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EAP NEED ANALYSIS FOR LECTURERS: THE CASE OF A STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY IN PADANG, INDONESIA
Corresponding Author(s) : Martin Kustati
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 3 (2020): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The research aims to identify the need and level of English Academic Proficiency (EAP) of lecturers in Padang, Indonesia, in using English.
Methodology: From a total of 365 lecturers in the entire six faculties at UIN Imam Bonjol Padang, Indonesia, 92 lecturers were selected randomly as respondents for this research. To collect data, a questionnaire was used to gather the lecturers’ perception of the need for EAP programs, which is related to their ability in four language skills (listening, reading, speaking, and writing) and on the EAP test.
Main Findings: A majority of lecturers needed an EAP course to improve their professionalism and competences. They preferred speaking and writing for future careers or activities such as writing English books, journals, and reports, participating in international events, becoming credible academic staff, developing teaching profession, and other individual competences to improve their professionalism. This study found a majority of their ability in EAP was in the levels of elementary and intermediate.
Applications of this study: This study suggests that if Indonesia expects its policy of teaching profession reform to be successful, intensive and consistent lecturers’ development and programs must be well-organized, and sufficient resources must be allocated so that all faculty members, especially those under the Ministry of Religious Affairs, can meet the objectives.
Novelty/Originality of this study: No specific reports on EAP need analysis for lecturers in Indonesia are found. The current need to design an EAP program need-based analysis assessment would help instructors to communicate their research in both written and oral English successfully. This program should aid academics to report on their research not only in written form but also in spoken language.
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- Anderson, N. J. (2003). Metacognitive reading strategies increase L2 performance. The Language Teacher Online, 27(7), 1-3.
- Asfina, R., & Ovilia, R. (2016). Be proud of Indonesian cultural heritage richness and be alert of its preservation efforts in the global world. Humanus, XV(2), 195-206. https://doi.org/10.24036/jh.v15i2.6428 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24036/jh.v15i2.6428
- Barry Issenberg, S., McGaghie, W. C., Petrusa, E. R., Lee Gordon, D., & Scalese, R. J. (2005). Features and uses of high-fidelity medical simulations that lead to effective learning: A BEME systematic review. Medical Teacher, 27(1), 10–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/01421590500046924 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01421590500046924
- Biber, D., & Gray, B. (2010). Challenging stereotypes about academic writing: Complexity, elaboration, explicitness. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 9(1), 2–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2010.01.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2010.01.001
- Cai, J. G. (2012). Academic English: Needs analysis and teaching methods. Foreign Language Learning Theory and Practice, 2, 30–35.
- Canagarajah, S. (2007). Lingua franca English, multilingual communities, and language acquisition. The Modern Language Journal, 91(s1), 923–939. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2007.00678.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2007.00678.x
- Chou, Y.C. (2008). Exploring the reflection of teachers’ beliefs about reading theories and strategies on their classroom practices. Feng Chia Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 16,183-216.
- Crocker, A. (1991). Comments on Nuril Huda’s report on the survey of the teaching of English in secondary schools. TEFLIN Journal, 4(1), 139-146.
- Curry, M. J., & Lillis, T. M. (2010). Academic research networks: Accessing resources for English-medium publishing. English for Specific Purposes, 29(4), 281–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2010.06.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2010.06.002
- Devira, M. (2017). Acquisition of academic literacy in an Engineering Communication Course: Integration of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) and Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). Studies in English Language and Education, 4(1), 38-53. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v4i1.7003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v4i1.7003
- Dickson, B. (2016). The dictator’s dilemma: the Chinese Communist Party’s strategy for survival. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2016.1261563 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2016.1261563
- Dudley-Evans, T., & St John, M. (1998). Developments in ESP: A multi-disciplinary approach. Cambridge University Press.
- Elvheim, E. (2006). Language of American talk show hosts: Gender-based research on Oprah and Dr. Phil. (Master’s thesis). Uppsala University, Uppsala.
