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AN INVESTIGATION OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES TO TRANSLATE CULTURAL - COLLOCATIONS IN LITERARY TEXTS
Corresponding Author(s) : Adham Mousa Obeidat
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 4 (2020): July
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The purpose of this study was to investigate the procedures that translators employ to translate cultural collocations from Arabic into English,.It is considered a challenge for translators since the components of such collocations must be translated as one meaningful unit.
Methodology: The methodology of this study is a descriptive-interpretive analysis of the source text (ST) and target texts (TTs). The authors applied Newmark's culture categorizations and translation theory to categorize the collocations in this study and investigate their Translation, which was collected from the Arabic novel "Awlad Hartna" by Naguib Mahfouz, and its two translations in English, "Children of Gebelawi" by Philip Stewart (1981) and "Children of the Alley" by Peter Theroux (1988).
Main Findings: The results of the study revealed that the source text is a rich source of cultural signs. Analysis of the data indicated that translators apply only 10 procedures, which include cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, through-translation, shifts, modulation, paraphrasing, couplet, reduction and omission, and literal Translation. Procedures of transference, naturalization, and synonymy have been avoided since they are usually used to translate single cultural words. The findings further revealed that literal Translation is the most frequently used procedure and shifts are the least frequently used.
Application of the study: Findings of the study have pedagogical implications for translators in general, translators of literature, student translators, and teacher translators. Findings of the cultural analysis of collocations are an essential resource for researchers of cultural studies to translate between Arabic and English.
The novelty of this study: The scientific novelty of the present study lies in discussing the functional procedures that are used to translate cultural signs in the form of collocations. The cultural aspects of collocations and the meaning of cultural collocations are also presented in a detailed and comprehensive manner.
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- Aixelá, J. F. (1996). Culture-specific items in Translation. Translation, power, subversion, 8, 52-78.
- Al-Hassan, A. (2013). The Importance of Culture in Translation: Should Culture be Translated?. International journal of applied linguistics and English literature, 2(2), 96-100. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.2n.2p.96 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.2n.2p.96
- Al-Masri, H. (2009). Translation and cultural equivalence: A study of translation losses in Arabic literary texts. Journal of Universal Language, 10(1), 7-44. https://doi.org/10.22425/jul.2009.10.1.7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22425/jul.2009.10.1.7
- Al-Shammari, A. H., & Sahiouni, M. A. A. (2019). Impact of Collocation Instruction on Kuwaiti ESL/EFL Learners’ Reading Comprehension. The Journal of Social Sciences Research, 5(4), 858-867. https://doi.org/10.32861/jssr.54.1193.1202 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32861/jssr.54.1193.1202
- Aresta, R. (2018). The influence of translation techniques on the accuracy and acceptability of translated utterances that flout the maxim of quality. Jurnal Humaniora, 30(2), 176-191. https://doi.org/10.22146/jh.v30i2.33645 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jh.v30i2.33645
- Ayyad, G. R., & Mahadi, T. S. T. (2019). Strategies of translating qur'anic cultural terms. International Journal, 2(7), 139-147. https://doi.org/10.35631/ijhpl.270012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35631/ijhpl.270012
- Bahans, J. (1993). Lexical Collocations: A Contrastive View. ELT Journal, Vol. 47(1), 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/47.1.56 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/47.1.56
- Baker. M. (1992) In Other Words: A Course book on Translation. London and New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203327579 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203327579
- Bani-Younes, M. A. (2015). Cultural and Sociolinguistic Issues in English-Arabic Translation of Collocations. Studies in Literature and Language, 10(6), 53-58.
- Behnam, B., & Nosratzadegan, N. (2014). An Analysis of the Strategies Used in English Translation of Lexical Collocations in Divan-e Hafiz. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 3(1), 157-161. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v3-i1/713 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v3-i1/713
- Bahumaid, S. (2006). Collocation in English-Arabic Translation. Babel, 52(2), 133-152. https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.52.2.03bah DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.52.2.03bah
- Crystal, D. (2008). A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics (The Language Library). John Wiley & Sons Incorporated. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444302776 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444302776
- Daghoughi, Shekoufeh, and Mahmood Hashemian. (2016). Analysis of Culture-Specific Items and Translation Strategies Applied in Translating Jalal Al-Ahmad's" By the Pen". English language teaching, 9(4), 171-185. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v9n4p171 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v9n4p171
- Dawood, M. M. (2003). Dictionary of Idiomatic Expressions in Modern Standard Arabic (2003 ed., Vol. 21042, I.S.B.N.977-215-699-6). Cairo, Egypt: Gharib Publications.
- Delabastita, D. (2011). Literary Translation. Handbook of translation studies, 2, 69-78. https://doi.org/10.1075/hts.2.lit2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/hts.2.lit2
- Dweik, B. S., & Abu Shakra, M. (2011). Problems in translating collocations in religious texts from Arabic into English. The Linguistics Journal, 5(1), 5-41.
