2013). Aksi politik berlatarbelakangkan Melayu-Islam dalam Pilihan Raya Umum Ke-13 di Dungun, Terengganu. Malaysian Journal of Democracy and Election Studies, 2(1), 37–48.
- Shamsul, A. B. (1983). The politics of poverty eradication: The implementation of development projects in a Malaysian district. Pacific Affairs, 56(3), 455–476. https://doi.org/10.2307/2758192 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2758192
- Spier, T. (2013). Not dead yet ? Explaining party member activity in Germany. In Centre for Voting and Party, Department of Political Science. Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen.
- Teik, K. B. (2014). Social transformation and the reinventions of Parti Islam in Malaysia. In K. B. Teik, V. R. Hadiz, & Y. Nakanishi (Eds.), Between dissent and power: The transformation of Islamic politics in the Middle East and Asia (1st ed., pp. 177–200). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137408808_9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137408808_9
- Teske, N. (1997). Beyond altruism: Identity-construction as moral motive in political explanation. Political Psychology, 18(1), 71–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00045
- Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., Brady, H., & Nie, N. H. (1993). Citizen activity: Who participates? What do they say? The American Political Science Review, 87(2), 303–318. https://doi.org/10.2307/2939042 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2939042
- Wagner, M. (2016). Why do party members leave? Parliamentary Affairs, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsw024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsw024
- Wan, A.R.W.A.L. (1986). Pilihanraya Umum 1986: Satu kajian kes Di Terengganu. Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics & Strategic Studies, 15–26.
- Weber, R. (2016). Why do young people join parties ? An incentive based typology of young party members. In Youth political participation: The diverse roads to democracy. Montreal: McGill University.
- Weldon, S. (2006). Downsize my polity? The impact of size on party membership and member activism. Party Politics, 12(4), 467–481. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068806064729 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068806064729
- Weng, H. W., & Maszlee, M. (2016). Bersih 5 and the growing discontent among the Malays. Singapore.
- Whiteley, P. (2009). Party membership and activism in comparative perspective. In J. DeBardeleben & J. H. Pammett (Eds.), Activating the citizen :Dilemmas of participation in Europe and Canada (pp. 131–150). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230240902_7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230240902_7
- Whiteley, P., & Seyd, P. (1996). Rationality and party activism: Encompassing tests of alternative models of political participation. European Journal of Political Research, 29(2), 215–234. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1996.tb00649.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1996.tb00649.x
- Whiteley, P., Seyd, P., & Billinghurst, A. (2006). Third force politics: Liberal Democrats at the grassroots (1st ed). New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0199242828.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/0199242828.001.0001
- Whiteley P., & Seyd, P. (2002). High-intensity participation: The dynamics of party activism in Britain (4th ed.). The University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.14704 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.14704
References
Abdullah, M., Roslan L., & M.Amirul A. (2009). Pengaruh Ceramah Politik dalam Mempengaruhi Pengundi Memilih Parti dalam Pilihan Raya Umum 2008. Shah Alam: UPENA.
Amer, S. G., Mohammad R. O., & Zulkanain A. R. (2010). Pengundi muda dan Pilihan Raya Kecil Parlimen : Tumpuan kepada Pilihanraya Kecil Parlimen Permatang Pauh , Kuala Terengganu dan Bukit Gantang. Sarjana, 25(1), 34–55.
Azmah, A. M. (2013). Perkembangan politik dan kesannya ke atas pembangunan ekonomi Terengganu, antara tahun 1955 hingga 1969. Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics and Strategy, 40(1), 133–154.
Beck, P., & Heidemann, E. D. (2014). Changing strategies in grassroots canvassing: 1956-2012. Party Politics, 20(August 2013), 261–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068813509518 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068813509518
Blake, D. E., Carty, R. K., & Erickson, L. (1991). Grassroots Politicians: Party Activists in British Columbia. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Cammett, M. C. (2011). Partisan activism and access to welfare in Lebanon. Studies in Comparative International Development, 46(1), 70–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-010-9081-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-010-9081-9
Case, W. (2001). Malaysia’s General Elections in 1999: A consolidated and high-quality semi-democracy. Asian Studies Review, 25(1), 35–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357820108713294 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10357820108713294
Che Hamdan, C. M. R. (2013). Kuala Nerus , Terengganu: New Malay politics? In Weiss, M. (Ed.), Electoral dynamics in Malaysia: Findings from the grassroots (pp. 68–85). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies / Strategic Information and Research Development Centre.