- Flowerdew, J., & Peacock, M. (Eds.) (2001). Research perspectives on English for academic purposes. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139524766 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139524766
- Gea-Valor, M.-L., Rey-Rocha, J., & Moreno, A. I. (2014). Publishing research in the international context: An analysis of Spanish scholars’ academic writing needs in the social sciences. English for Specific Purposes, 36, 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2014.05.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2014.05.001
- Goodfellow, R., Lea, M., Gonzalez, F., & Mason, R. (2001). Opportunity and e-quality: Intercultural and linguistic issues in global online learning. Distance Education, 22(1), 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/0158791010220105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0158791010220105
- Goodman, D. J., & Ritzer, G. (2004). Teori sosiologi modern, Edisi VI [The theory of modern sociology, 6th Ed.]. Jakarta: Prenada Media.
- Hanurawan, F., & Waterworth, P. (1997). Multicultural perspectives in the Indonesian social studies education curriculum. The Journal of Education, 4, 265-275.
- Holliday, A., & Cooke, T. (1982). An ecological approach to ESP. In A. Waters (Ed.), Issues in ESP, Lancaster practical papers in English language education, No. 5 (pp. 123-143). Pergamon Press.
- Huda, N. (1997). A national strategy in achieving English communicative ability: Globalization perspectives. The Journal of Education, 4, 281-292.
- Hutchinson, T., & Waters, A. (1987). English for specific purposes. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511733031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511733031
- Hyland, K., & Salager-Meyer, F. (2008). Scientific writing. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 42(1), 297–338. https://doi.org/10.1002/aris.2008.1440420114 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aris.2008.1440420114
- Jenkins, J. (2013). English as a lingua franca in the international university: The politics of academic English language policy. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203798157 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203798157
- Jordan, R. R. (1989). English for academic purposes (EAP). Language Teaching, 22(3), 150–164. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026144480001483X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S026144480001483X
- Kafes, H. (2017). Citation practices among novice and expert academic writers. Education and Science, 42, 441-462. https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2017.6317 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2017.6317
- Kusni. (2013). Reformulating English for Specific Purposes (ESP) in Indonesia: Current issues and prospects. SELT 2013 Proceeding (pp. 36-48). Padang: Universita Negeri Padang.
- Kustati, M., Yusuf, Y. Q., & Maarof, N. (2018). English teachers’ voices on communicative language teaching for reading in Indonesian rural classrooms. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 76(5), 649-662. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/18.76.649
- Lewis, R. (1996). Indonesian students’ learning styles. EA Journal, 14(2), 27-32.
- Liu, J. (2002). Process drama in second and foreign language classrooms. In G. Bräuer (Ed.), Body and language: Intercultural learning through drama (pp. 51-70). Ablex Publishing.
- Long, M. H. (2005a). Methodological issues in learning need analysis. In M. H. Long, (Ed.), Second language needs analysis (pp. 19-76). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667299.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667299.002
- Long, M. H. (2005b). The second language needs analysis. Cambridge University Press.
- Mahmud, C. T., & Gopal, R. (2018). Miscue analysis: A glimpse into the reading process. Studies in English Language and Education, 5(1), 12-24. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v5i1.9927 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v5i1.9927
- Matsuda, P. K., Canagarajah, A. S., Harklau, L., Hyland, K., & Warschauer, M. (2003). Changing currents in second language writing research: A colloquium. Journal of Second Language Writing, 12(2), 151–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1060-3743(03)00016-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1060-3743(03)00016-X
- Min, H.-T. (2006). The effects of trained peer review on EFL students’ revision types and writing quality. Journal of Second Language Writing, 15(2), 118–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2006.01.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2006.01.003
- Moussu, L., & Llurda, E. (2008). Non-native English-speaking English language teachers: History and research. Language Teaching, 41(3), 315–348. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444808005028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444808005028
- Munby J. (1978). Communicative syllabus design: A sociolinguistic model for defining the content of purpose-specific language programs. Cambridge University Press.
- Myles, J. (2002). Second language writing and research: The writing process and error analysis in student texts. TESL-EJ, 6(2), 1–20.