- Emery, P. G. (1991). Collocation in Modern Standard Arabic. Journal of Arabic Linguistics, 23(1),56-65.
- Firth, J. R. (1957) Papers in Linguistics 1934–1951. London: Oxford University Press.
- Geng, X. (2013). Techniques of the Translation of Culture. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3(6), 977. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.3.6.977-981 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.3.6.977-981
- Ghazala, H. (2008). Translation as problems and solutions. Lebanon: Dar El- ilmLilm Malyin.
- Ghazala, H. (1993a). Translating Collocations: Arabic-English (in Arabic). Turjuman, 2(1), 7 44.
- Graedler, A. (2010). Cultural Shock: Oslo Studies in English on the Net—Translation Course.
- Haghighi, H., & Hemmati, F. (2018). A multifaceted approach to the Translation of collocations from English to Persian. Applied Linguistics Research Journal, 2(2), 8-25. https://doi.org/10.14744/alrj.2018.03511 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14744/alrj.2018.03511
- Harvey, M. (2000). A beginner's course in legal Translation: the case of culture-bound terms. ASTTI/ETI, 357-369.
- Hatim, B. & Munday, J. (2004). Translation: An advanced resource book. UK: Routledge applied linguistics. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203501887 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203501887
- Hassan, T. (1973).Al-Lughatu Al-Arabiya–Ma’naha wa-Mabnaha. Al-Hay’a Al- Misriya Al Amma Lil-Kitab.
- Hervey, S. G. J., & Higgins, I. (1992). Thinking Translation: A course in translation method, French English. New York: Taylor & Francis Routledge.
- Howarth, P. A. (1996): Phraseology in English Academic Writing: Some Implications for Language Learning and Dictionary Making, (Vol. 75). Walter de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110937923 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110937923
- Husamaddin, K. (1985). Idiomatic Expressions (in Arabic). Cairo: Maktabat Al- Anjilu Al Masriyah.
- Kolawole, S. O., & Salawu, A. (2008). The literary translator and the concept of fidelity: Kirkup's Translation of Camara Laye's L'Enfant noir as a case study. Translation Journal, 12(4).
- Hussain, S. S. (2017). Translating a Literary Text: Enigma or Enterprise. International Journal of English Language and Translation Studies, 5, 75-80.
- Lewis, M. (2000). Teaching collocation: Further developments in the lexical approach. London: Language Teaching Publications.
- McCarthy, Michael, and Felicity O'Dell. (2005). English Collocations in Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Nagar, Anupam. (2018). The Concept of Translation in Western and Indian Traditions. Journal of Education and Culture Studies. 2. 242-247. https://doi.org/10.22158/jecs.v2n4p242 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22158/jecs.v2n4p242
- Newmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall.
- Nida, E. A., & Taber, C. R. (Eds.). (1982). The theory and practice of translation (Vol. 8). Brill Archive.
- Nofal, K. H. (2012). Collocations in English and Arabic: A comparative study. English language and literature studies, 2(3), 75. https://doi.org/10.5539/ells.v2n3p75 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ells.v2n3p75
- Nord, C. (2018) Translating as a purposeful activity: Functionalist approaches explained. Routledge.
- Obeidat, A. M., & Mahadi, T. S. T. (2019). The Translation of Arabic Religious–Cultural Collocations In Literary Texts Into English: An Application Of Domestication and Foreignization Translation Strategies. International Journal, 2(6), 155-165. https://doi.org/10.35631/ijhpl.260013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35631/ijhpl.260013
- Obeidat, A. M., & Mahadi, T. S. T. (2019). Collocation Translation Errors From Arabic Into English: A Case Study of Naguib Mahfouz's Novel "Awlad Haratina". International Journal, 2(7), 129-138. https://doi.org/10.35631/ijhpl.270011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35631/ijhpl.270011
- Putranti, A. (2018). Modulation: A Translation Method to Obtain Naturalness in Target Language Texts. Journal of Language and Literature, 18(1), 98-101. https://doi.org/10.24071/joll.2018.180112 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/joll.2018.180112
- Robins, R. H. (2013). A short history of linguistics. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315843186 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315843186
- Robinson, D. (2019). Becoming a translator: An introduction to the theory and practice of Translation. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429276606 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429276606
- Toury, G. (1995). Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam Philadelphia J. Benjamins Publications. https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.4
- Vermeer, Hans J. (1989) 'Skopos and Commission in Translational Action'. The Translation Studies Reader (1989) 221-32.
