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JOKOWI VS PRABOWO: THE POLITENESS AND ITS VIOLATION IN POLITICAL COMMUNICATION OF INDONESIAN PRESIDENT CANDIDATES
Corresponding Author(s) : Adnan
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 3 (2020): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The study aims are to investigate levels of language politeness and its violations in the political communication of Jokowi and Prabowo and to describe the types of politeness and its violations in political communication of Jokowi and Prabowo as Indonesian president candidates in 2019.
Methodology: This research was used a qualitative approach with the descriptive method by paying attention to the Interactive Model theory to describe the object in analysis data through a pragmatic approach to identify the politeness principles and its violation following Leech’s (1983) theory. The subject of data on this research has conducted the utterances of Indonesian president candidates 2019 in the second debate session.
Main Findings: The result of the study can be concluded that five principles of politeness seen in the utterances of the presidential candidate. They are tact, approbation, modesty, agreement, and sympathy maxim. Furthermore, in this research, Prabowo was more polite than Jokowi where he has produced utterances of approbation, agreement, and less violation of modesty, while Jokowi more violated the modesty maxim.
Applications of this study: The study has an impact on political behavior. Other areas of study include social and political science and communication
Novelty/Originality of this study: This research is the new way in the context of language politeness study where combined the language politeness principles with socio-political science especially political communication.
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- Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., Sorensen, C., & Razavieh, A. (2010). Introduction to research in education, 8th ed. Wadsworth.
- Bardovi-Harlig, K. (2012). Formulas, routines, and conventional expressions in pragmatics research. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 32(1), 206–227. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190512000086 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190512000086
- Behnam, B., & Niroomand, M. (2011). An investigation of Iranian EFL learners’ use of politeness strategies and power relations in disagreement across different proficiency levels. English Language Teaching, 4(4), 204-220. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v4n4p204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v4n4p204
- Bousfield, D. (2008). Impoliteness in interaction. John Benjamins Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.167 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.167
- Brown, P., & Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813085 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813085
- Crystal, D. (Ed.). (1997). The Cambridge encyclopedia of language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Culpeper, J., Bousfield, D., & Wichmann, A. (2003). Impoliteness revisited: With special reference to dynamic and prosodic aspects. Journal of Pragmatics, 35(10-11), 1545-1579. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00118-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00118-2
- Edwards, D. (2005). Moaning, whinging, and laughing: The subjective side of complaints. Discourse Studies, 7(1), 5-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445605048765 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445605048765
- Grundy, P. (2000). Doing pragmatics. Oxford University Press.
- Gusthini, M., Sobarna, C., & Amalia, R. (2018). A pragmatic study of speech as an instrument of power: analysis of the 2016 USA Presidential Debate. Studies in Language and Education, 5(1), 97-113. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v5i1.6906 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v5i1.6906
- Haugh, M. (2007). The discursive challenge to politeness research: An interactional alternative. Journal of Politeness Research. Language, Behaviour, Culture, 3(2), 295-317. https://doi.org/10.1515/PR.2007.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/PR.2007.013
- Leech, G. (1983). The principles of pragmatics. Longman Inc.
- Leech, G. (2014). The pragmatics of politeness. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341386.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341386.001.0001
- Mey, J. L. (2001). Pragmatics: An introduction (2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishing.
- Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Method Sourcebook (3rd Ed.). New York: Sage Publications.
- Moleong, L. J. (2007). Metodologi penelitian kualitatif [Qualitative research methods]. Remaja Rosdakarya.
- Norris, P. (2004). Political communications. Harvard University.
- Nuolijarvi, P., & Tittula, S. (2011). The irony in political television debates. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(2), 572-587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2010.01.019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2010.01.019
- Peterson, M. A. (2015). Speaking of news: Press, democracy, and metapragmatic in a changing India. American Ethnologist: Journal of American Ethnological and Society, 4(42), 673-678. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12163 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12163
- Rizka, B., & Zainuddin. (2016). Lexical change with reference to social contact among the speakers of Pase Dialect. Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa, 10(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.24036/ld.v10i1.6296 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24036/ld.v10i1.6296
- Rizka, B. (2017). Lexical process of Acehnese borrowing. Getsempena English Education Journal, 4(1), 17-26.
- Sameer, I. (2017). Analysis of speech act patterns in two Egyptian inaugural speeches. Studies in English Language and Education, 4(2), 137-147. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v4i2.7271 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v4i2.7271
- Santoso, B., & Djauhari, M. A. (2019). Indonesian 2019 General Election: Who will be the future leader? Global Media Journal, 17(32), 1-5.
- Santoso, D. (2019). Empan papan ‘agree with the setting and speech event’ as reflected in the politeness strategies used in The Parliament of Yogyakarta. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviewers, 7(3), 195-199. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7330 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7330
- Sharif, T. I. S. T., Noor, M. Y. M., & Omar, S. R. (2019). Politeness in online communication: Retailer-client interaction. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviewers, 7(2), 233-239. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7226 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7226
- Traverso, V. (2009). The dilemmas of third-party complaints in the conversation between friends. Journal of Pragmatics, 41(12), 2385-2399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.09.047 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.09.047
- Wardhaugh, R., & Fuller, J. M. (2015). An introduction to sociolinguistics (7th ed). Blackwell.