- Naquin, S. S., & Holton III, E. F. (2006). Leadership and managerial competency models: A simplified process and the resulting model. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 8(2), 144–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422305286152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422305286152
- Ngula, R. S. (2015). Epistemic modality in social science research articles written by Ghanaian authors: a corpus-based study of disciplinary and native vs. non-native variations. (Doctoral dissertation). Lancaster University, Lancaster.
- Ojamo, T. E. (2015). Creating coherence in research articles: Non-native researchers as writers of scientific English. (Master’s thesis). Tampere University of Technology, Tampere.
- Olaofe, I. (1994). Testing English for Academic Purposes (EAP) in higher education. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher. https://doi.org/10.1080/0260293940190104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0260293940190104
- Pennycook, A. (2017). The cultural politics of English as an international language. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315225593 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315225593
- Rahmawati, L. E., Suwandi, S., Saddhono, S., & Setiawan, B. (2019). Need analysis on the development of writing competency tests for foreign university students. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 7(3), 467-471. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7368 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7368
- Richards, J. C., & Schmidt, R. W. (2013). Longman dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315833835 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315833835
- Robinson, P. C. (1991). ESP today: A practitioner’s guide. Prentice-Hall.
- Rokhyati, U. (2013). Teaching English at higher education in Indonesia: searching for usefulness. SELT 2013 Proceeding (pp. 235-240). Padang: Universitas Negeri Padang.
- Salager-Meyer, F. (2008). Scientific publishing in developing countries: Challenges for the future. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 7(2), 121–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2008.03.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2008.03.009
- Sanjaya, I. N. S., Sitawati, A. A. R., & Suciani, N. K. (2015). Comparing hedges used by English and Indonesian scholars in published research articles: A corpus-based study. TEFLIN Journal, 26(2), 209-227. https://doi.org/10.15639/teflinjournal.v26i2/209-227 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15639/teflinjournal.v26i2/209-227
- Savignon, S. J. (2007). Beyond communicative language teaching: What’s ahead? Journal of Pragmatics, 39(1), 207–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2006.09.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2006.09.004
- Song, S. Y. (2014). Non-native English-speaking Doctoral students’ writing for publication in English: A socio-politically-oriented multiple case study. (Doctoral dissertation). The Ohio State University, Columbus.
- Thornbury, S. (2000). How to teach grammar. Longman.
- West, R. (1994). Needs analysis in language teaching. Language Teaching, 27(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444800007527 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444800007527
- Yaylı, D., & Canagarajah, A. S. (2018). The processes behind RA introduction writing among Turkish arts and science scholars. In Y. Kırkgöz & K. Dikilitaş (Eds.), Key issues in English for specific purposes in higher education (pp. 111–128). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70214-8_7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70214-8_7
- Zohoorian, Z. (2015). A needs analysis approach: An investigation of needs in an EAP context. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 5(1), 58-65. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0501.07 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0501.07
References
Anderson, N. J. (2003). Metacognitive reading strategies increase L2 performance. The Language Teacher Online, 27(7), 1-3.
Asfina, R., & Ovilia, R. (2016). Be proud of Indonesian cultural heritage richness and be alert of its preservation efforts in the global world. Humanus, XV(2), 195-206. https://doi.org/10.24036/jh.v15i2.6428 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24036/jh.v15i2.6428
Barry Issenberg, S., McGaghie, W. C., Petrusa, E. R., Lee Gordon, D., & Scalese, R. J. (2005). Features and uses of high-fidelity medical simulations that lead to effective learning: A BEME systematic review. Medical Teacher, 27(1), 10–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/01421590500046924 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01421590500046924
Biber, D., & Gray, B. (2010). Challenging stereotypes about academic writing: Complexity, elaboration, explicitness. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 9(1), 2–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2010.01.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2010.01.001
Cai, J. G. (2012). Academic English: Needs analysis and teaching methods. Foreign Language Learning Theory and Practice, 2, 30–35.