Costantini, E., & Valenty, L. O. (1996). The motives: Ideology connection among political party activists. Political Psychology, 17(3), 497–524. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791966 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3791966
Cross, W. (2016). The importance of local party activity in understanding Canadian politics : Winning from the ground up in the 2015 Federal Election. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 49(4), 601–620. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423916000962 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423916000962
Crouch, H. (1996). Government and politics in Malaysia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501733901 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501733901
Farish, N. (2003). Blood, sweat and jihad: The radicalization of the political discourse of the Pan Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) from 1982 onwards. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 25(2), 200–232. https://doi.org/10.1355/CS25-2B DOI: https://doi.org/10.1355/CS25-2B
Fiorina, M. P. (2002). Parties, participation, and representation in America: Old theories face new realities. In Political science: The state of the discipline (pp. 511–541). New York: Norton.
Fisher, J., Cutts, D., Fieldhouse, E., & Rottweiler, B. (2017). District-level explanations for supporter involvement in political parties : The importance of electoral factors. Party Politics, (February), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068817699171 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068817699171
Fisher, J., Fieldhouse, E., & Cutts, D. (2014). Members are not the only fruit: Volunteer activity in British political parties at the 2010 general election. British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 16(1), 75–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-856X.12011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-856X.12011
Gallagher, M., Liston, V., Marsh, M., & Weeks, L. (2002). Explaining activism levels among Fine Gael members : A test of the General Incentives Model. Irish Political Studies, 17(1), 97–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/714003142 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/714003142
Granik, S. (2005). A reconceptualisation of the antecedents of party activism: A multidisciplinary approach. Political Studies, 53(3), 598–620. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2005.00546.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2005.00546.x
Hamayotsu, K. (2015). Patronage, welfare provisions, and state–society relations: Lessons from Muslim-dominant regimes in Southeast Asia (Indonesia and Malaysia). In P. Fountain, R. B. R., & M. Feener (Eds.), Religion and the politics of development (pp. 155–176). Singapore: National University of Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137438577_8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137438577_8
Hamdan, A. (2015). Pilihan Raya Umum Terengganu 1955-2013 (1st ed.). Kuala Terengganu: Penerbit UMT.
Junaidi, A. B. (2017). Trend pengundian dalam pilihanraya umum Malaysia ke-13. E-Bangi: Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 12(2), 126–149.
Karim, L. (2001). Politics of the poor? NGOs and grassroots political mobilization in Bangladesh. PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review, 24(1), 92–107. https://doi.org/10.1525/pol.2001.24.1.92 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/pol.2001.24.1.92
Klein, M. (2006). Partizipation in politischen parteien. Eine empirische analyse des mobilisierungspotenzials politischer parteien sowie der struktur innerparteilicher partizipation in Deutschland. Politische Vierteljahresschrift, 47(1), 35–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11615-006-0003-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11615-006-0003-4
Liow, J. C. (2011). Creating cadres: Mobilization, activism and the Youth Wing of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party, PAS. Pacific Affairs, 84(4), 665–686. https://doi.org/10.5509/2011844665 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5509/2011844665
Low, M. (2014). The Changing nature of activist engagement within the Conservative Party : A review of Susan Scarrow’s task-orientated approach to party membership. British Politics, 9(1), 93–119. https://doi.org/10.1057/bp.2013.10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/bp.2013.10
Madestam, A., Shoag, D., Veuger, S., & Yanagizawa-Drott, D. (2013). Do political protests matter? Evidence from the Tea Party movement. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1633–1685. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjt021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjt021
Mahadzir, M.K. (1980). The Kedah UMNO-PAS struggle: Its origin and development. Southeast Asian Affairs, 228–237. https://doi.org/10.1355/SEAA80P DOI: https://doi.org/10.1355/SEAA80P
Malike, B., Mohd, F. S., & Musliza, M. (2013). Peranan wakil rakyat dalam parti politik: Isu dan cabaran. Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics & Strategic Studies, 40(July), 91–115.
Nexon, D. (1971). Asymmetry in the political system : Occasional activists in the Republican and Democratic Parties , 1956-1964. The American Political Science Review, 65(3), 716–730. https://doi.org/10.2307/1955516 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1955516
Pasuni, A. (2014). The tussle in Terengganu: Islamisation, shared languages and blurred identities. In Osman, M. N. (Ed.), The 13th Malaysia elections: Issues, trends and future trajectories (pp. 7–24). Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies.