- Yasmeen, R., Jabeen, M., & Akram, A. (2014). Politeness and the language of Pakistani Politicians. SAVAP International: Academic Research International, 5(3), 245-253.
- Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford University Press.
- Zasko-Zielinska, M. (2014). Apologizing: How genre affects the changes in the speech act. International Journal of Language and Literature, 2(3), 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15640/ijll.v2n3a5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15640/ijll.v2n3a5
References
Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., Sorensen, C., & Razavieh, A. (2010). Introduction to research in education, 8th ed. Wadsworth.
Bardovi-Harlig, K. (2012). Formulas, routines, and conventional expressions in pragmatics research. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 32(1), 206–227. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190512000086 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190512000086
Behnam, B., & Niroomand, M. (2011). An investigation of Iranian EFL learners’ use of politeness strategies and power relations in disagreement across different proficiency levels. English Language Teaching, 4(4), 204-220. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v4n4p204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v4n4p204
Bousfield, D. (2008). Impoliteness in interaction. John Benjamins Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.167 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.167
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813085 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813085
Crystal, D. (Ed.). (1997). The Cambridge encyclopedia of language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Culpeper, J., Bousfield, D., & Wichmann, A. (2003). Impoliteness revisited: With special reference to dynamic and prosodic aspects. Journal of Pragmatics, 35(10-11), 1545-1579. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00118-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00118-2
Edwards, D. (2005). Moaning, whinging, and laughing: The subjective side of complaints. Discourse Studies, 7(1), 5-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445605048765 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445605048765
Grundy, P. (2000). Doing pragmatics. Oxford University Press.
Gusthini, M., Sobarna, C., & Amalia, R. (2018). A pragmatic study of speech as an instrument of power: analysis of the 2016 USA Presidential Debate. Studies in Language and Education, 5(1), 97-113. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v5i1.6906 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v5i1.6906
Haugh, M. (2007). The discursive challenge to politeness research: An interactional alternative. Journal of Politeness Research. Language, Behaviour, Culture, 3(2), 295-317. https://doi.org/10.1515/PR.2007.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/PR.2007.013
Leech, G. (1983). The principles of pragmatics. Longman Inc.
Leech, G. (2014). The pragmatics of politeness. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341386.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341386.001.0001
Mey, J. L. (2001). Pragmatics: An introduction (2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishing.
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Method Sourcebook (3rd Ed.). New York: Sage Publications.
Moleong, L. J. (2007). Metodologi penelitian kualitatif [Qualitative research methods]. Remaja Rosdakarya.
Norris, P. (2004). Political communications. Harvard University.
Nuolijarvi, P., & Tittula, S. (2011). The irony in political television debates. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(2), 572-587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2010.01.019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2010.01.019
Peterson, M. A. (2015). Speaking of news: Press, democracy, and metapragmatic in a changing India. American Ethnologist: Journal of American Ethnological and Society, 4(42), 673-678. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12163 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12163
Rizka, B., & Zainuddin. (2016). Lexical change with reference to social contact among the speakers of Pase Dialect. Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa, 10(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.24036/ld.v10i1.6296 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24036/ld.v10i1.6296
Rizka, B. (2017). Lexical process of Acehnese borrowing. Getsempena English Education Journal, 4(1), 17-26.
Sameer, I. (2017). Analysis of speech act patterns in two Egyptian inaugural speeches. Studies in English Language and Education, 4(2), 137-147. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v4i2.7271 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v4i2.7271
Santoso, B., & Djauhari, M. A. (2019). Indonesian 2019 General Election: Who will be the future leader? Global Media Journal, 17(32), 1-5.
Santoso, D. (2019). Empan papan ‘agree with the setting and speech event’ as reflected in the politeness strategies used in The Parliament of Yogyakarta. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviewers, 7(3), 195-199. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7330 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7330
Sharif, T. I. S. T., Noor, M. Y. M., & Omar, S. R. (2019). Politeness in online communication: Retailer-client interaction. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviewers, 7(2), 233-239. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7226 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7226
Traverso, V. (2009). The dilemmas of third-party complaints in the conversation between friends. Journal of Pragmatics, 41(12), 2385-2399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.09.047 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.09.047
Wardhaugh, R., & Fuller, J. M. (2015). An introduction to sociolinguistics (7th ed). Blackwell.
Yasmeen, R., Jabeen, M., & Akram, A. (2014). Politeness and the language of Pakistani Politicians. SAVAP International: Academic Research International, 5(3), 245-253.
Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford University Press.
Zasko-Zielinska, M. (2014). Apologizing: How genre affects the changes in the speech act. International Journal of Language and Literature, 2(3), 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15640/ijll.v2n3a5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15640/ijll.v2n3a5