Canagarajah, S. (2007). Lingua franca English, multilingual communities, and language acquisition. The Modern Language Journal, 91(s1), 923–939. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2007.00678.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2007.00678.x
Chou, Y.C. (2008). Exploring the reflection of teachers’ beliefs about reading theories and strategies on their classroom practices. Feng Chia Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 16,183-216.
Crocker, A. (1991). Comments on Nuril Huda’s report on the survey of the teaching of English in secondary schools. TEFLIN Journal, 4(1), 139-146.
Curry, M. J., & Lillis, T. M. (2010). Academic research networks: Accessing resources for English-medium publishing. English for Specific Purposes, 29(4), 281–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2010.06.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2010.06.002
Devira, M. (2017). Acquisition of academic literacy in an Engineering Communication Course: Integration of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) and Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). Studies in English Language and Education, 4(1), 38-53. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v4i1.7003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v4i1.7003
Dickson, B. (2016). The dictator’s dilemma: the Chinese Communist Party’s strategy for survival. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2016.1261563 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2016.1261563
Dudley-Evans, T., & St John, M. (1998). Developments in ESP: A multi-disciplinary approach. Cambridge University Press.
Elvheim, E. (2006). Language of American talk show hosts: Gender-based research on Oprah and Dr. Phil. (Master’s thesis). Uppsala University, Uppsala.
Flowerdew, J., & Peacock, M. (Eds.) (2001). Research perspectives on English for academic purposes. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139524766 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139524766
Gea-Valor, M.-L., Rey-Rocha, J., & Moreno, A. I. (2014). Publishing research in the international context: An analysis of Spanish scholars’ academic writing needs in the social sciences. English for Specific Purposes, 36, 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2014.05.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2014.05.001
Goodfellow, R., Lea, M., Gonzalez, F., & Mason, R. (2001). Opportunity and e-quality: Intercultural and linguistic issues in global online learning. Distance Education, 22(1), 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/0158791010220105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0158791010220105
Goodman, D. J., & Ritzer, G. (2004). Teori sosiologi modern, Edisi VI [The theory of modern sociology, 6th Ed.]. Jakarta: Prenada Media.
Hanurawan, F., & Waterworth, P. (1997). Multicultural perspectives in the Indonesian social studies education curriculum. The Journal of Education, 4, 265-275.
Holliday, A., & Cooke, T. (1982). An ecological approach to ESP. In A. Waters (Ed.), Issues in ESP, Lancaster practical papers in English language education, No. 5 (pp. 123-143). Pergamon Press.
Huda, N. (1997). A national strategy in achieving English communicative ability: Globalization perspectives. The Journal of Education, 4, 281-292.
Hutchinson, T., & Waters, A. (1987). English for specific purposes. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511733031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511733031
Hyland, K., & Salager-Meyer, F. (2008). Scientific writing. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 42(1), 297–338. https://doi.org/10.1002/aris.2008.1440420114 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aris.2008.1440420114
Jenkins, J. (2013). English as a lingua franca in the international university: The politics of academic English language policy. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203798157 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203798157
Jordan, R. R. (1989). English for academic purposes (EAP). Language Teaching, 22(3), 150–164. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026144480001483X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S026144480001483X
Kafes, H. (2017). Citation practices among novice and expert academic writers. Education and Science, 42, 441-462. https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2017.6317 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2017.6317
Kusni. (2013). Reformulating English for Specific Purposes (ESP) in Indonesia: Current issues and prospects. SELT 2013 Proceeding (pp. 36-48). Padang: Universita Negeri Padang.
Kustati, M., Yusuf, Y. Q., & Maarof, N. (2018). English teachers’ voices on communicative language teaching for reading in Indonesian rural classrooms. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 76(5), 649-662. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/18.76.649
Lewis, R. (1996). Indonesian students’ learning styles. EA Journal, 14(2), 27-32.
Liu, J. (2002). Process drama in second and foreign language classrooms. In G. Bräuer (Ed.), Body and language: Intercultural learning through drama (pp. 51-70). Ablex Publishing.
Long, M. H. (2005a). Methodological issues in learning need analysis. In M. H. Long, (Ed.), Second language needs analysis (pp. 19-76). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667299.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667299.002
Long, M. H. (2005b). The second language needs analysis. Cambridge University Press.