Poletti, M., Webb, P., & Bale, T. (2018). Why do only some people who support parties actually join them? Evidence from Britain. West European Politics, 42(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2018.1479921 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2018.1479921
Ribeiro, P. F. (2014). What do these people want? Membership and activism in Brazilian political parties. Contemporary Meanings of Party Membership Workshop. ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, 22. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2431874 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2431874
Riker, W. H., & Ordeshook, P. C. (1968). A theory of the calculus of voting. American Political Science Review, 62(01), 25–42. https://doi.org/10.2307/1953324 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1953324
Ritchie, J., Spencer, L., & O’Connor, W. (2003). Carrying out qualitative analysis. In Jane Ritchie & J. Lewis (Eds.), Qualitative Research Practice: A guide for social science students and researchers (pp. 219–262). London: Sage Publications.
Saunders, B., Kitzinger, J., & Kitzinger, C. (2015). Anonymising interview data: challenges and compromise in practice. Qualitative Research, 15(5), 616–632. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794114550439 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794114550439
Scott, Jim. (1986). Everyday forms of peasant resistance. In James Scott & B. T. Kerk (Eds.), Everyday forms of peasant resistance in South-East Asia (1st ed, pp. 5–35). London: Frank Cass and Company. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066158608438289 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03066158608438289
Seyd, P., & Whiteley, P. (2004). British party members: An overview. Party Politics, 10(4), 355–366. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068804043903 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068804043903
Shaharuddin, B., & Mujibu, M. (2013). Aksi politik berlatarbelakangkan Melayu-Islam dalam Pilihan Raya Umum Ke-13 di Dungun, Terengganu. Malaysian Journal of Democracy and Election Studies, 2(1), 37–48.
Shamsul, A. B. (1983). The politics of poverty eradication: The implementation of development projects in a Malaysian district. Pacific Affairs, 56(3), 455–476. https://doi.org/10.2307/2758192 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2758192
Spier, T. (2013). Not dead yet ? Explaining party member activity in Germany. In Centre for Voting and Party, Department of Political Science. Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen.
Teik, K. B. (2014). Social transformation and the reinventions of Parti Islam in Malaysia. In K. B. Teik, V. R. Hadiz, & Y. Nakanishi (Eds.), Between dissent and power: The transformation of Islamic politics in the Middle East and Asia (1st ed., pp. 177–200). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137408808_9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137408808_9
Teske, N. (1997). Beyond altruism: Identity-construction as moral motive in political explanation. Political Psychology, 18(1), 71–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00045
Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., Brady, H., & Nie, N. H. (1993). Citizen activity: Who participates? What do they say? The American Political Science Review, 87(2), 303–318. https://doi.org/10.2307/2939042 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2939042
Wagner, M. (2016). Why do party members leave? Parliamentary Affairs, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsw024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsw024
Wan, A.R.W.A.L. (1986). Pilihanraya Umum 1986: Satu kajian kes Di Terengganu. Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics & Strategic Studies, 15–26.
Weber, R. (2016). Why do young people join parties ? An incentive based typology of young party members. In Youth political participation: The diverse roads to democracy. Montreal: McGill University.
Weldon, S. (2006). Downsize my polity? The impact of size on party membership and member activism. Party Politics, 12(4), 467–481. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068806064729 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068806064729
Weng, H. W., & Maszlee, M. (2016). Bersih 5 and the growing discontent among the Malays. Singapore.
Whiteley, P. (2009). Party membership and activism in comparative perspective. In J. DeBardeleben & J. H. Pammett (Eds.), Activating the citizen :Dilemmas of participation in Europe and Canada (pp. 131–150). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230240902_7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230240902_7
Whiteley, P., & Seyd, P. (1996). Rationality and party activism: Encompassing tests of alternative models of political participation. European Journal of Political Research, 29(2), 215–234. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1996.tb00649.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1996.tb00649.x
Whiteley, P., Seyd, P., & Billinghurst, A. (2006). Third force politics: Liberal Democrats at the grassroots (1st ed). New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0199242828.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/0199242828.001.0001
Whiteley P., & Seyd, P. (2002). High-intensity participation: The dynamics of party activism in Britain (4th ed.). The University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.14704 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.14704