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PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF DRUG ADDICTS IN PREDICTING TREATMENT OUTCOMES
Corresponding Author(s) : Farhana Sabri
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 3 (2020): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study aims to investigate whether psychological well-being could predict treatment outcomes in drug addicts after they had received solution-based psychosocial intervention in a drug treatment setting. The psychological well-being of individuals is an important variable in discussing treatment outcomes after they were given psychosocial interventions.
Methodology: This study utilized a quasi-experimental research design using non-randomized pre-and post-test single group design. Fifty-seven participants were selected and they completed a pre- and post-assessment on psychological well-being changes and treatment outcomes questionnaire. Paired t-test and Pearson correlation were used to analyze the relationship between these two variables, while multiple linear regression was used to further explore whether participants' psychological well-being could predict their treatment outcomes.
Main Findings: Results indicated a significant relationship between these two variables and more than twenty percent in treatment outcomes were explained by psychological variance. Few contextual meanings of psychological symptoms should need to be emphasized in discussing the findings and future research direction.
Applications of this study: Having studied whether psychological well-being could predict treatment outcomes of drug addicts would benefit counselors and social workers who deal with addiction clients. The element of psychological well-being, such as mental health must be included in the treatment plan to increase the success of recovery amongst drug addict clients.
The novelty of this study: The conclusions from this study offer significant insight into the utilization of solution-focused intervention in non-Western populations and the relation between psychological well-being and treatment outcomes for drug addict clients. The findings expand the existing literature review on the psychological well-being of drug addicts in a way it takes into accounts the cultural context in discussing the outcomes.
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- Boswell, D., White, J., & Sims, W. D., Harrist, R. S., & Romans. S. (2013). Reliability and validity of the outcome questionnaire – 45.2. Psychological Reports: Mental and Physical Health, 112 (2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.2466/02.08.PR0.112.2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2466/02.08.PR0.112.2
- Cheng, D., Leong, F. T., & Geist, R. (1993). Cultural differences in psychological distress between Asian and Caucasian American college students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 21, 182 – 190. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.1993.tb00598.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.1993.tb00598.x
- Compton, W. M., Cottler, L. B., Ph, D., Jacobs, J. L., Ben-Abdallah, A., &Spitznagel, E. L. (2003). The role of psychiatric disorders in predicting drug dependence treatment outcomes. Am J Psychiatry, 160 (5), 889 – 895. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.890 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.890
- Davis, T. (2019, January 2). What is well-being?: definition, types, and well-being skills. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/click-here-happiness/201901/what-is-well-being-definition-types and-well-being-skills
- Dimitrov, D. M., & Rumrill, P. D. (2003). Pretest-posttest designs and measurement of change. Work (Reading, Mass.), 20, 159–165.
- Evans, C., Connell, J., Barkham, M., Margison, F., Mcgrath, G., Mellor-Clark, J., &Audin, K. (2002). Towards a standardized brief outcome measure: psychometric properties and utility of the CORE-OM. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.1.51 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.1.51
- Ghani, M. A., Brown, S.-E., Khan, F., Wickersham, J. A., Lim, S. H., Dhaliwal, S. K., & Altice, F. L. (2015). An exploratory qualitative assessment of self-reported treatment outcomes and satisfaction among patients accessing an innovative voluntary drug treatment center in Malaysia. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 26(2), 175–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.10.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.10.002
- Galderisi, S., Heinz, A., Kastrup, M., Beezhold, J., & Sartorius, N. (2015). Toward A New Definition of Mental Health. World Psychiatry, 14 (2), 231 – 233. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20231 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20231
- Hayes, B. G., Curry, J., Freeman, M. S., Kuch, T. H. (2010). College Counseling Case Studies An Alternative Counseling Model for Alcohol Abuse in College: A Case Study, Journal of College Counseling, 13, 87–97. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2010.tb00050.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2010.tb00050.x
- Henry, B.L., Minasian, A., Perry, W., 2010. Effect of methamphetamine dependence on everyday functional ability. Addict. Behav. 3, 593–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.01.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.01.013
- Huppert, F. A. (2009). Psychological well-being: Evidence regarding its causes and consequences. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-being, 1 (2), 137 – 164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01008.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01008.x
- Khan, T. M., Sulaiman, S. A., &Hassali, M. A. (2012). Factors associated with suicidal behavior among depressed patients in Penang, Malaysia. Archives of Medical Science: AMS, 8 (4), 697–703. https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2012.28601 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2012.28601
- Lambert, M. J., Lunnen, K., Umphress, V., Hansen, N., & Burlingame, G. M. (1994). Administration and scoring manual for the Outcome Questionnaire (OQ–45.1). Salt Lake City, UT: IHC Center for Behavioral Healthcare Efficacy. https://doi.org/10.1037/t00830-000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t00830-000
- Matshah, N. B., Halik, M., Kimong, P. J., Ayub, N., Kwan, S., M., &SuKiong, P. V. (2014). Coping strategies, perceptions of the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs, and intention to relapse among former methamphetamine addicts. Southeast Asia Psychology Journal, 2, 77–94.