- Wang, D. (2017, February). Functionalist Translation Theory and Its Application in Literary Translation. In 2016 2nd International Conference on Education, Social Science, Management and Sports (ICESSMS 2016). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/icessms-16.2017.69 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/icessms-16.2017.69
- Wu, J. (2008). The Analysis of Cultural Gaps in Translation and Solutions. English language teaching, 1(2), 123-127. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v1n2p123 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v1n2p123
- Youseff. M. A. Sameh (2011). Translation Challenges and Solutions: The Case of Allergy. From: https://www.academia.edu/19753969/Translation_Challenges_and_Solutio_The_Cas_of_Alegory?ato=download
- Zaabalawi, R. S., & Gould, A. M. (2017). English collocations: A novel approach to teaching the language's last bastion. Ampersand, 4, 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amper.2017.03.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amper.2017.03.002
- Zhang, Q., & Wang, J. (2010). Application of Functional Equivalence Theory in English Translation of Chinese Idioms. Journal of Language Teaching & Research, 1(6). https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.1.6.880-888 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.1.6.880-888
References
Aixelá, J. F. (1996). Culture-specific items in Translation. Translation, power, subversion, 8, 52-78.
Al-Hassan, A. (2013). The Importance of Culture in Translation: Should Culture be Translated?. International journal of applied linguistics and English literature, 2(2), 96-100. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.2n.2p.96 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.2n.2p.96
Al-Masri, H. (2009). Translation and cultural equivalence: A study of translation losses in Arabic literary texts. Journal of Universal Language, 10(1), 7-44. https://doi.org/10.22425/jul.2009.10.1.7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22425/jul.2009.10.1.7
Al-Shammari, A. H., & Sahiouni, M. A. A. (2019). Impact of Collocation Instruction on Kuwaiti ESL/EFL Learners’ Reading Comprehension. The Journal of Social Sciences Research, 5(4), 858-867. https://doi.org/10.32861/jssr.54.1193.1202 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32861/jssr.54.1193.1202
Aresta, R. (2018). The influence of translation techniques on the accuracy and acceptability of translated utterances that flout the maxim of quality. Jurnal Humaniora, 30(2), 176-191. https://doi.org/10.22146/jh.v30i2.33645 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jh.v30i2.33645
Ayyad, G. R., & Mahadi, T. S. T. (2019). Strategies of translating qur'anic cultural terms. International Journal, 2(7), 139-147. https://doi.org/10.35631/ijhpl.270012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35631/ijhpl.270012
Bahans, J. (1993). Lexical Collocations: A Contrastive View. ELT Journal, Vol. 47(1), 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/47.1.56 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/47.1.56
Baker. M. (1992) In Other Words: A Course book on Translation. London and New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203327579 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203327579
Bani-Younes, M. A. (2015). Cultural and Sociolinguistic Issues in English-Arabic Translation of Collocations. Studies in Literature and Language, 10(6), 53-58.
Behnam, B., & Nosratzadegan, N. (2014). An Analysis of the Strategies Used in English Translation of Lexical Collocations in Divan-e Hafiz. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 3(1), 157-161. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v3-i1/713 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v3-i1/713
Bahumaid, S. (2006). Collocation in English-Arabic Translation. Babel, 52(2), 133-152. https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.52.2.03bah DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.52.2.03bah
Crystal, D. (2008). A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics (The Language Library). John Wiley & Sons Incorporated. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444302776 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444302776
Daghoughi, Shekoufeh, and Mahmood Hashemian. (2016). Analysis of Culture-Specific Items and Translation Strategies Applied in Translating Jalal Al-Ahmad's" By the Pen". English language teaching, 9(4), 171-185. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v9n4p171 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v9n4p171
Dawood, M. M. (2003). Dictionary of Idiomatic Expressions in Modern Standard Arabic (2003 ed., Vol. 21042, I.S.B.N.977-215-699-6). Cairo, Egypt: Gharib Publications.
Delabastita, D. (2011). Literary Translation. Handbook of translation studies, 2, 69-78. https://doi.org/10.1075/hts.2.lit2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/hts.2.lit2
Dweik, B. S., & Abu Shakra, M. (2011). Problems in translating collocations in religious texts from Arabic into English. The Linguistics Journal, 5(1), 5-41.
Emery, P. G. (1991). Collocation in Modern Standard Arabic. Journal of Arabic Linguistics, 23(1),56-65.
Firth, J. R. (1957) Papers in Linguistics 1934–1951. London: Oxford University Press.
Geng, X. (2013). Techniques of the Translation of Culture. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3(6), 977. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.3.6.977-981 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.3.6.977-981
Ghazala, H. (2008). Translation as problems and solutions. Lebanon: Dar El- ilmLilm Malyin.
Ghazala, H. (1993a). Translating Collocations: Arabic-English (in Arabic). Turjuman, 2(1), 7 44.
Graedler, A. (2010). Cultural Shock: Oslo Studies in English on the Net—Translation Course.