Mahmud, C. T., & Gopal, R. (2018). Miscue analysis: A glimpse into the reading process. Studies in English Language and Education, 5(1), 12-24. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v5i1.9927 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v5i1.9927
Matsuda, P. K., Canagarajah, A. S., Harklau, L., Hyland, K., & Warschauer, M. (2003). Changing currents in second language writing research: A colloquium. Journal of Second Language Writing, 12(2), 151–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1060-3743(03)00016-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1060-3743(03)00016-X
Min, H.-T. (2006). The effects of trained peer review on EFL students’ revision types and writing quality. Journal of Second Language Writing, 15(2), 118–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2006.01.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2006.01.003
Moussu, L., & Llurda, E. (2008). Non-native English-speaking English language teachers: History and research. Language Teaching, 41(3), 315–348. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444808005028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444808005028
Munby J. (1978). Communicative syllabus design: A sociolinguistic model for defining the content of purpose-specific language programs. Cambridge University Press.
Myles, J. (2002). Second language writing and research: The writing process and error analysis in student texts. TESL-EJ, 6(2), 1–20.
Naquin, S. S., & Holton III, E. F. (2006). Leadership and managerial competency models: A simplified process and the resulting model. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 8(2), 144–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422305286152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422305286152
Ngula, R. S. (2015). Epistemic modality in social science research articles written by Ghanaian authors: a corpus-based study of disciplinary and native vs. non-native variations. (Doctoral dissertation). Lancaster University, Lancaster.
Ojamo, T. E. (2015). Creating coherence in research articles: Non-native researchers as writers of scientific English. (Master’s thesis). Tampere University of Technology, Tampere.
Olaofe, I. (1994). Testing English for Academic Purposes (EAP) in higher education. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher. https://doi.org/10.1080/0260293940190104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0260293940190104
Pennycook, A. (2017). The cultural politics of English as an international language. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315225593 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315225593
Rahmawati, L. E., Suwandi, S., Saddhono, S., & Setiawan, B. (2019). Need analysis on the development of writing competency tests for foreign university students. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 7(3), 467-471. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7368 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7368
Richards, J. C., & Schmidt, R. W. (2013). Longman dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315833835 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315833835
Robinson, P. C. (1991). ESP today: A practitioner’s guide. Prentice-Hall.
Rokhyati, U. (2013). Teaching English at higher education in Indonesia: searching for usefulness. SELT 2013 Proceeding (pp. 235-240). Padang: Universitas Negeri Padang.
Salager-Meyer, F. (2008). Scientific publishing in developing countries: Challenges for the future. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 7(2), 121–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2008.03.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2008.03.009
Sanjaya, I. N. S., Sitawati, A. A. R., & Suciani, N. K. (2015). Comparing hedges used by English and Indonesian scholars in published research articles: A corpus-based study. TEFLIN Journal, 26(2), 209-227. https://doi.org/10.15639/teflinjournal.v26i2/209-227 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15639/teflinjournal.v26i2/209-227
Savignon, S. J. (2007). Beyond communicative language teaching: What’s ahead? Journal of Pragmatics, 39(1), 207–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2006.09.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2006.09.004
Song, S. Y. (2014). Non-native English-speaking Doctoral students’ writing for publication in English: A socio-politically-oriented multiple case study. (Doctoral dissertation). The Ohio State University, Columbus.
Thornbury, S. (2000). How to teach grammar. Longman.
West, R. (1994). Needs analysis in language teaching. Language Teaching, 27(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444800007527 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444800007527
Yaylı, D., & Canagarajah, A. S. (2018). The processes behind RA introduction writing among Turkish arts and science scholars. In Y. Kırkgöz & K. Dikilitaş (Eds.), Key issues in English for specific purposes in higher education (pp. 111–128). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70214-8_7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70214-8_7
Zohoorian, Z. (2015). A needs analysis approach: An investigation of needs in an EAP context. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 5(1), 58-65. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0501.07 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0501.07