- Mccollum, E. E., Trepper, T. S., & Smock, S. (2003). Solution-Focused Group Therapy for Substance Abuse : Extending Competency-Based Models, Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 14(4), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1300/J085v14n04_03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J085v14n04_03
- McLellan, A. T., Lewis, D. C., O'Brien, C. P., & Kleber, H. D. (2000). Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness. JAMA, 284(13), 1689. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.13.1689 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.13.1689
- Mellor-Clark, J., Barkham, M., Connel, J., & Evans. (1999). Practice-based evidence and need for a standardized evaluation system: informing the design of the CORE system. European Journal of Psychotherapy, Counseling, and Health, 3, 357-374. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642539908400818 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13642539908400818
- Narayanan, S., Vicknasingam, B., & Robson, N. M. H. (2011). The transition to harm reduction: Understanding the role of non-governmental organizations in Malaysia. International Journal of Drug Policy, 22(4), 311–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.01.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.01.002
- National Anti Drugs Agency (2014, January). The background of the establishment of C&C 1Malaysia. Retrieved from http://www.adk.gov.my/web/guest/cnc1m
- Nazar, M., Zakaria, M., & Salleh, G. (2009). The effectiveness of the Matrix Model for drug treatment in the community setting: A pilot study in NADA Kota Bahru and Kota Kinabalu. Antidrug Journal of Malaysia, 6, 1 – 16. Retrieved from http://www.adk.gov.my/html/pdf/jurnal/2009/jurnal_3.pdf
- Smock, S. A., Trepper, T. S., Wetchler, J. L., McCollum, E. E., Ray, R., & Pierce, K. (2008). Solution-focused group therapy for level 1 substance abusers. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 34 (1), 107–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00056.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00056.x
- World Health Organization (2004). Promoting mental health: concepts, emerging evidence, practice. (Summary Report) Geneva: World Health Organization.
- Wright, J. D., & Devine, J. A. (2015). Factors that interact with treatment to predict outcomes in substance abuse programs for the homeless. Journal of Addictive Disease, 14, 169 – 181. https://doi.org/10.1300/J069v14n04_10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J069v14n04_10
- Zhong, N., Jiang, H., Du, J., Zhao, Y., Sun, H., Xu, D., ... & Zhao, M. (2016). The cognitive impairments and psychological well-being of methamphetamine-dependent patients compared with healthy controls. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 69, 31-37. https://doi.org/1 0.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.04.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.04.005
References
Boswell, D., White, J., & Sims, W. D., Harrist, R. S., & Romans. S. (2013). Reliability and validity of the outcome questionnaire – 45.2. Psychological Reports: Mental and Physical Health, 112 (2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.2466/02.08.PR0.112.2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2466/02.08.PR0.112.2
Cheng, D., Leong, F. T., & Geist, R. (1993). Cultural differences in psychological distress between Asian and Caucasian American college students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 21, 182 – 190. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.1993.tb00598.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.1993.tb00598.x
Compton, W. M., Cottler, L. B., Ph, D., Jacobs, J. L., Ben-Abdallah, A., &Spitznagel, E. L. (2003). The role of psychiatric disorders in predicting drug dependence treatment outcomes. Am J Psychiatry, 160 (5), 889 – 895. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.890 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.890
Davis, T. (2019, January 2). What is well-being?: definition, types, and well-being skills. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/click-here-happiness/201901/what-is-well-being-definition-types and-well-being-skills
Dimitrov, D. M., & Rumrill, P. D. (2003). Pretest-posttest designs and measurement of change. Work (Reading, Mass.), 20, 159–165.