Haghighi, H., & Hemmati, F. (2018). A multifaceted approach to the Translation of collocations from English to Persian. Applied Linguistics Research Journal, 2(2), 8-25. https://doi.org/10.14744/alrj.2018.03511 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14744/alrj.2018.03511
Harvey, M. (2000). A beginner's course in legal Translation: the case of culture-bound terms. ASTTI/ETI, 357-369.
Hatim, B. & Munday, J. (2004). Translation: An advanced resource book. UK: Routledge applied linguistics. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203501887 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203501887
Hassan, T. (1973).Al-Lughatu Al-Arabiya–Ma’naha wa-Mabnaha. Al-Hay’a Al- Misriya Al Amma Lil-Kitab.
Hervey, S. G. J., & Higgins, I. (1992). Thinking Translation: A course in translation method, French English. New York: Taylor & Francis Routledge.
Howarth, P. A. (1996): Phraseology in English Academic Writing: Some Implications for Language Learning and Dictionary Making, (Vol. 75). Walter de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110937923 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110937923
Husamaddin, K. (1985). Idiomatic Expressions (in Arabic). Cairo: Maktabat Al- Anjilu Al Masriyah.
Kolawole, S. O., & Salawu, A. (2008). The literary translator and the concept of fidelity: Kirkup's Translation of Camara Laye's L'Enfant noir as a case study. Translation Journal, 12(4).
Hussain, S. S. (2017). Translating a Literary Text: Enigma or Enterprise. International Journal of English Language and Translation Studies, 5, 75-80.
Lewis, M. (2000). Teaching collocation: Further developments in the lexical approach. London: Language Teaching Publications.
McCarthy, Michael, and Felicity O'Dell. (2005). English Collocations in Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nagar, Anupam. (2018). The Concept of Translation in Western and Indian Traditions. Journal of Education and Culture Studies. 2. 242-247. https://doi.org/10.22158/jecs.v2n4p242 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22158/jecs.v2n4p242
Newmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall.
Nida, E. A., & Taber, C. R. (Eds.). (1982). The theory and practice of translation (Vol. 8). Brill Archive.
Nofal, K. H. (2012). Collocations in English and Arabic: A comparative study. English language and literature studies, 2(3), 75. https://doi.org/10.5539/ells.v2n3p75 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ells.v2n3p75
Nord, C. (2018) Translating as a purposeful activity: Functionalist approaches explained. Routledge.
Obeidat, A. M., & Mahadi, T. S. T. (2019). The Translation of Arabic Religious–Cultural Collocations In Literary Texts Into English: An Application Of Domestication and Foreignization Translation Strategies. International Journal, 2(6), 155-165. https://doi.org/10.35631/ijhpl.260013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35631/ijhpl.260013
Obeidat, A. M., & Mahadi, T. S. T. (2019). Collocation Translation Errors From Arabic Into English: A Case Study of Naguib Mahfouz's Novel "Awlad Haratina". International Journal, 2(7), 129-138. https://doi.org/10.35631/ijhpl.270011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35631/ijhpl.270011
Putranti, A. (2018). Modulation: A Translation Method to Obtain Naturalness in Target Language Texts. Journal of Language and Literature, 18(1), 98-101. https://doi.org/10.24071/joll.2018.180112 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/joll.2018.180112
Robins, R. H. (2013). A short history of linguistics. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315843186 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315843186
Robinson, D. (2019). Becoming a translator: An introduction to the theory and practice of Translation. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429276606 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429276606
Toury, G. (1995). Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam Philadelphia J. Benjamins Publications. https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.4
Vermeer, Hans J. (1989) 'Skopos and Commission in Translational Action'. The Translation Studies Reader (1989) 221-32.
Wang, D. (2017, February). Functionalist Translation Theory and Its Application in Literary Translation. In 2016 2nd International Conference on Education, Social Science, Management and Sports (ICESSMS 2016). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/icessms-16.2017.69 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/icessms-16.2017.69
Wu, J. (2008). The Analysis of Cultural Gaps in Translation and Solutions. English language teaching, 1(2), 123-127. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v1n2p123 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v1n2p123
Youseff. M. A. Sameh (2011). Translation Challenges and Solutions: The Case of Allergy. From: https://www.academia.edu/19753969/Translation_Challenges_and_Solutio_The_Cas_of_Alegory?ato=download
Zaabalawi, R. S., & Gould, A. M. (2017). English collocations: A novel approach to teaching the language's last bastion. Ampersand, 4, 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amper.2017.03.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amper.2017.03.002
Zhang, Q., & Wang, J. (2010). Application of Functional Equivalence Theory in English Translation of Chinese Idioms. Journal of Language Teaching & Research, 1(6). https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.1.6.880-888 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.1.6.880-888