Evans, C., Connell, J., Barkham, M., Margison, F., Mcgrath, G., Mellor-Clark, J., &Audin, K. (2002). Towards a standardized brief outcome measure: psychometric properties and utility of the CORE-OM. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.1.51 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.1.51
Ghani, M. A., Brown, S.-E., Khan, F., Wickersham, J. A., Lim, S. H., Dhaliwal, S. K., & Altice, F. L. (2015). An exploratory qualitative assessment of self-reported treatment outcomes and satisfaction among patients accessing an innovative voluntary drug treatment center in Malaysia. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 26(2), 175–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.10.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.10.002
Galderisi, S., Heinz, A., Kastrup, M., Beezhold, J., & Sartorius, N. (2015). Toward A New Definition of Mental Health. World Psychiatry, 14 (2), 231 – 233. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20231 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20231
Hayes, B. G., Curry, J., Freeman, M. S., Kuch, T. H. (2010). College Counseling Case Studies An Alternative Counseling Model for Alcohol Abuse in College: A Case Study, Journal of College Counseling, 13, 87–97. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2010.tb00050.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2010.tb00050.x
Henry, B.L., Minasian, A., Perry, W., 2010. Effect of methamphetamine dependence on everyday functional ability. Addict. Behav. 3, 593–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.01.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.01.013
Huppert, F. A. (2009). Psychological well-being: Evidence regarding its causes and consequences. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-being, 1 (2), 137 – 164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01008.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01008.x
Khan, T. M., Sulaiman, S. A., &Hassali, M. A. (2012). Factors associated with suicidal behavior among depressed patients in Penang, Malaysia. Archives of Medical Science: AMS, 8 (4), 697–703. https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2012.28601 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2012.28601
Lambert, M. J., Lunnen, K., Umphress, V., Hansen, N., & Burlingame, G. M. (1994). Administration and scoring manual for the Outcome Questionnaire (OQ–45.1). Salt Lake City, UT: IHC Center for Behavioral Healthcare Efficacy. https://doi.org/10.1037/t00830-000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t00830-000
Matshah, N. B., Halik, M., Kimong, P. J., Ayub, N., Kwan, S., M., &SuKiong, P. V. (2014). Coping strategies, perceptions of the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs, and intention to relapse among former methamphetamine addicts. Southeast Asia Psychology Journal, 2, 77–94.
Mccollum, E. E., Trepper, T. S., & Smock, S. (2003). Solution-Focused Group Therapy for Substance Abuse : Extending Competency-Based Models, Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 14(4), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1300/J085v14n04_03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J085v14n04_03
McLellan, A. T., Lewis, D. C., O'Brien, C. P., & Kleber, H. D. (2000). Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness. JAMA, 284(13), 1689. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.13.1689 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.13.1689
Mellor-Clark, J., Barkham, M., Connel, J., & Evans. (1999). Practice-based evidence and need for a standardized evaluation system: informing the design of the CORE system. European Journal of Psychotherapy, Counseling, and Health, 3, 357-374. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642539908400818 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13642539908400818
Narayanan, S., Vicknasingam, B., & Robson, N. M. H. (2011). The transition to harm reduction: Understanding the role of non-governmental organizations in Malaysia. International Journal of Drug Policy, 22(4), 311–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.01.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.01.002
National Anti Drugs Agency (2014, January). The background of the establishment of C&C 1Malaysia. Retrieved from http://www.adk.gov.my/web/guest/cnc1m
Nazar, M., Zakaria, M., & Salleh, G. (2009). The effectiveness of the Matrix Model for drug treatment in the community setting: A pilot study in NADA Kota Bahru and Kota Kinabalu. Antidrug Journal of Malaysia, 6, 1 – 16. Retrieved from http://www.adk.gov.my/html/pdf/jurnal/2009/jurnal_3.pdf
Smock, S. A., Trepper, T. S., Wetchler, J. L., McCollum, E. E., Ray, R., & Pierce, K. (2008). Solution-focused group therapy for level 1 substance abusers. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 34 (1), 107–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00056.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00056.x
World Health Organization (2004). Promoting mental health: concepts, emerging evidence, practice. (Summary Report) Geneva: World Health Organization.
Wright, J. D., & Devine, J. A. (2015). Factors that interact with treatment to predict outcomes in substance abuse programs for the homeless. Journal of Addictive Disease, 14, 169 – 181. https://doi.org/10.1300/J069v14n04_10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J069v14n04_10
Zhong, N., Jiang, H., Du, J., Zhao, Y., Sun, H., Xu, D., ... & Zhao, M. (2016). The cognitive impairments and psychological well-being of methamphetamine-dependent patients compared with healthy controls. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 69, 31-37. https://doi.org/1 0.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.04.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.04.005